what did mossadegh

Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh (1882-1967) was a lawyer, professor, author, Governor, Parliament

member, Finance Minister, and democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran. Mossadegh fought both internal corruption and foreign interference, enacted social reforms and nationalized the Iranian oil industry.

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When did Mossadegh nationalized oil?

The legislation was passed on March 15, 1951, and was verified by the Majlis on March 17, 1951. The legislation led to the nationalization of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (AIOC). The movement was led by Mohammad Mosaddegh, a member of the Majlis for the National Front and future prime minister of Iran.

Where is Mossadegh buried?

March 6, 1967Mohammad Mosaddegh / Date of burial

When was Mohammad Mossadegh born?

June 16, 1882Mohammad Mosaddegh / Date of birth

What happened to Mossadegh?

Mossadegh was kept under house arrest at his Ahmadabad residence, until his death on 5 March 1967. He was denied a funeral and was buried in his living room, despite his request to be buried in the public graveyard, beside the victims of the political violence on 30 Tir 1331 (21 July 1952).

Who controls Iran today?

The current president of Iran is Ebrahim Raisi, who assumed office on 3 August 2021, after the 2021 presidential election. He succeeded Hassan Rouhani, who served 8 years in office from 2013 to 2021.

How do you pronounce Mohammad Mossadegh?

0:180:58How to Pronounce "Mossadegh" - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipNo se tape mosaic mosaic hoy se da 9 sherak maseda máuser maussa jac mouse jack monjack maus éter.MoreNo se tape mosaic mosaic hoy se da 9 sherak maseda máuser maussa jac mouse jack monjack maus éter.

Who is known as the modern creator of Iran?

The Medes are credited with founding Iran as a nation and empire, and established the first Iranian empire, the largest of its day until Cyrus the Great established a unified empire of the Medes and Persians, leading to the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BC).

Who ruled Iran before the shah?

Mohammad Reza PahlaviPredecessorReza ShahSuccessorMonarchy abolished Ruhollah Khomeini as Supreme LeaderBorn26 October 1919 Tehran, Sublime State of PersiaDied27 July 1980 (aged 60) Cairo, Egypt27 more rows

When did the White Revolution end?

White Revolution, aggressive modernization program implemented in Iran in 1963 and continued until 1979.

Why did the Pahlavi dynasty fall?

The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925, a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, whose reign lasted until 1941, when he was forced to abdicate by the Allies after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.

What was the Savak and what did they do?

SAVAK (Persian: ساواک, abbreviation for سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت کشور Sâzemân-e Ettelâ'ât va Amniat-e Kešvar, lit. '"Intelligence and Security Organization of the Country"') was the secret police, domestic security and intelligence service in Iran during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty.

Who overthrew the Shah of Iran in 1979?

Iranian RevolutionDate7 January 1978 – 11 February 1979 (1 year, 1 month and 4 days)LocationIranCaused byDiscontent with the Shah's rule Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini Social injustice Religious motives and othersGoalsOverthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty11 more rows

What was Mosaddegh's personal behaviour?

Mosaddegh’s personal behaviour—which included wearing pajamas for numerous public appearances; speeches to the Majles from his bed, which was taken into the chambers; and frequent bouts of public weeping—helped focus world attention upon him during his premiership. Supporters claim the behaviour was a result of illness; detractors say he had a shrewd sense of public relations.

Who is Mohammad Mosaddeq?

Mohammad Mosaddegh, Mosaddegh also spelled Masaddiq or Mosaddeq, (born 1880, Tehrān, Iran—died March 5, 1967, Tehrān), Iranian political leader who nationalized the huge British oil holdings in Iran and, as premier in 1951–53, almost succeeded in deposing the shah.

What happened to the shah in August1953?

In August1953, when the shah attempted to dismiss the premier, mobs of Mosaddegh followers took to the streets and forced the shah to leave the country. Within a few days, however, Mosaddegh’s opponents overthrew his regime and restored the shah to power in a coup orchestrated by the U.S. and Great Britain. Mosaddegh was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment for treason and, after he had served his sentence, was kept under house arrestfor the rest of his life. Iran retained nominalsovereigntyover its oil facilities, but, under an agreement reached in 1954, it split revenues 50–50 with an international consortiumthat controlled production and marketing.

How long was Mosaddegh in jail?

and Great Britain. Mosaddegh was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment for treason and, after he had served his sentence, was kept under house arrest for the rest of his life.

Who was the governor general of Iran in 1914?

The son of an Iranian public official, Mosaddegh grew up as a member of Iran’s ruling elite. He received a Doctor of Law degree from the University of Lausanne in Switzerland and then returned to Iran in 1914 and was appointed governor-general of the important Fārs province.

Why was the National Front important?

Most important, the National Front, angered by years of foreign exploitation, wanted to regain control of Iran’s natural resources , and, when Mosaddegh became prime…. In 1951 Mohammad Mosaddegh secured the support of the Majles (Parliament) in nationalizing the oil industry.

Where did Mossadegh study?

Mossadegh studied political science in Tehran and in 1909, continued his education in Paris. While in Paris he began to experience extreme weakness and fatigue and was forced to quit school and return to Iran. Throughout his life he was burdened by this persistent problem, better known today as chronic fatigue syndrome. Later, he returned to Europe and studied Law at the University of Neuchatel in Switzerland. In June 1914 he became the first Iranian to receive a Doctorate in Law, and returned to Iran only a day before the start of World War I.

What does Mossadegh al-Saltaneh mean?

Years later, when a national identity card system was introduced in Iran, he chose the surname of Mossadegh for himself, which means “true and authentic”.

How old was Mohammad Reza when he was elected?

A year later his house arrest ended when the British forced the abdication of Reza Shah, and his 22 year-old son, Mohammad Reza, ascended to the throne. Having returned to political activities, Mossadegh was elected with overwhelming support as Tehran representative to the 14th Majles in 1944.

What happened to Mossadegh after he returned to Iran?

The unfounded accusation made him so upset that he became sick and developed a fever. His mother, who is best known for founding Najmieh charity hospital in Tehran, noticed how miserable he was and told him that she wished he had studied medicine rather than law. Anyone who studies law and enters politics should be ready to suffer all types of slander and insults, she told him, yet “A person’s worth in society is dependent on how much one endures for the sake of the people”. In his memoirs, Mossadegh wrote that those words of wisdom prepared him for the life he chose and from then on the more hardship and insults he faced, the more prepared he became to serve the country.

How many daughters did Mossadegh have?

The couple would have three daughters — Zia Ashraf, Mansoureh and Khadijeh; and two sons, Ahmad and Gholam-Hossein. During the constitutionalist movement of 1905-1911, Mossadegh actively participated in the events which led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in place of arbitrary monarchial rule.

Why did Mossadegh choose to self exile?

In 1919 he chose self-exile in Switzerland in protest over an agreement between Iran and Britain that he found very disturbing.

Why did Mossadegh withdraw his name from consideration?

However, because he did not meet the legal age requirement, he withdrew his name from consideration. Mossadegh studied political science in Tehran and in 1909, continued his education in Paris. While in Paris he began to experience extreme weakness and fatigue and was forced to quit school and return to Iran.

What is the legacy of Mohammed Mossadegh?

Mossadegh’s legacy still lives on today, in demonstrations and protests around the country. His face is adorned on posters, and his memory is indelibly imprinted in the minds of those who knew and respected him for his courageous stance in the face of powerful interests and adversity. The story of the last Iranian President and the coup that changed the world is one we in the west should keep in mind when dealing with a government in Tehran that knows all too well the plight of Mohammed Mossadegh.

When did Mossadegh die?

Mossadegh was placed under house arrest until his death 14 years later in 1967. Before his death, reports of his isolation and broken heart only adds to the tragic tale of the last Iranian President. The Shah’s eventual removal of power in 1979 sparked a wholesale revolution in Iran, one which can find its roots in the anger and disgust most Iranians felt when learning of the true details of the fall of Mossadegh.

What was the fall of Mossadegh?

With all the players in place, the fall of Mossadegh was a well coordinated but ultimately messy chain of events. The C.I.A. and MI6 paid off mobs to pose as Iran’s Communist Tudeh party supporters and run through the streets of Iran looting and desecrating businesses and homes while chanting “Long Live Mossadegh! Long Live Persia!” The desired results played out just as conceived- riots and demonstrators, thugs and common criminals joined the crowd, cashing in on the political vacuum. The military paid off by Roosevelt and his comrades failed to intervene, allowing the mobs to run wild in the streets as they pleased.

What did the Iranian Parliament decide to do?

The Iranian Parliament’s decision under the watchful hand of Mossadegh to nationalize the oil industry did include compensation for the wells and refineries the Anglo-Iranian company built, including a deal to settle the debt owed to Iran under such unfair contractual agreements. Despite Mossadegh’s best attempts to reconcile with Britain, holding true to the policy that guided them during the first half of the 20th century, the English couldn’t seem to let go of their desire to exploit countries for their resources. Their response to the Iranian deal was a resounding “No.”

How long did the Shah rule?

His reign lasted for almost 30 years, with Anglo-Iranian Oil and Britain making billions in profits, and western powers profiting off of sweetheart deals from the Persian gulf state.

Who challenged Reza Pahlavi?

As Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi’s hereditary and aristrocratic claims to power were challenged by the unabashed democrat Mossadegh. Mossadegh declared that such unelected leaders were unnecessary and only promoted corruption and extortion of the public good.

Did the C.I.A. participate in the Iranian coup?

The C.I.A. later admitted to their involvement in the Iranian coup.

What was Mosaddegh's nationalization?

In October 1952, Mosaddegh declared Britain an enemy and cut all diplomatic relations. Britain was unable to resolve the issue unilaterally and looked towards the United States for help.

Why did Mohammad Mossadegh become Prime Minister of Iran?

Mohammad Mossadegh became Prime Minister of Iran in 1951 and was hugely popular for taking a stand against the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, a British-owned oil company that had made huge profits while paying Iran only 16% of its profits and often far less . His nationalization efforts led the British government to begin planning to remove him from power. In October 1952, Mosaddegh declared Britain an enemy and cut all diplomatic relations. Britain was unable to resolve the issue unilaterally and looked towards the United States for help. However, the U.S. had opposed British policies; Secretary of State Dean Acheson said the British had “a rule-or-ruin policy in Iran.”

What was Grady's attitude toward the Shah?

STUTESMAN: [Ambassador] Grady reluctantly was forced to concentrate on Mossadegh (pictured), and his attitude toward the Shah, I believe, was that the Shah was a secondary factor, Mossadegh was the person to deal with and to influence if he could. I don’t think he scorned the Shah, but I just think he had to concentrate on what he thought was the main objective.

What was the plot of the Shah?

The plot, known as Operation Ajax, centered on convincing Iran’s monarch to issue a decree to dismiss Mossadegh from office. But the Shah was reluctant to attempt such an unpopular and legally questionable move. He finally relented, after much persuasion and bribes to his family. In early August, Iranian CIA operatives threatened Muslim leaders with “savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh,” thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent.

Why did Grady groan?

He would groan at the obduracy of the British, the blankness of their minds when it came to dealing with Iranians. I would say he was probably much more angered and frustrated by the English than he was by sweet old Mossadegh. (Laughs) Although Mossadegh was a far more dangerous foe.

Why was the CIA called a weak reed?

Mossadegh exiled the Shah and the Shah had to come back. And the Shah was a gentle man, very gentle. We called him a “weak reed” because he needed a lot of guidance.

How long was Mosaddegh in jail?

Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years , then put under house arrest until his death until 1967. The coup not only encouraged the Shah’s descent towards dictatorship, it would later become a rallying cry in anti-U.S. protests during the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

Who was the leader of the new government in Mossadegh?

From the ashes rose a new government, led by former Gen. Fazlallah Zahidi and the young shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, who returned from a brief exile on August 20.

Why did Eisenhower topple Mossadegh?

Like their predecessors in the Truman administration, officials in the Eisenhower administration hoped to resolve Iran’s oil crisis. While the embargo remained in effect, Secretary of State Dulles worried that Iran would soon start “dumping” oil on the international market at rock-bottom prices or sell oil to the Soviet Union. 106 CIA Director Allen Dulles supplied figures indicating Iran could produce and export as much as 3.7 million tons (74,000 barrels per day). 107 Such actions would negatively impact the global oil economy and do nothing to alleviate the economic conditions in Iran, since the oil would be sold at low prices and in relatively small amounts, yielding little revenue. At the March 4 and March 11 National Security Council meetings, both the Dulles brothers and Eisenhower expressed concern over losing access to Middle Eastern oil. On March 11, Eisenhower noted that an agreement with Mossadegh “might not be worth the paper it was written on,” and might disrupt concessions elsewhere if the terms were “too favorable” to Iran. 108

Why was it important to avoid a Kashani government?

officials as preventing the rise of the Tudeh Party. Worries that Mossadegh would die or resign once again prompted concerns over who would succeed him — something that had preoccupied the Truman administration. With conservative opposition too weak to mount an effective opposition effort, Mossadegh would be succeeded by another member of the National Front. Ayatollah Kashani was the most likely candidate, given his prominence, popular following, and powerful street presence. As prime minister, it was unlikely Kashani would seek an oil agreement. Rather than reach a deal with the British, “ [h]e has … urged that Iran forget its oil resources and develop a self-sustaining economy and governmental structure not dependent on them.” 118 When the idea of a coup was first suggested in November 1952, Nitze had queried whether CIA assets could be used against the Tudeh Party and Kashani, whose aggressive form of nationalism was viewed as particularly destabilizing. 119 If matters were left to drift and Mossadegh became suddenly incapacitated, Kashani’s leadership of the National Front was more or less assured. Avoiding this outcome was another reason the United States opted for covert action. 120

Why did Eisenhower use covert action in Iran?

Historians have yet to reach a consensus on why the Eisenhower administration opted to use covert action in Iran, tending to either emphasize America’s fear of communism or its desire to control oil as the most important factor influencing the decision . Using recently declassified material, this article argues that growing fears of a “collapse” in Iran motivated the decision to remove Mossadegh. American policymakers believed that Iran could not survive without an agreement that would restart the flow of oil, something Mossadegh appeared unable to secure. There was widespread skepticism of his government’s ability to manage an “oil-less” economy, as well as fears that such a situation would lead inexorably to communist rule. A collapse narrative emerged to guide U.S. thinking, one that coalesced in early 1953 and convinced policymakers to adopt regime change as the only remaining option. Oil and communism both impacted the coup decision, but so did powerful notions of Iranian incapacity and a belief that only an intervention by the United States would save the country from a looming, though vaguely defined, calamity.

What was the impact of Mossadegh's nationalization of the oil industry?

According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, Mossadegh’s nationalization of the oil industry posed a grave risk to Western domination of global oil supplies, particularly the oil concessions held by major Western oil companies in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Venezuela, and elsewhere.

What was the Mordad coup?

A pivotal moment in the history of U.S.-Iranian relations, modern Iranian history, and the history of covert operations, the coup of 1953 — the Mordad Coup, or Operation TPAJAX, as it is sometimes known — has received considerable scholarly attention.

What were the effects of the 1953 Iranian coup?

On Aug. 19, 1953, the streets of Tehran exploded into violence.

Why was Mossadegh so unpopular?

During the oil crisis, Mossadegh became very unpopular. Things were so bad that when it was clear that his now fractured party would not gain a majority, he cancelled parliamentary elections. In February 1953 there were mass demonstrations against Mossadegh (possibly arranged for or instigated by foreign agents including the CIA); demonstrations of enough severity for Mossadegh to increase security measures in Iran.

How was Mossadegh elected?

While Mossadegh was elected to the Majles (the Iranian Parliament) by democratic means (Iran at the time was not a democracy by any means, though some aspects of it were democratic in nature), the office of Prime Minister was nominated from amongst the Majles deputies by the Shah. In turn, the Majles members either voted for or against the nomination (In his initial appointment Mossadegh was approved by a tally of 79-12). Mossadegh enjoyed massive popularity at different times during his political career, but his position as Prime Minister was never due to a nationwide poll (he was PM on two separate occasions).

What was the Iranian public unhappy with before Mossadegh became Prime Minister?

Before Mossadegh became Prime Minister, the Iranian public was unhappy with the state of affairs in Iran; Mossadegh with his sincere populism was seen by the Shah as a clever alternative to yet another feudal landowner or military officer. This is also a key factor in Misconception #6 .

What was the TPAJAX coup?

It is clear from the record that the attempted coup (code-named TPAJAX) which was undertaken on the night of August 15th, 1953, was a dismal failure. Not only did the Iranian military officers fail in their task to arrest Mossadegh, the CIA did not have a backup plan. Even though Kermit Roosevelt claimed to have magically turned the situation around in only 3 days, the circumstances of what really happened between the failed coup of August 15/16 and the successful one of the 19th is highly contentious. How did the situation turn around so quickly, despite the early setbacks including the arrest of pivotal Iranian conspirators such as Colonel Zand-Karimi, the conduit for communicating with Tehran-based commanders? Roosevelt’s version of events is difficult to accept without reservation, not only because of the style and substance of his writing, but also because of his well-known questionable reliability.

When did the Mossadegh demonstrations happen?

In February 1953 there were mass demonstrations against Mossadegh (possibly arranged for or instigated by foreign agents including the CIA); demonstrations of enough severity for Mossadegh to increase security measures in Iran. 1.

Who were the only ones to remove Mossadegh from power?

Misconception #6: Westerners and Royalists were the only ones who wished to remove Mossadegh from power. This is perhaps the biggest misunderstanding of all. While Mossadegh had enjoyed great popularity earlier in his term, his coalition had come under great pressure, and former allies had begun to oppose him.

Was Mossadegh a legitimate PM?

Mossadegh enjoyed massive popularity at different times during his political career, but his position as Prime Minister was never due to a nationwide poll (he was PM on two separate occasions). This is not to say Mossadegh’s position was not legitimate.