Truman signed United States Executive Order 9835
Executive Order 9835
President Harry S. Truman signed United States Executive Order 9835, sometimes known as the "Loyalty Order", on March 21, 1947. The order established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government. Truma…
Full Answer
What did Executive Order 9835 do Quizlet?
Executive Order 9835 was a presidential executive order issued by President Harry S. Truman on March 21, 1947. The so-called “Loyalty Order” created a controversial “Federal Employee Loyalty Program” charged with eliminating communists from all areas of the U.S. government.
What was the purpose of Executive Order 10450 Quizlet?
In April 1953, Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10450 revoking Truman’s Loyalty Order and dismantling the Loyalty Review Boards. Instead, Eisenhower’s order directed the heads of federal agencies and the U. S.
What was the purpose of the first loyalty program Quizlet?
The order established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government. Truman aimed to rally public opinion behind his Cold War policies with investigations conducted under its authority.
Why did President Truman create a loyalty program?
Several advisors, including Attorney General Tom Clark, urged Truman to form a loyalty program to safeguard against communist infiltration in the government. Initially, Truman was reluctant to form such a program, fearing it could threaten civil liberties of government workers.
What happened in 1948?
What did communism stand for?
How long did the blockade last in 1948?
What groups saw the prosperity and opportunity in the West while on military service during the war?
How much money did the Marshall Plan give Europe?
What is the 3 branch system?
When did the economic base shift from blue collar to white collar?
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What is the purpose of the loyalty review board?
The Loyalty Review Board shall also: (1) Advise all departments and agencies on all problems relating to employee loyalty. (2) Disseminate information pertinent to employee loyalty programs. (3) Coordinate the employee loyalty policies and procedures of the several departments and agencies.
How long does a competitive service investigation last?
Investigations of persons entering the competitive service shall be conducted as expeditiously as possible; provided, however, that if any such investigation is not completed within 18 months from the date on which a persons enters actual employment, the condition that his employment is subject to investigation shall expire, except in a case in which the Civil Service Commission has made an initial adjudication of disloyalty and the case continues to be active by reason of an appeal, and it shall then be the responsibility of the employing department or agency to conclude such investigation and make a final determination concerning the loyalty of such person.
How many representatives are needed to be on a loyalty board?
2. The head of each department or agency shall appoint one or more loyalty boards, each composed of not less than three representatives of the department or agency concerned, for the purpose of hearing loyalty cases arising within such department or agency and making recommendations with respect to the removal of any officer or employee of such department or agency on grounds relating to loyalty, and he shall prescribe regulations for the conduct of the proceedings before such boards.
How many impartial persons are on the loyalty review board?
1. There shall be established in the Civil Service Commission a Loyalty Review Board of not less than three impartial persons, the members of which shall be officers or employees of the Commission.
What is the standard for refusal of employment or removal from employment in an executive department or agency?
1. The standard for the refusal of employment or the removal from employment in an executive department or agency on grounds relating to loyalty shall be that , on all the evidence, reasonable grounds exists for belief that the person involved is disloyal to the Government of the United States.
What is retained by an investigating department?
b. The reports and other investigative material and information developed by the investigating department or agency shall be retained by such department or agency in each case.
When can an investigation be conducted in the executive branch?
The investigations of person entering the employ of the executive branch may be conducted after any such person enters upon actual employment therein, but in any such case the appointment of such person shall be conditioned upon a favorable determination with respect to his loyalty.
Did Politics Force Truman’s Hand?
Historians contend that the timing of Truman’s actions, taken so soon after the Republican Congressional victories, show that both the TCEL and the subsequent Loyalty Order had been politically motivated.
What was the purpose of Executive Order 9835?
The so-called “Loyalty Order” created a controversial “Federal Employee Loyalty Program” charged with eliminating communists from all areas of the U.S. government. The order empowered the FBI to investigate federal employees ...
What was the Red Scare?
Conservative groups and the Republican Party sought to use the so-called “Red Scare” threat of Communism to their advantage in the 1946 midterm Congressional elections by claiming that President Truman and his Democratic Party were “soft on Communism.” Eventually, the fear that communists were beginning to infiltrate the U.S. government itself became a key campaign issue.
What was the purpose of the Truman loyalty order?
Truman’s Loyalty Order directed the FBI to investigate the backgrounds, associations, and beliefs of any of the approximately 2 million executive branch federal employees. The FBI reported the results of their investigations to one or more of the 150 Loyalty Review Boards in various government agencies.
What was the second red scare?
Truman’s Loyalty Order resulted in the controversial “Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations” (AGLOSO), which contributed the second American Red Scare from 1948 to 1958 and the phenomenon known as “McCarthyism.”
How many employees were fired from the loyalty order?
Ferrell’s book Harry S. Truman: A Life, by mid-1952, the Loyalty Review Boards created by Truman’s Loyalty Order had investigated more than 4 million actual or prospective federal employees, of which 378 were fired or denied employment.
Why was Truman's loyalty program criticized?
Truman’s Loyalty program has been widely criticized as an unwarranted attack on innocent Americans, driven by the Red Scare. As the Cold War’s threat of nuclear attack grew more serious during the 1950s, Loyalty Order investigations became more common.
What was the purpose of EO 9835?
EO 9835 facilitated the establishment of the highly publicized " Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations " (AGLOSO). Eventually, AGLOSO would become one of the central influences in the second American Red Scare, known collectively as McCarthyism. The list came into being after Truman signed EO 9835, both the order and AGLOSO established more than two years before Senator Joseph McCarthy 's first allegations of Communist infiltration in the U.S. government in early 1950.
What was the first loyalty program?
President Harry S. Truman signed United States Executive Order 9835, sometimes known as the "Loyalty Order", on March 21, 1947. The order established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government. Truman aimed to rally public opinion behind his Cold War policies ...
What powers does the EO have?
The text of the EO provided specific powers pertaining to employee loyalty. First and foremost among these was that "there shall be a loyalty investigation of every person entering civilian employment" in any facet of the executive branch of the U.S. government. Much of the rest of EO 9835's content simply reinforced policy surrounding the first statements on loyalty investigations, as well as seeking to establish a manner in which to go about with the loyalty investigations. As such, Part II of the EO provided the power to the head of each department or agency to appoint one or more loyalty boards. The boards' express purpose was to hear loyalty cases. In addition, Part V of the EO outlined criteria and standards for the refusal of (or removal from) employment for disloyalty. Disloyalty for these purposes was defined in five categories. These included: 1 sabotage, espionage, spying or the advocacy thereof 2 treason, sedition or the advocacy thereof 3 intentional, unauthorized disclosure of confidential information 4 advocacy of the violent overthrow of the U.S. government 5 membership in, affiliation with or sympathetic association with any organization labeled as totalitarian, fascist, communist or subversive
How many employees were investigated by the loyalty order?
The program investigated over 3 million government employees, just over 300 of whom were dismissed as security risks. The Loyalty Order was part of the prelude to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy, Republican of Wisconsin.
What was Executive Order 9835?
Executive Order 9835 also was the main impetus for the creation of the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations (AGLOSO).
When was Executive Order 10450 revoked?
The order Executive Order 10450, signed by President Eisenhower in April 1953, revoked Executive Order 9835 and extended the restrictions to all other jobs in the US government. However, both Executive Order 9835 and Executive Order 10450 were later repealed when US President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 12968 in 1995 ...
When was the TCEL created?
Two weeks after the sweeping Republican victory, the president announced the creation of the President's Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty (TCEL) on November 25, 1946. News of the TCEL made the front page of The New York Times under the headline "President orders purge of disloyal from U.S. posts.".
What is the executive order 9835?
In March 1947, Truman signed Executive Order 9835, “prescribing procedures for the administration of an employees loyalty program in the executive branch of the government.”.
What was the purpose of Truman's loyalty program after the war?
Several advisors, including Attorney General Tom Clark, urged Truman to form a loyalty program to safeguard against communist infiltration in the government.
Why did Harry Truman create the loyalty program?
and the Soviet Union grew, as did suspicion of workers in every government department. Several advisors, including Attorney General Tom Clark, urged Truman to form a loyalty program to safeguard against communist infiltration in the government. Initially, Truman was reluctant to form such a program, fearing it could threaten civil liberties of government workers. However, several factors shaped his decision to institute such a policy. Fear of communism was growing rapidly at home, and in the 1946 midterm election, Republicans gained control of Congress for the first time since 1931. To examine the issue, in November 1946 Truman created the Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty, which stated, “there are many conditions called to the Committee’s attention that cannot be remedied by mere changes in techniques… Adequate protective measures must be adopted to see that persons of questioned loyalty are not permitted to enter into the federal service.” In March 1947, Truman signed Executive Order 9835, “prescribing procedures for the administration of an employees loyalty program in the executive branch of the government.”
Why was the Truman program important?
While Truman feared the Program could become a “witch hunt,” he defended it as necessary to preserve American security during a time of great tension. Many Americans agreed with him and applauded his stand against communism and subversion. The historical context of this event is important, for every investigation, every loyalty oath and every questionnaire took place under a backdrop of fear in an uncertain post-war world.
How many federal workers were fired during the Cold War?
Truman, edited by Richard S. Kirkendall, “During the loyalty-security program’s peak years from 1947 to 1956, over five million federal workers underwent screening, resulting in an estimated 2,700 dismissals ...
When was the Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty created?
To examine the issue, in November 1946 Truman created the Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty, which stated, “there are many conditions called to the Committee’s attention that cannot be remedied by mere changes in techniques….
What was the Cold War's emphasis on containment?
The Cold War emphasis on containment is often framed in terms of Truman’s foreign policy decisions: the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine in Europe , the Korean War in Asia. Yet containment took on a life of its own in the United States as many Americans grew more and more concerned about Communism on U.S.
Background and Truman's motivations
U.S. relations with the Soviet Union rapidly deteriorated following World War II. There were accompanying concerns about government infiltration by communists. These two issues drastically altered the American political climate, and by 1946 Truman had appointed a commission to study government employee loyalty; this, eventually, led to EO 9835.
Provisions
The order set out a wide scope for the Federal Employee Loyalty Program. The order itself allowed the FBI to run name checks on 2 million federal employees. In the ten-year period between the implementation of the order and 1958, the bureau ran name checks on 4.5 million people, not including 500,000 new federal applicants annually.
Subversive organizations
EO 9835 facilitated the establishment of the highly publicized "Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations" (AGLOSO). Eventually, AGLOSO would become one of the central influences in the second American Red Scare, known collectively as McCarthyism.
Outcome of the order
The executive order declared: "maximum protection must be afforded the United States against infiltration of disloyal persons into the ranks of its employees, and equal protection from unfounded accusations of disloyalty must be afforded the loyal employees." But those protections were deemed inadequate, as objections surfaced regarding the lack of due process protections resulting from the departmental loyalty board procedures.
Revocation
Executive Order 10450, signed by President Eisenhower in April 1953, revoked Executive Order 9835.
What happened in 1948?
1948. A pro-American government minister was found dead below his open window, leading to accusations that the communists had sanctioned the murders of their most powerful political opponents.
What did communism stand for?
Communism stood for everything the USA wasn't, i.e., loss of freedom, godlessness, etc. (the superpower rivalry is true too!)
How long did the blockade last in 1948?
1948-49. Due to "technical difficulties" blockade all routes into Berlin stopped. 1.5 million tonnes of aid in 275,000 flights. 2.5 million citizens. 324 days. If USSR shot down US plane WW3.
What groups saw the prosperity and opportunity in the West while on military service during the war?
Minority groups and the working-class had seen the prosperity and opportunity in the West while on military service during the war.
How much money did the Marshall Plan give Europe?
Gave Europe $17 billion over a five-year period as part of the Marshall Plan. Mostly went to Britain, France, Germany and Italy
What is the 3 branch system?
Deprecation of powers: the 3 branch system allows one branch to limit the power of another so that not one branch becomes too powerful. "Checks and balances"
When did the economic base shift from blue collar to white collar?
The economic base had shifted from 'blue-collar' to 'white-collar' by 1945: what does this mean?
