Kahveci et al. (2011) found that catheters contaminated with A. faecalis may be associated with development of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Symptoms of peritonitis include vomiting, passing little or no stool, sore and bloated abdomen, and fever.
What is the prevalence of Alcaligenes faecalis infection?
Sixty-one cases of Alcaligenes faecalis infection were seen during the study period, including 25 cases of cystitis, nine cases of diabetic foot infection, eight cases of pneumonia, seven cases of acute pyelonephritis, three cases of bacteremia, and nine cases of infection at specific sites.
What is the virulence of Alcaligenes infections?
Alcaligenes strains do not seem to possess any specific virulence determinants. They are infrequent causes of hospital-acquired infections in patients who often have severe underlying disease. Rare cases of peritonitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and UTI have been reported.
What is Alcaligenes faecalis meningitis?
Alcaligenes faecalis: an unusual cause of skin and soft tissue infection. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2015;68:128–30. 18. Prasad A, Anwer S, Qadeer U, Martine C. Acute embolic infarcts from Alcaligenes Faecalis meningitis: a case report. J Neuroinfect Dis. 2016;7:1. 19.
Which antibiotics are used to treat Alcaligenes faecalis?
Two antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam) sensitivity rates to A. faecalis were less than 50%. The most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection sites, in order, are the bloodstream, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue, and middle ear. The susceptibility rate of Alcaligenes faecalis to commonly used antibiotics is decreasing.
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What is Alcaligenes faecalis used for?
Alcaligenes faecalis was first discovered in feces, and is commonly found in soil, water, and other environments (14,–16). Currently, this bacterium has wide applications in the sewage treatment and pharmaceutical industries.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis pathogenic or nonpathogenic?
Alcaligenes specie strains exist in soil, water, and environment, as well as in association with humans. The bacteria of this genus are usually non-pathogenic but occasional opportunistic infections could occur in humans.
How is Alcaligenes faecalis spread?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a gram-negative bacterium that is commonly found in the environment. This pathogen is usually transmitted in the form of droplets through ventilation equipment and nebulizers, but transmission through direct contact has also been documented in few case reports.
What family is Alcaligenes faecalis in?
AlcaligenaceaeAlcaligenes faecalis / FamilyAlcaligenes faecalis is a gram-negative rod with flagella belonging to the family of Alcaligenaceae.
What antibiotic is used for Alcaligenes faecalis?
Alcaligenes faecalis is generally resistant to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines and usually susceptible to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and β-lactam antibiotics such as ureidopenicillins, ticarcillin–clavulanic acid, cephalosporins and carbapenems.
What does Alcaligenes faecalis smell like?
faecalis produces a distinctive sweet odor resembling that of green apples.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis normal flora?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a gram-negative organism that is commonly found in the environment and may also be a part of normal fecal flora in humans.
How does Alcaligenes faecalis get energy?
Alcaligenes faecalis utilizes as sole carbon and energy source acetate, propionate, butyrate, and other organic acids, as well as aspartic acids, asparagine, histidine, glutathione, and other organic nitrogenous compounds. This strain does not utilize carbohydrates and does not show chemolithotropic growth.
How do you pronounce alcaligenes?
0:391:07Pronunciation of the word(s) "Alcaligenes Faecalis". - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipAlkalete knees feet galas.MoreAlkalete knees feet galas.
What color is Alcaligenes faecalis?
Bacteria Collection: Alcaligenes faecalis Additional InformationEnzyme Tests Text:Beta-galactosidase : -,Lecithinase / alpha : -Temperature For Growth Text:at 37°C : YesColony Appearance Text:smooth : Yes,shiny : YesColony Color Text:white : YesColony Text:convex : Yes,entire : Yes,irregular : Yes11 more rows
Where do a faecalis grow?
Enterococcus faecalis is a versatile lactic acid bacterium, growing in a number of environments, including the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals (1, 2). This species is often associated with food but is also associated with nosocomial disease causing sepsis, endocarditis, and urinary tract infections (3–5).
Is Alcaligenes Gram-positive or negative?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a Gram-negative catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rod. It is commonly found in a watery environment and is rarely isolated from humans.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis Bacillus?
Alcaligenes faecalis is an aerobic bacillus known to inhabit soil and water environments (5). Optimal temperature for the microbe ranges from 20 °C to 37 °C (11).
What is the morphology of Alcaligenes faecalis?
Colonies are whitish with a feathery, thin flared irregular edges. colonies appear non-pigmented and similar in size to Acinetobacter.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis a facultative anaerobe?
They are strictly aerobic; some strains are capable of anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrate or nitrite; their metabolism is respiratory, never fermentative; they do not use carbohydrates.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis Mr positive or negative?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a Gram-negative catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rod. It is commonly found in a watery environment and is rarely isolated from humans.
Why is Alcaligenes Faecalis so difficult to treat?
Alcaligenes faecalis infection is often difficult to treat due to its increased resistance to several antibiotics. The results from a clinical study of patients with Alcaligenes faecalis infection may help improve patients' clinical care.
Where is the most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection?
The most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection sites, in order, are the bloodstream, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue, and middle ear. The susceptibility rate of Alcaligenes faecalis to commonly used antibiotics is decreasing. Extensively drug-resistant Alcaligenes faecalis infections have emer …
Where are alcaligenes found?
They are common in soil and water environments but are also found as normal inhabitants of vertebrate intestinal tracts and in clinical samples as a result of opportunistic infection. Improvements in bacterial identification have resulted in changes to the classification of many genera, and Alcaligenes is no exception.
Which yeasts have FHBs?
The protective function of FHbs from nitrosative stress also occurs in pathogenic yeasts, such as Cryptococcus neoformans ( de Jesus-Berrios et al., 2003) and Candida albicans, the most prevalent human fungal pathogen ( Ullmann et al., 2004 ).
What is the role of Rhodococcus sp. in the hydrolysis of nitrile?
(SP 361) has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the stereoselective hydrolysis of both racemic and prochiral nitrile containing compounds. 2-Alkyl-arylacetonitriles were hydrolyzed to ( S )-acids and ( R )-amides whereas the closely related substrate gave the ( R )-acid. A series of prochiral dinitriles were hydrolyzed to the corresponding ( S )-acids with ee s 22–84%. Models to account for the stereoselectivity of the enzymic hydrolyzes have been proposed. Both racemic arylalkylnitriles and prochiral dinitriles have been hydrolyzed to optically active amides and acids using an immobilized cells. 84
Why is Alcaligenes Faecalis so difficult to treat?
Alcaligenes faecalis infection is often difficult to treat due to its increased resistance to several antibiotics. The results from a clinical study of patients with Alcaligenes faecalis infection may help improve patients’ clinical care.
How many cases of Alcaligenes faecalis?
Sixty-one cases of Alcaligenes faecalis infection were seen during the study period, including 25 cases of cystitis, nine cases of diabetic foot infection, eight cases of pneumonia, seven cases of acute pyelonephritis, three cases of bacteremia, and nine cases of infection at specific sites. Thirty-seven patients (60.7%) had a history of receiving intravenous antibiotics within three months of the diagnosis. Fifty-one (83.6%) cases were mixed with other bacterial infections. Extensively drug-resistant infections have been reported since 2018. The best sensitivity rate to Alcaligenes faecalis was 66.7% for three antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, and ceftazidime) in 2019. Two antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam) sensitivity rates to A. faecalis were less than 50%.
What antibiotics are used for a faecalis infection?
The most commonly used antibiotics were ceftazidime (11 cases) and levofloxacin (ten cases). There were only two cases of receipt of antibiotics during the same hospitalisation but before the onset of A. faecalis infection, including one case of prolonged mechanical ventilation with pneumonia and one case of peritonitis.
How many cases of A. faecalis were there?
Sixty-one cases of A. faecalis infection were identified during the study, including 25 cases of cystitis, nine cases of diabetic foot ulcer with infection, eight cases of pneumonia, seven cases of acute pyelonephritis (APN), three cases of bacteremia, and nine cases of infection at specific sites. There were nine hospital-acquired infections cases, including three cases of diabetic foot ulcer with infection, two cases of pneumonia, one case of pleural empyema, one case of peritonitis, one case of surgical wound infection, and one case of leg burn wound infection. Thirty-one community-onset infection cases (31/52 = 59.6%) had a history of previous hospitalisation within 90 days. Thirty-seven patients (60.7%) had a history of intravenous antibiotic use within the past 90 days. The most commonly used antibiotics were ceftazidime (11 cases) and levofloxacin (ten cases). There were only two cases of receipt of antibiotics during the same hospitalisation but before the onset of A. faecalis infection, including one case of prolonged mechanical ventilation with pneumonia and one case of peritonitis. The length of stay before A. faecalis isolation of the two cases were 190 days and 22 days, respectively. Fifty-one (83.6%) cases were mixed with other bacterial infections. The most common mixed infection pathogens were Enterococcus species (nine cases), Proteus vulgaris (nine cases), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (eight cases).
When was A. faecalis diagnosed?
We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients presenting with A. faecalis infection who were admitted to Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital from January 2014 to December 2019. Patients were diagnosed with A. faecalis infection when their clinical symptoms and signs indicated infection.
Where is the most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection?
The most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection sites, in order, are the bloodstream, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue, and middle ear. The susceptibility rate of Alcaligenes faecalis to commonly used antibiotics is decreasing. Extensively drug-resistant Alcaligenes faecalis infections have emerged.
Is A. faecalis a difficult infection to treat?
A. faecalis infection is often difficult to treat due to its increased resistance to several antibiotics, such as anti-pseudomonas penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and quinolones [ 17, 23, 24, 26 ]. Optimal antibiotic therapy for A. faecalis has not been well established in the literature.
Where does Alcaligenes faecalis occur?
Alcaligenes faecalis occur in water and soil. The microbe has peritrichous flagellar arrangement which allows for motility (2). It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped organism observed at 0.5-1.0 μm x 0.5-2.6 μm in diameter. An aerobic microbe, A. faecalis is optimal at temperatures between 20-37 °C (11).
What is the temperature of Alcaligenes faecalis?
Alcaligenes faecalis is an aerobic bacillus known to inhabit soil and water environments (5). Optimal temperature for the microbe ranges from 20 °C to 37 °C (11). A. faecalis also inhabits the alimentary canal of humans (5). This microbe is known to contaminate medical devices in the clinical environment, which can lead to infection.
How much arsenic does Alcaligenes faecalis survive?
A study on metabolic energy observed Alcaligenes faecalis surviving in cultures of 10 g/L of aqueous arsenic. The survival of the microbe in arsenic is important in bioremediation of environments contaminated with aqueous arsenic (12). In environments with high arsenic, the community must be wary of the likely presence of A. faecalis and its tendency to cause infections.
What temperature is A. faecalis best at?
An aerobic microbe, A. faecalis is optimal at temperatures between 20-37 °C (11). This microbe is most commonly seen in the clinical laboratory. Most infections caused by A. faecalis are opportunistic and acquired from moist items such as nebulizers, respirators, and lavage fluids.
What is the oxidation state of A. faecalis?
A. faecalis has also demonstrated the ability to enzymatically metabolize arsenite (AsO 2-, oxidation state +3) to the less harmful arsenate (AsO 4-, oxidation state +5). This bacterium could be useful for neutralization of environments contaminated by arsenite.
What is the pathogen that causes bacterial keratitis?
When an infection occurs, it is usually in the form of a urinary tract infection (2). However, A. faecalis is also known to be the pathogen that causes bacterial keratitis and postoperative endophthalmitis. Numerous strains have been isolated from clinical material such as blood, urine and feces (11).
Where is the faecalis microbe found?
The microbe has been isolated from human bodily fluids in association with both open wounds and ear discharge. A. faecalis has also been found in faeces (6).
What are the three species of Alcaligenes?
Currently, three species are included in the genus Alcaligenes namely Alcaligenes faecalis, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, and Alcaligenes piechaudii. Previously, the species A. xylosoxidans was known as Achromobacter xylosoxidans. It can be divided on the basis of carbohydrate utilization studies into two subspecies called xylosoxidans and denitrificans [7]. The bacteria were discovered for the first time in feces, which led to it being named A. faecalis. It was found to be common in water, environments, and, later on, soil later. This microbe has an optimal temperature ranging between 20°C and 37°C. The R-mandelic acid is an important precursor essential to drug production of various kinds and can be produced by several strains of A. faecalis. This is why, nowadays, pharmaceutical industries are using the microbe extensively [8].
Is A. faecalis a pathogen?
Therefore, instead of contaminant, A. faecalis should be considered as pathogens because globally cases of life-threatening infections caused by A. faecalis are emerging, which are pan drug-resistant.
Does A. faecalis cause a bacterial infection?
In most humans, the A. faecalis microbe does not cause systemic infections even though it exists in the alimentary canal. Humans with compromised immune systems as well as those with uncompromised immune systems have been observed suffering from infections caused by A. faecalis. Very few and rare cases have been reported that resulted in fatal outcomes such as appendicitis, abscesses, meningitis, bloodstream infection, endocarditis, and post-operative endophthalmitis [4,6]. In the literature, only one case can be found where A. faecalis was linked to lung abscess or pneumonia. Around the world, few hospitalized patients are suffering from infections caused by A. faecalis currently, and majority of them are in serious, life-threatening situations [9]. In the year 2004, the first bloodstream infection caused by A. faecalis was reported in immunocompromised cancer patients. It was found that the micro-organism was resistant to levofloxacin, monobactam, aminoglycosides, and ciprofloxacin [3]. A study was carried out on 188 patients, which revealed that 100% of A. faecalis isolates showed sensitivity to colistin, amikacin, and all cephalosporins; the ear discharge of 20 (10.6%) patients indicated the presence of A. faecalis; 75% of A. faecalis isolates showed sensitivity to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; 90% of A. faecalis isolates showed sensitivity to tobramycin, tazobactam/piperacillin, and gentamicin; 82.6% of A. faecalis isolates showed resistance to levofloxacin; and 100% of A. faecalis isolates showed resistance to ciprofloxacin [10]. Complete resistance to all antibiotics available commercially was observed in the A. faecalis found in the sputum specimen of our patient. It was suspected that the bacteria were resistant to polymyxin B as well since the patient did not show any improvement even with the polymyxin B treatment.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis gram negative?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a gram-negative bacterium that is commonly found in the environment. This pathogen is usually transmitted in the form of droplets through ventilation equipment and nebulizers, but transmission through direct contact has also been documented in few case reports. This pathogen can cause rare but fatal infections including appendicitis, abscesses, meningitis, bloodstream infection, endocarditis, and post-operative endophthalmitis. Pan drug resistance to all commercially available antibiotics has been emerging globally. We present the case of a 66-year-old male who had respiratory failure along with multiple comorbidities. A large cavitary lesion caused by pan drug-resistant Alcaligenes faecalis was found on chest imaging. Despite the treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, the clinical outcome was very poor.
Function
- DddY (46 kDa) was the first bacterial DMSP lyase to be purified and characterized in 1995 from the facultative anaerobic β-proteobacterium Alcaligenes faecalis (de Souza & Yoch, 1995), although the dddY gene encoding this protein was identified only in 2011 (Curson, Sullivan, Todd, & Johnston, 2011). DddY functions in some β-, γ-, (Shewanella sp.), and ɛ-(Arcobacter nitrofigilis…
Taxonomy
- The genera Alcaligenes, Achromobacter and Ochrobactrum have undergone confusing taxonomic changes in the past decade (see Table 181-2). Currently Alcaligenes faecalis remains the only Alcaligenes species of clinical importance, after several other Alcaligenes spp. have been transferred to the genus Achromobacter, including A. denitrificans, A. xylosoxidans, A. ruhlandii …
Cause
- Achromobacter and Alcaligenes spp. are opportunistic human pathogens causing sporadic cases of pneumonia, septicemia, peritonitis, urinary tract and other infections.2629 Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Alcaligenes faecalis are the most common isolates and agents of human disease in these genera, but little is known about factors promoting virulence...
Treatment
- The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these organisms is variable.27,37 Isolates of Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Alcaligenes faecalis produce several types of β-lactamases that hydrolyze a variety of the penicillins and cephalosporins. Ceftazidime generally retains good in vitro activity against A. xylosoxidans; meropenem and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole typically …
Discovery
- Before cloning (BC), attempts to purify flavohemoglobins were hampered by the expression levels attainable. Nevertheless, two landmark studies described the properties of flavohemoglobin from the bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus (now Ralstonia eutropha) and the budding yeast Candida mycoderma. In the early 1970s, Oshino et al. (1972) described the purification of a yeast hemogl…
Clinical significance
- The peculiarity of cd1NiR in catalysing both the monoelectronic reduction of NO2 to NO and the tetraelectronic reduction of O2 to H2O, which are mechanistically very different, is a very intriguing feature of this enzyme. Other, less relevant, activities have been attributed to cd1NiR such as the oxidation of CO to CO2 and the reduction of NH2OH to NH3.
Properties
- The spectroscopic, redox and catalytic properties of the cd1NIRs from P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, P. nautica, T. denitrificans and P. pantotrophus are summarized in Table 3-1. In the optical visible spectrum of the oxidized protein from most species the c heme is characterized by absorption maxima at 520 and 411 nm, while the d1 heme shows a broad shoulder around 470 nm and a ba…
Genetics
- The discovery of proteasome-related genes in eubacteria was surprising since proteasomes were thought to exist exclusively in eukaryotes and certain archaea [36]. Today, DNA sequences similar to hslV have been reported in many bacteria including the purple bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus [37], Haemophilus influenzae [38], Pasteurella haemolytica [39], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [6], th…
Mechanism of action
- The heat shock-induced ATP-dependent proteases can degrade not only misfolded abnormal proteins but also some physiologically important, highly regulated cellular proteins that are normally short-lived. Among such unstable proteins which are rapidly degraded are heat shock factor σ32, cell division inhibitor protein SulA, and transcription factor RcsA. σ32 encoded by th…
Pathophysiology
- Microbial As(III) oxidation is considered to be the mechanism of detoxification because the toxicity of arsenic is dependent on its oxidation state; As(III) is 100 times more toxic than the As(V) for most biological systems (Cervantes et al., 1994). In contrast to the dissimilatory arsenate reducers, which use arsenate as the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration…
Classification
- Alcaligenes faecalis and five members of the β Proteobacteria are heterotrophic arsenite oxidizers, whereas Pseudomonas arsenitoxidans and NT-26'' grew anaerobically through chemoautotrophic oxidation (Oremland and Stolz, 2005; Santini et al., 2000). However, six members of α Proteobacteria (Ben-5, NT-3, NT-4, NT-2, NT-26, and NT-25) and one member of γ …