Causes
Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. Shigella causes about 500,000 cases of diarrhea in the United States annually 1. ... A prolonged outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections in traditionally observant Jewish communities in North America caused by a molecularly distinct bacterial subtype.
Symptoms
Shigellosis is a kind of diarrhea caused by species of Shigella genus mainly Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Shigella boydii. S. flexneri is found to be the cause of most of the breakouts. S. sonnei and S. boydii were found to cause disease in less-developed countries.
Prevention
In addition to causing shigellosis, Shigella sonnei can cause bacteremia, urinary tract infection, vulvovaginitis, rectal prolapse, reactive arthritis, and various other complications.
Complications
Shigella (shih-GEHL-uh) bacteria cause an infection called shigellosis. Shigella cause an estimated 450,000 infections in the United States each year. The four species of Shigella are: Shigella sonnei (the most common species in the United States)
What is Shigella sonnei?
What is shigellosis and what causes it?
What are the possible complications of Shigella sonnei infection?
How common is Shigella infection?
Does Shigella sonnei cause dysentery?
All Shigella species can elicit prototypic acute bacillary dysentery, but Shigella sonnei most often causes uncomplicated watery diarrhea and is most prevalent in developed countries.
What does S Sonnei cause?
The disease is caused by Shigella bacteria, and symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea that sometimes contains blood, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Shigella sonnei has a very low infectious dose, and the infection may spread from person to person or via contaminated objects, food, or water.
What are the symptoms of Shigella sonnei?
These symptoms include: Diarrhea that can be bloody. Fever. Stomach pain....When to Contact Your DoctorFever.Bloody diarrhea.Severe stomach cramping or tenderness.Dehydration.
What kind of disease is Shigella?
Shigella infection (shigellosis) is an intestinal infection caused by a family of bacteria known as shigella. The main sign of shigella infection is diarrhea, which often is bloody.
Does Shigella cause food poisoning?
You may feel a sharp cramp in your stomach and lower abdomen. Then, you may have the urge to use the bathroom -- as many as 10 to 30 times a day when you have shigellosis, a type of food poisoning. Caused by a group of bacteria called shigella, this infection can cause belly pain, fever, and watery or bloody diarrhea.
Which species of Shigella is most commonly associated with diarrheal disease?
Shigella sonnei (the most common species in the United States)...Most people with Shigella infection experience:Diarrhea that can be bloody.Fever.Stomach pain.Feeling the need to pass stool (poop) even when the bowels are empty.
Does Shigella cause permanent damage?
Each year Shigella is responsible for at least 80 million infections and approximately 700,000 deaths worldwide. Long-term effects for Shigella survivors can include impaired physical and cognitive development, poor gastrointestinal health, reactive arthritis or kidney damage depending on the strain causing infection.
Can Shigella cause death?
EPIDEMIOLOGY. Worldwide, Shigella is estimated to cause 80–165 million cases of disease and 600,000 deaths annually; of these, 20–119 million illnesses and 6,900–30,000 deaths are attributed to foodborne transmission.
Can Shigella cause long term effects?
About 3 percent of persons who are infected with one type of Shigella (Shigella flexneri) will later develop pains in their joints, irritation of the eyes and painful urination. This is called Reiter's syndrome and it can last for months or years, sometimes leading to chronic arthritis, which is difficult to treat.
What are the different types of Shigella?
The genus Shigella is differentiated into four species: S dysenteriae (serogroup A, consisting of 12 serotypes); S flexneri (serogroup B, consisting of 6 serotypes); S. boydii (serogroup C, consisting of 18 serotypes); and S sonnei (serogroup D, consisting of a single serotype).
Does Shigella cause typhoid fever?
Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cause a well-characterized spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to hemorrhagic colitis and fatal typhoidal fever.
Where is Shigella most commonly found?
Shigella is found in the stool (feces) of infected people, in food or water contaminated by an infected person, and on surfaces that have been touched by infected people. Shigellosis often occurs in toddlers who are not fully toilet-trained.
What disease is caused by salmonella?
Most types of Salmonella cause an illness called salmonellosis, which is the focus of this website. Some other types of Salmonella cause typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever.
Is Shigella Sonnei a lactose fermenter?
Shigella sonnei is a rod-shape bacterium and is lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery (4).
What are the virulence factors of Shigella?
Shigella enterotoxin 1 (ShET1) and Shigella enterotoxin 2 (ShET2) are virulence determinants proposed to mediate early fluid secretion in the jejunum to establish infection in the colon and produce to the characteristic watery diarrhea seen early in shigellosis.
What is the shape of Shigella Sonnei?
Shigella sonnei is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen. It was named 'Sonne's bacillus' after Carl Olaf Sonne who described it as a causative agent of bacillary dysentery. S.
What is the name of the bacteria that causes shigellosis?
Shigella (shih-GEHL-uh) bacteria cause an infection called shigellosis. Shigella cause an estimated 450,000 infections in the United States each year. The four species of Shigella are: Shigella sonnei (the most common species in the United States) Shigella flexneri. Shigella boydii.
What are the surfaces that are contaminated with Shigella?
Touching surfaces, such as toys, bathroom fixtures, changing tables, and dia per pails contaminated with Shigella bacteria from someone with an infection. Changing the diaper of a child with a Shigella infection. Taking care of a person with an infection, including cleaning up after the person uses the toilet.
How do Shigella bacteria spread?
People with a Shigella infection can spread the infection to others for several weeks after their diarrhea ends.
What should I know about antibiotic resistance and resistant Shigella?
Some antibiotics may not be effective for treating some Shigella infections because of antibiotic resistance . Healthcare providers can order laboratory tests to determine which antibiotics are likely to work.
How can I reduce my chance of getting a Shigella infection?
You can reduce your chance of getting sick from Shigella by taking these steps:
What antibiotics are used to treat Shigella?
However, these drugs might be less effective, may need to be taken through a vein (IV) instead of by mouth, may be more toxic, and may be more expensive. Recommended antibiotics for severe infections include fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone.
How long does it take for shigellosis to get better?
People who have shigellosis usually get better without antibiotic treatment in 5 to 7 days. People with mild shigellosis may need only fluids and rest. Bismuth subsalicylate (for example, Pepto-Bismol) may be helpful 1, 2, but people sick with shigellosis should not use medications that cause the gut to slow down and interfere with the way the body digests food, such as loperamide (for example, Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (for example, Lomotil) 3.
How many species of Shigella are there?
It is divided into four species, named S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, and S. boydii, which are distinct genomically and in their ability to cause disease. Shigellosis, the clinical presentation of Shigellainfection, is characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Shigella's ability to cause disease has been attributed ...
What are the four species of Shigellosis?
It is divided into four species, named <i>S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae</i>, and <i>S. boydii</i>, which are distinct genomically and in their ability to cause disease. Shigellosis, the clinical presentation of <i>Shigell</i></span> …. <span><i>Shigella</i> is the major cause of bacillary dysentery world-wide.
characteristics
This is a clonal species and researchers estimate that it first appeared in Europe around 1500 years BC. C. It is a very conservative species and only one serotype is known.
Morphology
Shigella sonnei is a rod-shaped bacterium, with a maximum length of 1.7 μm and a diameter close to half this length. Its cell wall is simple, composed of peptidoglycans, without teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, without extracellular capsule, flagella, or fimbriae.
Culture
For the culture of Shigella, a preculture in Gram negative broth or selenite cystine broth is recommended for a period of 16 hours and at a temperature of 35 ° C to inhibit the development of Gram positive bacteria and favor that of Gram negative bacteria.
Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB)
It is a selective and differential medium in which methylene blue inhibits the growth of Gram positive bacteria, as well as some Gram negative bacteria. On the other hand, eosin indicates the presence or absence of fermentation by showing changes in coloration with pH.
MacConkey agar
This culture medium is also selective and differential. Contains bile salts and crystal violet, responsible for inhibiting the growth of Gram positive bacteria. Fermenting and non-fermenting bacteria can be differentiated and detected for their part, using lactose as a substrate and neutral red as a pH indicator.
Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate (XLD) agar
This is a selective medium that is commonly used to isolate Salmonella and Shigella species from both clinical and food samples. The substrates used are xylose and lysine, while the indicator is phenol red.
Hektoen enteric agar
This selective culture medium is mainly used to isolate Salmonella and Shigella colonies from stool samples. The substrates it uses are different carbohydrates such as lactose, sucrose and salicin and it also contains peptone. This medium allows the growth of other bacterial species, but does not discriminate between them.
What is the name of the disease caused by Shigella sonnei?
Shigellosis is a kind of diarrhea caused by species of Shigella genus mainly Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Shigella boydii. S. flexneri is found to be the cause of most of the breakouts. S. sonnei and S. boydii were found to cause disease in less-developed countries.
Which is more resistant, Shigella sonnei or S. flexneri?
Shigella sonnei appeared to be more resistant than S. flexneri to nalidixic acid, with the respective resistance rates being 44.4% (95% CI 26.9–62.5%) vs.
What is Plesiomonas shigelloides?
Plesiomonas shigelloides was first described in 1947 and was indicated to have certain properties in common with Shigella. The initial strain possessed the major somatic antigen of Shigella sonnei but differed biochemically. This strain, designated C27 and similar isolates were subsequently placed chronologically into the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Vibrio ). The genus Plesiomonas was initially established in 1962 in the family Vibrionaceae based on a number of its unique features and its similarity to the genus Aeromonas (‘plesio,’ neighbor, ‘monas,’ Aeromonas ). In common with other members of the family Vibrionaceae, it is polarly flagellated, facultatively anaerobic, and cytochrome oxidase positive. In addition, isolates have in common with members of the genus Vibrio sensitivity to the vibriostatic agent O/129. 5S rDNA sequencing has indicated the organism to be closely related to the genus Proteus.
What is the bacterial name for a bacillary dysentery?
Shigella s pp. are responsible for bacillary dysentery characterized by acute, bloody diarrhea accompanied by fever and abdominal cramps. Classic dysentery is characterized by scant stools containing mucus, pus and blood.
What organisms can cause myocardial damage?
Other organisms such as Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Shigella sonnei can produce myocardial damage through exotoxin production without direct myocardial involvement. Although the incidence of diphtheria continues to decline because of widespread immunization, sporadic cases continue to occur. Diphtheria is caused by infection with a strain of C. diphtheriae that is infected with a bacteriophage carrying the gene for the production of an exotoxin. This exotoxin interferes with the function of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. The toxin, produced at the site of infection (usually the respiratory tract), is carried via the bloodstream to the heart. Myocarditis generally occurs 7 to 14 days after the onset of infection. The presence of AV block in a child with presumed infectious myocarditis should raise the possibility of diphtheria. 132
How many species of Shigella are there?
Shigella. There are four Shigella species that can be transmitted by food (as well as by water): Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii. Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 is primarily associated with serious life-threatening dysentery in epidemics (fatality rate 5–15%), and is mostly encountered in developing ...
How many cases of shigellosis are there in the world?
These four species and their numerous serovars cause an estimated 165 million cases of shigellosis each year.