What causes Reed-Sternberg cells?
Some researchers think that infection with the Epstein-Barr virus sometimes causes DNA changes in B lymphocytes. In some cases, this leads to the development of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are the cancer cells in HL.
What disease is characterized by the Reed-Sternberg cell?
A cancer of the immune system that is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. The two major types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
What is Hodgkin's lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cells?
Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) cells are the hallmark cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). They are large, often multinucleated with a peculiar morphology and an unusual immunophenotype, that does not resemble any normal cell in the body. Despite their rarity in HL tissues, HRS cells are the clonal tumour cells of HL.
Why is it called Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) Is named for Dr. Thomas Hodgkin who, in 1832, described several cases of people with symptoms of a cancer involving the lymph nodes.
How does Hodgkin's lymphoma affect the body?
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system. In Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body.
What is the difference between Hodgkin's cells and Reed-Sternberg cells?
Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that may contain more than one nucleus. These cells are found in people with Hodgkin lymphoma. Reed-Sternberg cells are also called Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells.
Are Reed-Sternberg cells malignant?
This cell, called a Reed Sternberg cell, is the cancer cell of Hodgkin Lymphoma. Reed Sternberg cells also produce substances called cytokines, which further promote the growth of Reed-Sternberg cells. Scientists are not certain of the cause that leads a normal lymphocyte to become a malignant Reed-Sternberg cell.
Which is more fatal Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the seventh most diagnosed cancer, accounting for an estimated 72,500 cases in 2016. More than 86 percent of patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma survive five years or more. About 70 percent of patients diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma survive five years or more.
What are the types of Hodgkin lymphoma?
There are four subtypes of classical Hodgkin lymphoma:nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma.mixed cellularity classical Hodgkin lymphoma.lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma.lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
Are Reed-Sternberg cells malignant?
This cell, called a Reed Sternberg cell, is the cancer cell of Hodgkin Lymphoma. Reed Sternberg cells also produce substances called cytokines, which further promote the growth of Reed-Sternberg cells. Scientists are not certain of the cause that leads a normal lymphocyte to become a malignant Reed-Sternberg cell.
What is difference between lymphoma and leukemia?
“The simplest way to think about it is that lymphomas are solid tumors made up of blood cells. This kind of cancer usually causes enlarged lymph nodes or solid masses. Leukemia, on the other hand, is seen in the bloodstream – it's a liquid kind of cancer and it flows and is pumped around with the blood.”
Which is more serious Hodgkin's or non Hodgkin lymphoma?
The prognosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma is also better than that of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma since non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is often diagnosed at a more advanced stage. Both forms of blood cancer are treatable when caught early, however.
What is Reed-Sternberg cell?
Reed–Sternberg cells are large, bi- or multinucleated cells with a particular morphology and immunophenotype. They build together with the mononucleated Hodgkin cells the tumor cell clone in Hodgkin lymphoma and derive from Hodgkin cells through incomplete cytokinesis. Reed–Sternberg cells originate from mature B cells, or in very rare instances from T cells. They have, however, largely lost the B-cell-typical gene expression pattern. Numerous genetic lesions have been identified in Reed–Sternberg cells, many of which involve members of the NF-κB or JAK/STAT signaling pathways.
What are the cells in the HRS cell population?
The population of HRS cells is always composed of a mixture of mononuclear Hodgkin cells and bi- or multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. It is thus an intriguing question how these two types of cells are related to each other. It was proposed that fusion of two independent cells might be involved in the generation of Reed-Sternberg cells from Hodgkin cells. It was also discussed whether the whole HRS cell clone could derive from a cell fusion (e.g., a fusion of a B cell with a non-B cell). Such a scenario was attractive because it might have provided an explanation for the mixed immunophenotype and the usually aneuploid karyotype of the HRS cells. However, generation of the HRS cell clone through fusion of two separate cells was excluded by molecular studies.9 Indeed, there is now firm evidence from studies of HL cell lines that Reed-Sternberg cells develop from mononuclear Hodgkin cells through a process of incomplete cytokinesis. 10 When Hodgkin cells attempt to undergo cell division, the final separation of the daughter cells often fails, and these cells undergo refusion, giving rise to a binucleated Reed-Sternberg cell. 10 Reed-Sternberg cells have little further proliferative potential, so that the mononuclear Hodgkin cells are the principal proliferative compartment of the HRS cell clone.
What is HRS cell?
The Hodgkin/Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cell is the neoplastic cell in HL. The origin of the HRS cell was unknown until relatively recently. Over the years, experiments have attempted to demonstrate origin from various cell types, including T-cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
Which cell type has strong membranous and paranuclear positivity?
Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants show strong membranous and paranuclear (Golgi zone) positivity for CD30 and CD15
Can Reed Sternberg cells bind to CD40?
Reed Sternberg cells, characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphomas, can bind to CD40-L-expressing cells. Furthermore, RS cells display enhanced clonogenic capacity and colony cell survival after engagement of CD40 by soluble CD40-L ( Carbone et al., 1995 ). An earlier study showed that crosslinking RS cells of CD40 on results in an enhanced production of IL-6, IL-8, TNF- a, and LT- a, as well as an up-regulation of the costimulatory molecules ICAM-1, and B7-1, though no mitogenic activity could be seen ( Gruss et al., 1994 ).
Where do RS+H cells come from?
RS+H cells arise from late germinal center or early post germinal center B cells that#N#○#N#Have undergone immunoglobulin (IG) rearrangements with somatic mutations#N#○#N#Crippling IG mutations in subset of cases#N#○#N#RS+H cells do not express B-cell antigen receptor
Is Reed-Sternberg a normal cell?
The Reed-Sternberg cell. Its normal cell of origin remains unclear, with the predominance of evidence indicating a B or T lymphocyte. However, the cells alone are not pathognomonic of Hodgkin disease and may be seen in infectious mononucleosis, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, carcinomas, and sarcomas.
Where do Reed Sternberg cells come from?
Many questions surround the origin of Reed-Sternberg cells. It is particularly difficult to study these cells as they make up 1% of the tumor tissue. Reed-Sternberg cells also depend heavily on their cellular microenvironment.[5] These cells derive from cell lineages that relate to macrophages, reticulum cells, and granulocytes. There is also a hypothesis that these cells are the result of fusions between lymphocytes, reticulum cells, and lymphocytes or cells that have had viral infections. However, the majority of the evidence supports the theory that the Reed Sternberg cell originates from a B lymphocyte. Reed-Sternberg cells express CD15 and CD30. [6]
What type of cell is a Reed-Sternberg cell?
Mononuclear variants of Reed-Sternberg cells are Hodgkin cells. They are characterized by a single round or oblong nucleus with large inclusion-like nucleoli.
What type of cell is RS-like?
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), RS-like cells present amongst neoplastic cells. They resemble the immunophenotype of B cells and may also show CD20 and CD30 expression, while typically being negative for CD15. In rare cases, the RS-like cells show CD15 and CD30 expression, which makes them almost identical to Reed-Sternberg cells seen in classical Hodgkin disease. RS-like cells in CLL/SLL also show EBV positivity, which is under study as playing a role in the pathogenesis of Reed-Sternberg cells. In non-Hodgkin lymphomas, follicular lymphomas have stomal fibrosis prominently in retroperitoneal or perinephric locations. Follicular lymphoma contains neoplastic lymphoid infiltrate with small centrocytes with long nuclei, scattered centroblasts, and nucleoli. Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with fibrosis as well, but the inflammatory infiltrate is made up of eosinophils, plasma cells, histiocytes, and small lymphocytes.
What are Hodgkin cells?
Hodgkin lymphoma characteristically presents with Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. When the cells are mononucleated, they are called Hodgkin cells. When they are multinucleated, they are called Reed-Sternberg cells.[1] The classic Reed-Sternberg cell is a large cell that can be more than 50 micrometers in diameter.[2] It is binucleated with prominent eosinophilic nuclei that are surrounded by abundant cytoplasm.[3] Reed-Sternberg cells were first illustrated incorrectly by Greenfield in a paper published in 1878. In 1898, Carl Sternberg published a paper in German that included illustrations of the cells along with the description of their pathology. However, Sternberg believed that Hodgkin disease was a form of tuberculosis. In 1902, Dorothy Reed described RS cells in her well-known paper, "On the Pathological Changes in Hodgkin Disease, with Especial Reference to it's Relation to Tuberculosis." She included a clear description of the cells, along with illustrations that she made herself. Reed emphasized that Hodgkin disease was unrelated to tuberculosis, and she used animal inoculation to prove her point. She showed that there was no immunological response to tuberculin in Hodgkin disease. [4]
How to isolate Reed-Sternberg cells?
The first method used to isolate Reed-Sternberg cells was via suspension of fresh tissue samples. Reed-Sternberg cells were selected based on their size and negative expression of CD3, CD14, and CD20. This method did not yield consistent results and was improved upon by suspending cells onto glass slides and immunolabeling for CD30. A second technique for cell isolation used thick paraffin sections instead of fresh tissue. Enzymatic digestion and mechanical force were used to suspend cells. The suspended cells were labeled for CD30 and isolated using a hand pipette. Another technique involved usage of hydraulically driven pipettes. [10]
What is the most well known infectious disease with the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?
The most well known infectious disease with the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells is infectious mononucleosis due to infection with EBV. EBV infected B cells acquire the morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics of Reed-Sternberg cells, although the mechanism of this process is still an enigma. [1]
How many nuclei are there in a Reed-Sternberg cell?
Diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells must have at least two nucleoli in two separate nuclear lobes. The nuclei are large and often rounded in contour with a prominent, often irregular nuclear membrane, pale chromatin and usually one prominent eosinophilic nucleolus, with perinuclear clearing (halo), resembling a viral inclusion.[1] Please see the attached image.
What are the substances that help Reed-Sternberg cells grow?
Reed-Sternberg cells also make substances called cytokines, which attract many other cells into the lymph node, causing it to swell (enlarge). In turn, these non-cancerous cells then release substances that help Reed-Sternberg cells grow.
What are the genes that slow down cell division?
Genes that slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes . Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes.
Where do HRS cells come from?
HRS cells in nearly all cases of HL derive from B cells, and only rarely from T cells. Notably, the pattern of somatic mutations in their rearranged immunoglobulin V genes suggests that they are derived from pre-apoptotic germinal center B cells.
What is HRS cell?
Despite their rarity in HL tissues, HRS cells are the clonal t …. Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) cells are the hallmark cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). They are large, often multinucleated with a peculiar morphology and an unusual immunophenotype, that does not resemble any normal cell in the body. Despite their rarity in HL tissues, HRS cells ...
What is the hallmark cell of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
The Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cell. Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) cells are the hallmark cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). They are large, often multinucleated with a peculiar morphology and an unusual immunophenotype, that does not resemble any normal cell in the body.
Is HRS a normal cell?
They are large, often multinucleated with a peculiar morphology and an unusual immunophenotype, that does not resemble any normal cell in the body. Despite their rarity in HL tissues, HRS cells are the clonal tumour cells of HL. HRS cells in nearly all cases of HL derive from B cells, and only rarely from T cells.
What are HRS cells?
In most cases, Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin disease (HD) carry rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and thus derive from B cells. In rare cases, HRS cells originate from T cells. However, based on the unusual immunophenotype of HRS cells, often showing coexpression of markers typical for different hematopoetic lineages, and the regular detection of numerical chromosomal abnormalities, it has been speculated that HRS cells might represent cell fusions. Five cases of HD with 2 rearranged IgH alleles were analyzed for the presence of additional IgH alleles in germline configuration as a potential footprint of a cell fusion between a B and a non-B cell. Similarly, one case of T-cell–derived HD with biallelic T-cell receptor β (TCRβ) rearrangements was studied for the presence of unrearranged TCRβ alleles. In none of the 6 cases was evidence for additional IgH (or TCRβ) alleles obtained, strongly arguing against a role of cell fusion in HRS cell generation.
What are the V gene rearrangements?
Due to their extreme diversity, V gene rearrangements represent ideal markers for distinct IgH alleles in a B cell. Most B cells in the human carry rearrangements on both IgH alleles, 17 either 2 V H D H J H rearrangements (one functional and one nonfunctional joint) or a V H D H J H rearrangement together with a D H J H joint. Non-B cells have IgH loci in germline configuration (or rarely D H J H joints). On this basis, the detection of 3 or 4 distinct IgH alleles in a cell would represent a strong indication that this cell derived from a cell fusion.
