demographic transition a theory of demography which states that, as a nation industrializes, it goes through a series of populational changes, starting with a decline in infant and adult mortality and followed later by a reduction in birth rate.
What are the 5 stages of the demographic transition model?
Stage 1- high and fluctuating birth and death arte and population growth remains slow Stage 2- high birth rate and declining death rate and rapid population growth rate Stage 3- Declining birth rate and low death rate and declining rate of population growth Stage 4- low birth and death rate and slow population growth …
What countries are in Stage 3 of the demographic transition?
Which countries are in Stage 3 of the demographic transition model? As such, Stage 3 is often viewed as a marker of significant development. Examples of Stage 3 countries are Botswana, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates , just to name a few.
What is Stage 1 of the demographic transition model?
Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model. Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is characterized by a low population growth rate due to a high birth rate (number of annual births per one thousand people) and a high death rate (number of annual deaths per one thousand people).
What are the stages of demographic transition model?
What are the 5 stages of the demographic transition model?
- Stage 1: High Population Growth Potential.
- Stage 2: Population Explosion.
- Stage 3: Population Growth Starts to Level Off.
- Stage 4: Stationary Population.
- Stage 5: Further Changes in Birth Rates.
- Summarizing the Stages.
Why is the demographic transition?
The rise in demand for human capital and its impact on the decline in the gender wage gap during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries have contributed to the onset of the demographic transition.
What is a demographic transition give an example?
In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance. An example of this stage is the United States in the 1800s. All human populations are believed to have had this balance until the late 18th century, when this balance ended in Western Europe.
What is the demographic transition and what are the three stages?
Stages of the Demographic Transition Stage 1—High birth and death rates lead to slow population growth. Stage 2—The death rate falls but the birth rate remains high, leading to faster population growth. Stage 3—The birth rate starts to fall, so population growth starts to slow.
What is demographic transition India?
The process of demographic transition in India is said to have set in sometime in the late 1920s and early 1930s when death rates started declining. Prior to that, India's population was in the first stage with very high birth and high death rates.
What is demographic transition PDF?
The demographic transition is the change in the human condition from high mortality and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility.
What are demographics?
What Are Demographics? Demographic analysis is the study of a population-based on factors such as age, race, and sex. Demographic data refers to socioeconomic information expressed statistically, including employment, education, income, marriage rates, birth and death rates, and more.
What is demographic transition Slideshare?
Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
What is demographic transition explain the stages of demographic transition theory with examples?
In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, ...
What are the 4 types of demographic transition?
The demographic transition model was initially proposed in 1929 by demographer Warren Thompson. The model has four stages: pre-industrial, urbanizing/industrializing, mature industrial, and post-industrial.
What is demographic transition Upsc?
"Demographic transition" refers to a population cycle that begins with a decrease in the death rate, continues with a period of rapid population growth, and ends with a decrease in the birth rate, according to E.G. Dolan.
Who introduced demographic transition theory?
Frank NotesteinIn 1944-45, Frank Notestein and Kingsley Davis presented the theory of demographic transition in the form that came to be nearly universally accepted. All societies, it was believed, would pass through the three stages, from a preindustrial to a postindustrial demographic equilibrium.
How many stages are there in the demographic transition in India?
There is a demographic cycle of 5 stages through which a nation passes. First stage (High stationary): This stage is characterized by a high birth rate and high death rate which cancel each other and the population remains stationary. Till 1920, India was in this stage.
What is demographic transition quizlet?
Demographic Transition Theory: a shift from small pre-industrial populations with high birth and death rates, to very large industrialized populations with low birth and death rates due to the emergance of technology.
What is demographic transition explain the stages of demographic transition theory with examples?
In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, ...
What is the demographic transition and what are its four stages?
The demographic transition model was initially proposed in 1929 by demographer Warren Thompson. The model has four stages: pre-industrial, urbanizing/industrializing, mature industrial, and post-industrial.
What is demographic transition AP human Geography?
Demographic Transition Model. A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
What is the fifth stage of fertility?
Some theorists include a fifth stage in which fertility rates begin to transition again to either above or below that which is necessary to replace the percentage of the population that is lost to death. Some say fertility levels decrease during this stage while others hypothesize that they increase. Rates are expected to increase populations in Mexico, India and the U.S. in the 21st century, and to decrease populations in Australia and China. Birth and death rates largely plateaued in most developed nations in the late 1900s.
What is the definition of demographic transition?
Demographic transition is a model used to represent the movement of high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. It works on the premise that birth and death rates are connected to and correlate with stages of industrial development.
What are the stages of transition?
The Four Stages of Transition 1 Stage 1: Death rates and birth rates are high and are roughly in balance, a common condition of a pre-industrial society. Population growth is very slow, influenced in part by the availability of food. The U.S. was said to be in Stage 1 in the 19th century. 2 Stage 2: This is the "developing country" phase. Death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increases life spans and reduces disease. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates, countries in this stage experience a large increase in population. 3 Stage 3: Birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, an increase in the status and education of women, and other social changes. Population growth begins to level off. Mexico is believed to be in this stage in the early decades of the millennium. Northern Europe entered this stage in the later part of the 19th century. 4 Stage 4: Birth rates and death rates are both low in this stage. People born during Stage 2 are now beginning to age and require the support of a dwindling working population. Birth rates may drop below replacement level, considered to be two children per family. This leads to a shrinking population. Death rates may remain consistently low, or they may increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases linked to low exercise levels and high obesity. Sweden has reached this stage in the 21st century.
What is stage 3 birth rate?
Stage 3: Birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, an increase in the status and education of women, and other social changes. Population growth begins to level off. Mexico is believed to be in this stage in the early decades of the millennium.
What is the stage 1 of the development process?
Stage 1: Death rates and birth rates are high and are roughly in balance, a common condition of a pre-industrial society. Population growth is very slow, influenced in part by the availability of food. The U.S. was said to be in Stage 1 in the 19th century. Stage 2: This is the "developing country" phase.
Why do death rates drop?
Death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increases life spans and reduces disease. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates, countries in this stage experience a large increase in population. Stage 3: Birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, ...
What is the stage of Mexico?
Mexico is believed to be in this stage in the early decades of the millennium. Northern Europe entered this stage in the later part of the 19th century. Stage 4: Birth rates and death rates are both low in this stage. People born during Stage 2 are now beginning to age and require the support of a dwindling working population.
What is Demographic Transition?
It was observed that in countries with high standards of living, the population grew at a slow rate, while in countries with low standards of living, the population grew more rapidly .
What is the third stage of demographic change?
The third stage of the demographic transition is the industrial stage, which is characterized by an increasing population with declining birth rates and low death rates. The death rates remain stable and low during this stage due to the continuation of the economic and social changes that improved the standard of living during the previous stage. During this stage, the birth rates begin to decline for many reasons. For the most part, people realize that they no longer have to produce large numbers of offspring because the offspring they do produce have a higher chance of surviving to adulthood. Many people also start to prefer smaller families, where they can concentrate more resources on less people and increase overall livelihood.
What is the post industrial stage?
Following the industrial stage is the final stage of the demographic transition. This stage is referred to as the post-industrial stage and is characterized by a stable human population, with both low birth rates and low death rates. The birth rates and death rates remain low due the economic and social changes of the previous stages.
Why are death rates decreasing?
The death rates are decreasing because, as the country transitions into an industrial country, there are improvements in the economy and social conditions. These changes lead to the control of diseases, the production of more food, better jobs, and improved medical care and sanitation.
Why are death rates so high?
The death rates are high because there is increased disease, minimal medical care, poor sanitation, and limited food supplies. As a result of the high death rate, people tend to produce more offspring to try to compensate for the mortality.
What is the study of the size, density, and distribution of the human population?
Now, let's review demography, which is the study of the size, density, and distribution of the human population and the concept of demographic transition. Demographic transition is a series of stages that a country goes through when transitioning from non-industrial to industrial. The concept is used to explain how population growth and economic development of a country are connected.
What does it mean to enroll in a course?
Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams.
What is demographic transition?
In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high infant death rates in societies with minimal technology, education, and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios. Although this shift has occurred in many industrialized countries, the theory and model are frequently imprecise when applied to individual countries due to specific social, political and economic factors affecting particular populations.
Why is the existence of a demographic transition widely accepted in the social sciences?
However, the existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development. Scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population, or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes. Scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per capita income, lower mortality, old-age security, and rise of demand for human capital are involved.
What happens to the population during the second stage of the demographic transition?
The decline in death rate and birth rate that occurs during the demographic transition may transform the age structure. When the death rate declines during the second stage of the transition, the result is primarily an increase in the child population. The reason being that when the death rate is high (stage one), the infant mortality rate is very high, often above 200 deaths per 1000 children born. When the death rate falls or improves, this may include lower infant mortality rate and increased child survival. Over time, as individuals with increased survival rates age, there may also be an increase in the number of older children, teenagers, and young adults. This implies that there is an increase in the fertile population proportion which, with constant fertility rates, may lead to an increase in the number of children born. This will further increase the growth of the child population. The second stage of the demographic transition, therefore, implies a rise in child dependency and creates a youth bulge in the population structure. As a population continues to move through the demographic transition into the third stage, fertility declines and the youth bulge prior to the decline ages out of child dependency into the working ages. This stage of the transition is often referred to as the golden age, and is typically when populations see the greatest advancements in living standards and economic development. However, further declines in both mortality and fertility will eventually result in an aging population, and a rise in the aged dependency ratio. An increase of the aged dependency ratio often indicates that a population has reached below replacement levels of fertility, and as result does not have enough people in the working ages to support the economy, and the growing dependent population.
What causes birth rates to fall?
In stage three, birth rates fall due to various fertility factors such as access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education of children and other social changes. Population growth begins to level off. The birth rate decline in developed countries started in the late 19th century in northern Europe. While improvements in contraception do play a role in birth rate decline, contraceptives were not generally available nor widely used in the 19th century and as a result likely did not play a significant role in the decline then. It is important to note that birth rate decline is caused also by a transition in values; not just because of the availability of contraceptives.
How many stages are there in the Demographic Transition Model?
The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five.
What countries changed from 1820 to 2010?
Demographic change in Germany, Sweden, Chile, Mauritius, China from 1820 to 2010.
What was the impact of the decline in the death rate in England between 1750 and 1975?
A major factor was the sharp decline in the death rate due to infectious diseases, which has fallen from about 11 per 1,000 to less than 1 per 1,000.
How does the demographic transition affect health?
Due to the lag between mortality and fertility, population will increase. The sheer increase in the number of individuals in a country increases health needs. However, over time as fertility rates decline the proportion of elderly tends to increase as a percentage of the total population, and this change in population structure affects the need and demand of health-care services. Another factor affecting health needs is the epidemiological transition that countries go through. ‘Epidemiological transition’ refers to the fact that with economic development and declines in fertility rates the disease profile of countries changes from a preponderance of communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions, and nutritional deficiencies to one in which noncommunicable conditions account for a large part of the disease burden. Thus both the demographic and epidemiological transitions affect the health needs and subsequently the health demands of populations, and this in turn has an impact on health expenditures.
How will demographics affect health expenditures?
How will this change in demographics affect health expenditures? An article by Alistair Gray of the University of Oxford analyzed data from 13 OECD countries where data were available and concluded that population aging would increase age-related expenditures from under 19% of GDP in 2000 to almost 26% of GDP by 2050 with expenditures on health accounting for half of these increases ( Gray, 2005 ). Other studies conducted with developed country data also support the hypothesis that the demographic structure of a population is a significant variable in explaining health expenditures ( Anderson et al., 2003 ). In a recent study published in Health Affairs the authors project that health spending in the United States is expected to account for 20% of GDP by 2015 and that population aging will account for a “small but rising” share of total health expenditures between 2004 and 2015 ( Borger et al., 2006 ).
How does lifestyle affect health?
Lifestyles also affect health expenditures. Healthy lifestyles tend to improve health and reduce health expenditures, and unhealthy lifestyles result in poor health and increased health expenditures. A good example of this is to look at how obesity affects health expenditures in the United States.
Why is China aging?
It must be noted that the present aging problem in China is not due primarily to natural demographic transition but to the implementation of a rigid family planning control system. With the largest population in the world and at the present stage of economic development, it essentially means China will ‘grow old before it grows rich.’ 29 Therefore to sustain economic growth in an aging but not affluent society, developing the labor market to create more jobs for all age groups is fundamental to any solution. 30
How is demand for children related to income?
In particular, demand depends on household income, on the cost (price) of children, and on parents' tastes or preferences for children relative to other goods and services that provide satisfaction (utility) to the couple. Other things being equal, higher income is expected to be associated with a greater demand for children (i.e., children are assumed to be a normal good). However, greater demand for children may be realized at least in part by greater resource endowments per child rather than simply by an increase in the number of children. In this respect, the demand for children or child services may be seen as comparable to the demand for consumer durable goods more generally, where higher income often translates into increased demand for quality rather than simply increased quantity.
What is census information?
The census provides important information on all members of the household, including age, date of birth, gender, occupation, national origin, marital status, income, relation to head of the household, literacy, education level, and health status (e.g., permanent disabling conditions).
What is Vital Statistics?
Vital statistics include births; deaths; and population by age, gender, location of residence, marital status, socioeconomic status (SES), and migration. Birth data are derived from mandatory reporting of births and mortality data from compulsory death certificates.
What Are The Stages of The Demographic Transition Model?
- In Stage 1, which applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both birth rates and death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics. In Stage 2, the introduction of modern medicin…
Limitations of The Demographic Transition Model
- Like any model, there will be outliers and exceptions to the rule and the Demographic Transition Model is no different. Additionally, there are things the DTM cannot reveal: the impact of other demographic variables such as migration, are not considered, nor does the model predict how long a country will be in each stage. But even so, the relationship between birth rate and death ra…
Demographic Transition Model Case Studies
- Over a series of five posts we will explain each stage of the Demographic Transition Model in depth and provide a case study for stages when there is a country that currently fits its parameters. Demographic Transition Model blog series: Overview, Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, Stage 5
Overview
- Demographic transition involves four stages. 1. Stage 1:Death rates and birth rates are high and are roughly in balance, a common condition of a pre-industrial society. Population growth is very slow, influenced in part by the availability of food. The U.S. was said to be in Stage 1 in the 19th century. 2. Stage 2:This is the "developing country" p...
History
Summary
Stages
In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development, as well as the stages betw…
Effects on age structure
The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson (1887–1973). Adolphe Landry of France made similar observations on demographic patterns and population growth potential around 1934. In the 1940s and 1950s Frank W. Notestein developed a more formal theory of demographic transition. By 2009, the existence of a negative correlation between fertility and industrial development had become …
Historical studies
The transition involves four stages, or possibly five.
• In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance. All human populations are believed to have had this balance until the late 18th century, when this balance ended in Western Europe. In fact, growth rates were less than 0.05% at least since the Agricultural Revolution ove…
Critical evaluation
In pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates were both high, and fluctuated rapidly according to natural events, such as drought and disease, to produce a relatively constant and young population. Family planning and contraception were virtually nonexistent; therefore, birth rates were essentially only limited by the ability of women to bear children. Emigration depressed de…
Second demographic transition
The decline in death rate and birth rate that occurs during the demographic transition may transform the age structure. When the death rate declines during the second stage of the transition, the result is primarily an increase in the younger population. The reason being that when the death rate is high (stage one), the infant mortality rate is very high, often above 200 deaths per 1000 chi…