Why is Alcaligenes faecalis so difficult to treat?
Alcaligenes faecalis infection is often difficult to treat due to its increased resistance to several antibiotics. The results from a clinical study of patients with Alcaligenes faecalis infection may help improve patients' clinical care.
What is the virulence of Alcaligenes infections?
Alcaligenes strains do not seem to possess any specific virulence determinants. They are infrequent causes of hospital-acquired infections in patients who often have severe underlying disease. Rare cases of peritonitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and UTI have been reported.
Which antibiotics are most sensitive to Alcaligenes faecalis?
Extensively drug-resistant infections have been reported since 2018. The best sensitivity rate to Alcaligenes faecalis was 66.7% for three antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, and ceftazidime) in 2019. Two antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam) sensitivity rates to A. faecalis were less than 50%.
What are the possible complications of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans infection?
Alcaligenes xylosoxidans has been implicated in BSI (mostly catheter-related), pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis and urinary tract infection, often in patients with underlying malignancy, HIV and CF.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis harmful to humans?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a species of gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria commonly found in the environment. A. faecalis-associated nosocomial infections are common in hospitalized patients, but serious life threatening infections are rare.
Why is Alcaligenes faecalis important?
Alcaligenes faecalis (A faecalis) has shown a decreasing susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics with an emergence of extensively drug-resistant A faecalis infections, according to study results published in BMC Infectious Diseases.
How is Alcaligenes faecalis transmitted?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a gram-negative bacterium that is commonly found in the environment. This pathogen is usually transmitted in the form of droplets through ventilation equipment and nebulizers, but transmission through direct contact has also been documented in few case reports.
What is Alcaligenes faecalis resistant to?
Alcaligenes faecalis is generally resistant to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines and usually susceptible to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and β-lactam antibiotics such as ureidopenicillins, ticarcillin–clavulanic acid, cephalosporins and carbapenems.
What does Alcaligenes faecalis smell like?
faecalis produces a distinctive sweet odor resembling that of green apples.
What type of hemolysis is Alcaligenes faecalis?
alpha-hemolyticIt is alpha-hemolytic and requires oxygen.
How is faecalis treated?
faecalis infections are treated with antibiotics. One challenge is that these bacteria have become resistant to many types of antibiotics....Treatments for E. faecalis infectionsdaptomycin.gentamicin.linezolid.nitrofurantoin.streptomycin.tigecycline.vancomycin.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis normal flora?
Abstract. Alcaligenes faecalis is a gram-negative organism that is commonly found in the environment and may also be a part of normal fecal flora in humans.
What color is Alcaligenes faecalis?
whitishCulture characteristics. Colonies are whitish with a feathery, thin flared irregular edges. colonies appear non-pigmented and similar in size to Acinetobacter.
What antibiotic is used for Alcaligenes faecalis?
Extensively drug-resistant infections have been reported since 2018. The best sensitivity rate to Alcaligenes faecalis was 66.7% for three antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, and ceftazidime) in 2019. Two antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam) sensitivity rates to A.
What pH does Alcaligenes faecalis grow in?
between 5.8 and 7It is also pH-dependent in vitro with an optimum between 5.8 and 7.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis pathogenic or nonpathogenic?
Alcaligenes specie strains exist in soil, water, and environment, as well as in association with humans. The bacteria of this genus are usually non-pathogenic but occasional opportunistic infections could occur in humans.
When was Alcaligenes faecalis discovered?
1974In 1974, an Alcaligenes strain was isolated from a nematode (20); until now, the nematicidal activity of this Alcaligenes strain had not been reported. In this study, A. faecalis ZD02 isolated from C. elegans cadavers was found to have nematicidal activity against C.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis pathogenic or nonpathogenic?
Alcaligenes specie strains exist in soil, water, and environment, as well as in association with humans. The bacteria of this genus are usually non-pathogenic but occasional opportunistic infections could occur in humans.
What antibiotic is used for Alcaligenes faecalis?
Extensively drug-resistant infections have been reported since 2018. The best sensitivity rate to Alcaligenes faecalis was 66.7% for three antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, and ceftazidime) in 2019. Two antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam) sensitivity rates to A.
Does Alcaligenes faecalis produce catalase?
Alcaligenes faecalis is a Gram-negative catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rod. It is commonly found in a watery environment and is rarely isolated from humans.
Is A. faecalis a pathogen?
In conclusion, A. faecalis should be considered a potential pathogen of SSTI, particularly in patients with vascular diseases or after surgery. The history of contact with water or aqueous solutions should be investigated in all cases.
Is Alcaligenes faecalis rare?
Alcaligenes faecalis: an unusual cause of skin and soft tissue infection. Skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI ) due to Alcaligenes faecalis is very rare and has never been studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of this infection.
Where are alcaligenes found?
They are common in soil and water environments but are also found as normal inhabitants of vertebrate intestinal tracts and in clinical samples as a result of opportunistic infection. Improvements in bacterial identification have resulted in changes to the classification of many genera, and Alcaligenes is no exception.
What is the R- ()-mandelic acid produced from?
R - (−)-Mandelic acid 38 ( Figure 11) was produced from racemic mandelonitrile 39 by Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC 8750. Ammonium acetate or l -glutamic acid as the carbon source and n -butyronitrile as the inducer in the culture medium were effective for bacterial growth and the induction of R - (−)-mandelic acid-producing activity. The R - (−)-mandelic acid formed from mandelonitrile by resting cells was present in a 100% ee. A. faecalis ATCC 8750 has an R -enantioselective nitrilase for mandelonitrile and an amidase for mandelamide. R - (−)-mandelic acid was produced in 91% yield, whereas no ( S )-mandelonitrile 40 was left, the S -mandelonitrile remaining in the reaction is spontaneously racemized because of the chemical equilibrium and is used as the substrate. Consequently, almost all the mandelonitrile is consumed and converted to R - (−)-mandelic acid. R - (−)-Mandelic acid was also produced when benzaldehyde plus HCN was used as the substrate. 83
What is the role of Rhodococcus sp. in the hydrolysis of nitrile?
(SP 361) has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the stereoselective hydrolysis of both racemic and prochiral nitrile containing compounds. 2-Alkyl-arylacetonitriles were hydrolyzed to ( S )-acids and ( R )-amides whereas the closely related substrate gave the ( R )-acid. A series of prochiral dinitriles were hydrolyzed to the corresponding ( S )-acids with ee s 22–84%. Models to account for the stereoselectivity of the enzymic hydrolyzes have been proposed. Both racemic arylalkylnitriles and prochiral dinitriles have been hydrolyzed to optically active amides and acids using an immobilized cells. 84
Which yeasts have FHBs?
The protective function of FHbs from nitrosative stress also occurs in pathogenic yeasts, such as Cryptococcus neoformans ( de Jesus-Berrios et al., 2003) and Candida albicans, the most prevalent human fungal pathogen ( Ullmann et al., 2004 ).
Why is Alcaligenes Faecalis so difficult to treat?
Alcaligenes faecalis infection is often difficult to treat due to its increased resistance to several antibiotics. The results from a clinical study of patients with Alcaligenes faecalis infection may help improve patients' clinical care.
Where is the most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection?
The most frequent Alcaligenes faecalis infection sites, in order, are the bloodstream, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue, and middle ear. The susceptibility rate of Alcaligenes faecalis to commonly used antibiotics is decreasing. Extensively drug-resistant Alcaligenes faecalis infections have emer …
Where does Alcaligenes faecalis occur?
Alcaligenes faecalis occur in water and soil. The microbe has peritrichous flagellar arrangement which allows for motility (2). It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped organism observed at 0.5-1.0 μm x 0.5-2.6 μm in diameter. An aerobic microbe, A. faecalis is optimal at temperatures between 20-37 °C (11).
What is the temperature of Alcaligenes faecalis?
Alcaligenes faecalis is an aerobic bacillus known to inhabit soil and water environments (5). Optimal temperature for the microbe ranges from 20 °C to 37 °C (11). A. faecalis also inhabits the alimentary canal of humans (5). This microbe is known to contaminate medical devices in the clinical environment, which can lead to infection.
How much arsenic does Alcaligenes faecalis survive?
A study on metabolic energy observed Alcaligenes faecalis surviving in cultures of 10 g/L of aqueous arsenic. The survival of the microbe in arsenic is important in bioremediation of environments contaminated with aqueous arsenic (12). In environments with high arsenic, the community must be wary of the likely presence of A. faecalis and its tendency to cause infections.
What temperature is A. faecalis best at?
An aerobic microbe, A. faecalis is optimal at temperatures between 20-37 °C (11). This microbe is most commonly seen in the clinical laboratory. Most infections caused by A. faecalis are opportunistic and acquired from moist items such as nebulizers, respirators, and lavage fluids.
What is the oxidation state of A. faecalis?
A. faecalis has also demonstrated the ability to enzymatically metabolize arsenite (AsO 2-, oxidation state +3) to the less harmful arsenate (AsO 4-, oxidation state +5). This bacterium could be useful for neutralization of environments contaminated by arsenite.
What is the pathogen that causes bacterial keratitis?
When an infection occurs, it is usually in the form of a urinary tract infection (2). However, A. faecalis is also known to be the pathogen that causes bacterial keratitis and postoperative endophthalmitis. Numerous strains have been isolated from clinical material such as blood, urine and feces (11).
Where is the faecalis microbe found?
The microbe has been isolated from human bodily fluids in association with both open wounds and ear discharge. A. faecalis has also been found in faeces (6).