what does ingroup and outgroup mean

Ingroups

and outgroups In sociology and social psychology, an ingroup, is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an outgroup is a social group to which an individual does not identify.

Full Answer

What do the terms in-Group and out-group mean?

In sociology and social psychology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify.

What is an example of an out-group?

out-group

• Definition of Out-group
• Example of Out-group. The visiting team (opposed to the home team or in-group) including their fans during a game of football.
• Out-group Pronunciation. An out-group is "them", in "us versus them". ...

What are the different types of groups?

Types of Groups

• Formal Groups. Formal groups are created to achieve specific organizational objectives. ...
• Informal Groups. Within the formal structure of the organization, there will always be an informal structure. ...
• Managed Group. ...
• Process Group. ...
• Semi-Formal Groups. ...
• Goal Group. ...
• Learning Group. ...
• Problem-Solving Group. ...
• Friendship Group. ...
• Interest Group. ...

What is common ingroup identity?

Common ingroup identity

• Aspects of the model. The common identity group model identifies the potential causes and outcomes of the recategorization process that changes an individual’s common ingroup identity.
• Development of the Model. ...
• Research. ...
• Criticism. ...
• Applications. ...
• See also
• References. ...

What is an example of ingroup?

Fraternities, sororities, sports teams, and juvenile gangs are examples of in-groups. Members of an in-group often end up competing with members of another group for various kinds of rewards.

What is in group and out-group with example?

(1) The groups with which individual identifies himself are his in group. one's family, one's college are example of his in group. But out groups refers to those groups with which individual do not identify himself. These are outside groups.

What outgroup means?

noun. ˈau̇t-ˌgrüp. : a group that is distinct from one's own and so usually an object of hostility or dislike compare in-group sense 1.

What does ingroup mean in sociology?

An in-group is a group of people who identify with each other based on a variety of factors including gender, race, religion, or geography. Our tendency to distinguish between in-group and out-group members has moral implications.

What is the difference between an in group and an out-group quizlet?

An Ingroup is a group that you belong to in which you feel a sense of identity in that group. An Outgroup is a group you don't belong to, and you may feel a sense of competitiveness and hostility. Ingroup and Outgroup distinctions may encourage Social Cohesion among group members.

Who gave the concept of ingroup and outgroup?

The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues during his work in formulating social identity theory. The significance of ingroup and outgroup categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm.

How do you find an outgroup?

To qualify as an outgroup, a taxon must satisfy the following two characteristics: It must not be a member of the ingroup. It must be related to the ingroup, closely enough for meaningful comparisons to the ingroup.

What are the characteristics of out group?

Out group is the opposite of in-group. An out group is always defined by an individual with reference to his in group. Out groups are marked by a sense of difference and frequently, though not always, by some degree of antagonism. In other words out groups are those to which a person does not belong.

What is an example of out group bias?

The Outgroup Bias is the psychological tendency to have a dislike for other people that are outside of one's own identity group. For example, if you are a fan of a football team, you are likely to dislike a fan of a rival football team, even if you admire the person.

Who are the Ingroups?

An ingroup is a group comprised of things, people, or other entities that are similar to one another. Particularly in the case of humans, ingroups are defined by beliefs, values, and identities. Within ingroups, there is a shared understanding that there is an element of commonality amongst group members.

What is the importance of out group?

Positive interactions with out-group members are afforded via increased intergroup contact. These types of interactions can serve to fend off negative group stereotypes and reduce any uncertainties that can arise from novel intergroup interactions.

What does it feel like to be in an out group?

People in the out group feel there is a bias against them. They feel unheard. They feel disrespected. Things seem unfair.

What is out group in Ucsp?

An Outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify. This process provides us with a sense of community and belonging. It also forms the foundation of the offensive attributes listed above.

What is the outgroup in a cladogram?

Outgroup – The most distantly related species in the cladogram which functions as a point of comparison and reference group. Clades – A common ancestor and all of its descendants (i.e. a node and all of its connected branches)

What does out group mean in psychology?

1. in general, any group to which one does not belong or with which one does not identify. 2. a specific rival group that ingroup members ridicule, derogate, and sometimes are aggressive toward.

What is an outgroup quizlet?

An outgroup is a group of organisms not belonging to the group whose evolutionary relationships are being investigated. They outgroup can be identified by locating the terminal taxa the branch of nearest the base of a phylogenetic tree. Tap the card to flip 👆

Ingroup vs. Outgroup

The terms ingroup and outgroup can be used to categorize groups that are similar and not similar. These are just two examples of a myriad of different ways via which things that are like and things that are unlike can be identified. There are many other concepts that can affect these categorizations as well.

Ingroup Definition

An ingroup is a group comprised of things, people, or other entities that are similar to one another. Particularly in the case of humans, ingroups are defined by beliefs, values, and identities. Within ingroups, there is a shared understanding that there is an element of commonality amongst group members.

Outgroup Definition

An outgroup is a group defined by its dissimilarity to an in-group. Where an in-group is unified by a shared element of identity, be it a belief or a trait, and out-group is defined by its lack of that shared element.

Ingroup Heterogeneity & Outgroup Homogeneity

Homogeneity is defined as uniformity, or as being alike, generally referring to human groups. This meaning comes from the word's Greek roots of homo- (meaning "same") and -genos (meaning "race" or "kind"). Heterogeneity is defined as different or diverse, referring to a group that is not uniform.

What is out group derogation?

Some research suggests that out-group derogation occurs when an out-group is perceived as blocking or hindering the goals of an in-group. It has also been argued that out-group derogation is a natural consequence of the categorization process.

What is the difference between in-group and out-group discrimination?

Discrimination between in-groups and out-groups is a matter of favoritism towards an in-group and the absence of equivalent favoritism towards an out-group. Out-group derogation is the phenomenon in which an out-group is perceived as being threatening to the members of an in-group. This phenomenon often accompanies in-group favoritism, as it requires one to have an affinity towards their in-group. Some research suggests that out-group derogation occurs when an out-group is perceived as blocking or hindering the goals of an in-group. It has also been argued that out-group derogation is a natural consequence of the categorization process.

How do people perceive in-group favoritism?

How we perceive the actions of others are also affected by in-group favoritism. People may perceive the same action very differently depending on whether the action was executed by a member of the same group or a member of a different group. In fact, people tend to evaluate actions of their own group or team members much more favorably than those of outgroup members. An illustrative example of the way this phenomenon takes place can be demonstrated just by arbitrarily assigning a person to a distinct and objectively meaningless novel group; this alone is sufficient to create intergroup biases in which members of the perceiver’s own group are preferentially favored. This phenomenon was demonstrated in an empirical study conducted by Molenberghs and colleagues in 2013. In the study, participants were arbitrarily divided into two teams where they watched videos of individuals of competing teams and individuals from their own team perform hand actions. Participants were then asked to judge the speed of the hand movements. On average participants judged members of their own teams to be faster, although the hand movements were the exact same speed across the board. Similarly, Hastorf and Cantril conducted a pioneering study in 1954, where students of both Princeton and Dartmouth viewed a contentious football game between their two teams. Although they had watched the same motion picture of the game, their versions of what transpired were so starkly different it appeared as though they had watched two totally different games.

What is in group favoritism?

In evolutionary psychology, in-group favoritism is seen as an evolved mechanism selected for the advantages of coalition affiliation. It has been argued that characteristics such as gender and ethnicity are inflexible or even essential features of such systems. However, there is evidence that elements of favoritism are flexible in that they can be erased by changes in social categorization. One study in the field of behavioural genetics suggests that biological mechanisms may exist which favor a coexistence of both flexible and essentialist systems.

What is it called when a group is perceived as being similar to one another?

This effect is called in-group homogeneity.

What is the effect of categorizing people into social groups?

Categorization of people into social groups increases the perception that group members are similar to one another. An outcome of this is the out-group homogeneity effect. This refers to the perception of members of an out-group as being homogenous, while members of one's in-group are perceived as being diverse, e.g. "they are alike; we are diverse”. This is especially likely to occur in regard to negative characteristics. Under certain conditions, in-group members can be perceived as being similar to one another in regard to positive characteristics. This effect is called in-group homogeneity.

How are people influenced by in-group members?

That is, under conditions where group categorization is psychologically salient, people will shift their beliefs in line with in-group social norms .

What is an in group?

An in-group is a group of people who identify with each other based on a variety of factors including gender, race, religion, or geography. Our tendency to distinguish between in-group and out-group members has moral implications. People may harm those whom they perceive to be in an out-group in ways that they would not harm in-group members.

What happens when someone in an out-group misbehaves?

When someone in our in-group misbehaves, the natural reaction is often to dismiss the behavior as no big deal. But when someone in our out-group does the same thing, we will tend to judge the behavior much more harshly.

Can people harm people in groups?

People may harm those whom they perceive to be in an out-group in ways that they would not harm in-group members. For example, one study showed that when soccer fans viewed fans of their own team being harmed, they felt empathy. But when they viewed fans of a rival team being similarly harmed, they felt pleasure.

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Definitions & Translations

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What is an ingroup and an outgroup?

An outgroup is a group of organisms that serves as a reference group in determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup. The outgroup is hypothesized to be less closely related to each of the taxa in ingroup. So, it lies outside the ingroup, and it does not share a common ancestor with the ingroup. So, this summarizes the difference between ingroup and outgroup in biology.

What is the Difference Between Ingroup and Outgroup in Biology?

The ingroup is a set of taxa that is investigated for evolutionary relationships, while outgroup is a reference group that is distantly related to the group being analyzed. So, this is the key difference between ingroup and outgroup in biology. Moreover, taxa of the ingroup are hypothesized to be more closely related to each other. Meanwhile, a taxon in outgroup is hypothesized to be less closely related to each of the taxa under consideration. Furthermore, taxa in an ingroup sharing a common ancestor while outgroup does not share a common ancestor with ingroup taxa.

Why is the outgroup important?

It gives an idea about the location of the main group in a big phylogenetic tree. Also, outgroups are very useful in constructing evolutionary trees .

What is an outgroup in biology?

Outgroup in biology is a reference group used in determining evolutionary relationships between monophyletic organisms. The outgroup is a distantly related taxon to the group of interest, and it stems from the base of the tree. Therefore, it lies outside the group of interest. In simple words, the outgroup does not belong to the group which is being investigated for evolutionary relationships. However, it works as a point of comparison for the ingroup when phylogeny is rooted.

What is an ingroup in evolutionary biology?

The ingroup is the group of taxa that is investigated for determining evolutionary relationships. They are closely related taxa or sister taxa. In contrast, an outgroup is a reference group that is outside the group of interest. The outgroup is distantly related to the ingroup.

Is an outgroup taxon in an ingroup?

Meanwhile, a taxon in outgroup is hypothesized to be less closely related to each of the taxa under consideration. Furthermore, taxa in an ingroup sharing a common ancestor while outgroup does not share a common ancestor with ingroup taxa. The below infographic summarizes the difference between ingroup and outgroup in biology.

What is an ingroup and an outgroup?

Within such categorization people find comfort and meaning in the groups they place themselves in. An Ingroup is a group to which a person identifies as being a member. An Outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify . This process provides us with a sense of community and belonging. It also forms the foundation of the ...

What is the tendency to see members of an Outgroup as very similar but consider members of an Ingroup as individuals?

Outgroup homogeneity is the tendency to see members of an Outgroup as very similar but consider members of an Ingroup as individuals. Ingroup Favoritism or Affinity bias makes us like people who are similar to ourselves.

Why is it important to put yourself in the shoes of the other group members?

Empathy. Trying to put yourself in the shoes of the other group members helps you understand the other person’s perspectives and not be trapped in this bias.

Is there a requirement to consider someone as an ingroup?

Studies show that there is no particular requirement needed for considering someone as an ingroup. Mlodinow relates how just knowing that somebody is in our group can trigger an ingroup affinity.

Overview

Associated phenomena

The psychological categorization of people into in-group and out-group members is associated with a variety of phenomena. The following examples have all received a great deal of academic attention.
This refers to the fact that under certain conditions, people will prefer and have affinity for one's in-group over the out-group, or anyone viewed as outside the in-group. This can be expressed in …

Postulated role in human evolution

See also