Triangulation
In trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the point directly (trilateration). The point can then be fixed as the third point of a triangle with one known side and two known angles.
What is triangulation of data in qualitative research?
Types of triangulation in research
- Methodological triangulation. When you use methodological triangulation, you use different methods to approach the same research question.
- Data triangulation. In data triangulation, you use multiple data sources to answer your research question. ...
- Investigator triangulation. ...
- Theory triangulation. ...
What is the importance of triangulation in research?
What’s Triangulation in Research?
- Triangulation in Action on JSTOR. Triangulation is a type of survey which starts at a baseline joining two positions with a known distance and grows by adding sides to form ...
- Data Triangulation in Qualitative Research. ...
- Advantages & Disadvantages of Triangulation Design. ...
- [FAQ] What is triangulation and why is it important? ...
How to perform triangulation?
How to do Triangulation Survey. Triangulation work is carried out in following step. Reconnaissance. Erection of Signals & Towers. Measurement of Horizontal Angles. Astronomical Observations Necessary to Determine the True Meridian and the Absolute Positions of the Stations. Measurement of Baseline. Adjustment of observed Angles.
What is triangulation in research?
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What does triangulate the data mean?
Data triangulation is the use of a variety of data sources, including time, space and persons, in a study. Findings can be corroborated and any weaknesses in the data can be compensated for by the strengths of other data, thereby increasing the validity and reli- ability of the results.
How do you triangulate data?
Data triangulation involves the use of different sources of data/information. A key strategy is to categorize each group or type of stakeholder for the program that you are evaluating. Then, be certain to include a comparable number of people from each stakeholder group in the evaluation study.
What does it mean to triangulate in research?
Triangulation may be the use of multiple theories, data sources, methods or investigators within the study of a single phenomenon. 2 ,4 The technique was originally introduced into qualitative research in the 1950s as a means to avoid potential biases arising from the use of a single methodology.
What is an example of triangulation?
Examples. If a parent refuses to acknowledge their children's personality and individualism, and at the same time, siblings are treated very differently and discouraged from communicating with one another except through the parent, it's triangulation.
What are the 4 types of triangulation?
There are four main types of triangulation:Data triangulation: Using data from different times, spaces, and people.Investigator triangulation: Involving multiple researchers in collecting or analyzing data.Theory triangulation: Using varying theoretical perspectives in your research.More items...•
Why is data triangulation important?
Triangulation facilitates validation of data through cross verification from more than two sources. It tests the consistency of findings obtained through different instruments and increases the chance to control, or at least assess, some of the threats or multiple causes influencing our results.
How do you triangulate qualitative and quantitative data?
4:175:44Triangulation in research [Meaning, Types, Examples] - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipUse of different methods participation of more than one investigator.MoreUse of different methods participation of more than one investigator.
Why is it important to triangulate the data in qualitative research?
Most often, triangulation helps validate research findings by checking that different methods or different observers of the same phenomenon produce the same results. It can also be used to interrogate inconsistencies and data that are not expected to align.
What is an example of triangulation in qualitative research?
Theory triangulation involves using multiple theoretical models to study a particular phenomenon or issue. For example, a researcher may use two different psychological theories to explain the same phenomenon, such as competitive and cooperative behavior in dogs.
What is another word for triangulate?
What is another word for triangulate?break updividedichotomizeseparatesplitdispersedissolvedecoupledisbandsplit up11 more rows
How do you handle triangulation at work?
Go to the employee directly if there is a concerns or conflict. Should you be drawn into a triangulated conflict, encourage that the person with the concern about another colleague talk to them directly. Remain professional and do not participate in the disruptive triangulation of another employee.
How do you triangulate qualitative and quantitative data?
4:175:44Triangulation in research [Meaning, Types, Examples] - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipUse of different methods participation of more than one investigator.MoreUse of different methods participation of more than one investigator.
What is the triangulation method and when is it necessary?
Triangulation is a method used to increase the credibility and validity of research findings. 1 Credibility refers to trustworthiness and how believable a study is; validity is concerned with the extent to which a study accurately reflects or evaluates the concept or ideas being investigated.
What does data triangulation mean?
Data triangulation is where the researcher uses two or more methods for the verification of the findings and results.
How many types of triangulation are there?
There are five different types of triangulation which will be explained briefly over here
Why do we need two or more methods in qualitative research?
The need to use two or more methods in order to obtain conclusive results in qualitative research can be justified from the fact that qualitative researchers are normally interested in investigating the “why” and “ how” aspects and a single method cannot explain every aspect of every phenomenon.
What is environmental triangulation?
Environmental triangulation. The use of Environmental triangulation is limited only to those studies where the findings can be influenced by certain environmental factors. This type of triangulation uses different settings, locations and other factors such as time ,day, season in which the study took place.
Why are the findings of each compared?
The findings of each are then compared to develop a better understanding of how every investigator views the issue. If the findings are similar it heightens the confidence in the study. Environmental triangulation.
Why use qualitative and quantitative methods?
Uses different qualitative and quantitative methods to check for consistency of the findings that are generated. If the different methods yield the same results then validity can be established. While this method is popular, it is time consuming to analyse the information yielded from the different methods.
What is the purpose of triangulation?
Researchers use triangulation for a more holistic perspective on a specific research question. Triangulation is also helpful for enhancing credibility and validity.
Pros and cons of triangulation in research
Like all research strategies, triangulation has both advantages and disadvantages.
Frequently asked questions about triangulation
Triangulation in research means using multiple datasets, methods, theories and/or investigators to address a research question. It’s a research strategy that can help you enhance the validity and credibility of your findings.
Pritha Bhandari
Pritha has an academic background in English, psychology and cognitive neuroscience. As an interdisciplinary researcher, she enjoys writing articles explaining tricky research concepts for students and academics.
What is triangulation of data?
A triangulation of the data (both quantitative and qualitative) is a technique that is normally employed for assessing study programs/curricula. Assessment or evaluation is not focused on finding the 'truth' but rather the 'worth' of a program. For this reason a triangulation of the data (3 sets) strengthens the validity of the evaluation studies whose findings may be adopted, or adapted accordingly in other schools or universities.
When to use triangulation?
Triangulation need to be used when you face difficulty in describing complex and or minor phenomena. The use of triangulation in the above mentioned context will be useful. Hope you have considered all the stakeholders ( what about employers ?)
Why is multi source triangulation useful?
You are planning to use multiple sources to gather data using the same instrument ,this will help you to reduce common method biases. In case you need to investigate differential perspectives of the multiple sources regarding the phenomena ,under consideration-Multi source triangulation will be useful.
What is the objective of triangulation?
Though some of the authors believe that triangulation is validation of data trough different sources but many of them are of the view that the objective of triangulation is not the verification of validity of data but it is rather effort to collect data on different aspects of a phenomenon through different sources.
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Is triangulation a method of validating data?
Triangulation refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive understanding of phenomena (Patton, 1999). Yes, it is method of validating the data using different sources.
Is sampling required for qualitative research?
Since sampling is not required in qualitative researches, I want to know if there is any minimum-maximum criteria for the number of interviews to be done to meet the research objectives in a qualitative research.
What is the purpose of theoretical triangulation?
In ‘theoretical triangulation’, a variety of different theories are used to interpret the data, such as discourse, narrative and context analysis, and these different ways of dissecting and illuminating the data are compared .
What are the parts of a research process that can be triangulated?
You can triangulate almost all the constituent parts of the research process: method, theory, data and investigator. Data triangulation, (also called participant or source triangulation) is probably the most common, where you try to examine data from different respondents but collected using the same method.
What is qualitative data analysis software?
Qualitative data analysis software can help with all this, since you will have a lot of data to process in different and complementary ways. In software like Quirkos you can create levels, groups and clusters to keep different analysis stages together, and have quick ways to do sub-set analysis on data from just one method. Check out the features overview or mixed-method analysis with Quirkos for more information about how qualitative research software can help manage triangulation.
How to collect data from qualitative research?
Thus a project can collect data from the same or different participants using different methods, and use method or between-method triangulation to integrate them. Some qualitative techniques can be very complementary, for example semi-structured interviews can be combined with participant diaries or focus groups, to provide different levels of detail and voice. For example, what people share in a group discussion maybe less private than what they would reveal in a one-to-one interview, but in a group dynamic people can be reminded of issues they might forget to talk about otherwise.
What is the term for a researcher trying to compare their own interpretations of data?
Finally there is ‘investigator triangulation’, where different researchers each conduct separate analysis of the data, and their different interpretations are reconciled or compared. In participatory analysis it’s also possible to have a kind of respondent triangulation, where a researcher is trying to compare their own interpretations of data with that of their respondents.
Is it difficult to do triangulation?
In practice, researchers often find it very difficult to DO the triangulation: different data sources tend to be difficult to mesh together, and will have very different discourses and interpretations.
Is triangulation and multiple methods good?
It’s worth bearing in mind that triangulation and multiple methods isn’t an easy way to make better research. You still need to do all different sources justice: make sure data from each method is being fully analysed, and iteratively coded (if appropriate). You should also keep going back and forth, analysing data from alternate methods in a loop to make sure they are well integrated and considered.
How does triangulation help in research?
Triangulation can enrich research as it offers a variety of datasets to explain differing aspects of a phenomenon of interest. It also helps refute where one dataset invalidates a supposition generated by another. It can assist the confirming of a hypothesis where one set of findings confirms another set.
Why is triangulation important?
Triangulation is also an effort to help explore and explain complex human behaviour using a variety of methods to offer a more balanced explanation to readers. 2 It is a procedure that enables validation of data and can be used in both quantitative and qualitative studies.
How does triangulation increase credibility?
Triangulation is a method used to increase the credibility and validity of research findings. 1 Credibility refers to trustworthiness and how believable a study is; validity is concerned with the extent to which a study accurately reflects or evaluates the concept or ideas being investigated. 2 Triangulation, by combining theories, methods or observers in a research study, can help ensure that fundamental biases arising from the use of a single method or a single observer are overcome. Triangulation is also an effort to help explore and explain complex human behaviour using a variety of methods to offer a more balanced explanation to readers. 2 It is a procedure that enables validation of data and can be used in both quantitative and qualitative studies.
What are the types of triangulation?
Four types of triangulation are proposed by Denzin (p.301): 5 (1) data triangulation, which includes matters such as periods of time, space and people; (2) investigator triangulation, which includes the use of several researchers in a study; (3) theory triangulation, which encourages several theoretical schemes to enable interpretation of a phenomenon and (4) methodological triangulation, which promotes the use of several data collection methods such as interviews and observations.
What was the first research method?
The first research method was a chart audit, conducted on randomly selected charts of adult patients in five NPLCs who had diabetes and at least one additional chronic condition. The variables included demographic items as well as clinical data related to the care of patients with diabetes. The data were analysed to determine the completeness of the care of diabetes for the subjects. 9
Does triangulation mitigate problems?
Triangulation does not always adequately mitigate problems in a chosen research methodology. The processes of triangulation are complex and require a skilled analyst. Finally, the value of triangulation may be overestimated in some studies. 13.
