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What is periaqueductal?
The periaqueductal gray is aptly named as the gray matter structure surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain. Along the caudal-rostral axis, the PAG extends from the level of the posterior commissure down to the level of the locus coeruleus.
Where is the periaqueductal located?
midbrainWhere is the periaqueductal gray? The periaqueductal gray, or PAG, is an area of gray matter found in the midbrain. The PAG surrounds the cerebral aqueduct (hence the name periaqueductal) and occupies a column of brainstem that stretches about 14 mm long.
What part of the brain is the periaqueductal gray?
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is an anatomic and functional interface between the forebrain and the lower brainstem and has a major role in integrated behavioral responses to internal (e.g., pain) or external (e.g., threat) stressors.
What stimulates the periaqueductal GREY?
Neurons of the PAG are excited by endorphins and by opiate analgesics. It also plays a role in female copulatory behavior (see lordosis behavior) via a pathway from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
What role does the periaqueductal gray matter play in pain?
The periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) of the midbrain is involved in the supraspinal modulation of pain. Studies in non-human primates have shown that electrical stimulation of the PAG exerts a powerful antinociceptive (analgesic) action, blocking pain signals from the spinal cord.
What is the periaqueductal GREY matter?
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is an anatomic and functional interface between the forebrain and the lower brainstem and has a major role in integrated behavioral responses to internal (e.g., pain) or external (e.g., threat) stressors.
What neurotransmitter is released by periaqueductal gray?
The stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces behavioral analgesia in rats, cats, monkeys, and humans. This analgesia is believed to be mediated by several neurotransmitter systems, including the serotonergic, noradrenergic, glycinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and opiatergic systems.
What is the function of periaqueductal gray of the brainstem quizlet?
What is the function of periaqueductal gray of the brainstem? The midbrain of the brainstem contains the periaqueductal gray, which is the primary control center for eliminating pain. Controlling the respiratory rate is the function of the pneumotaxic center located in the pons of the midbrain.
How do you pronounce periaqueductal?
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Which part of midbrain is responsible for arousal?
Also within the midbrain are the crus cerebri, tracts made up of neurons that connect the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum. The midbrain also contains a portion of the reticular formation, a neural network that is involved in arousal and alertness.
Which part of the brain plays a major role in controlling the autonomic nervous system ANS?
Regulation of Autonomic Nervous System Activity The efferent nervous activity of the ANS is largely regulated by autonomic reflexes. In many of these reflexes, sensory information is transmitted to homeostatic control centers, in particular, those located in the hypothalamus and brainstem.
What is the descending pain pathway?
The descending pain pathway is a critical modulator of nociception and plays an important role in mediating endogenous and exogenous opioid-induced analgesia. Because of this, it is highly implicated in allostatic cellular and molecular changes following repeated opioid use that lead to the development of tolerance.
Does the amygdala activate Pag?
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) and amygdala are known to be important for defensive responses, and many contemporary fear-conditioning models present the PAG as downstream of the amygdala, directing the appropriate behavior (i.e., freezing or fleeing).
What is descending pain pathway?
The descending pain pathway is a critical modulator of nociception and plays an important role in mediating endogenous and exogenous opioid-induced analgesia. Because of this, it is highly implicated in allostatic cellular and molecular changes following repeated opioid use that lead to the development of tolerance.
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What is the function of the periaqueductal gray?
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a key structure in the propagation and modulation of pain, sympathetic responses as well as the learning and action of defensive and aversive behaviors. Most notably, the PAG is largely responsible for descending modulation of pain perception, both in inhibition and facilitation, as pain does not depend on peripheral stimulation alone.[1][2][3] Both suppression and facilitation of pain via these pathways is a major component of chronic pain, which can lead to further disease states such as depression and anxiety, thus guiding the focus of clinical studies and therapies.
Where is the periaqueductal gray located?
The periaqueductal gray is aptly named as the gray matter structure surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain. Along the caudal-rostral axis, the PAG extends from the level of the posterior commissure down to the level of the locus coeruleus. Internally, the PAG is delineated by columnal based boundaries: the dorsal PAG (dPAG), dorsolateral PAG (dlPAG), the lateral PAG (lPAG) and the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG). [7][8] These columns are based on chemical pathways by which afferent and efferent tracts appear to travel, corresponding to functional pathways. [7]
Which pathway promotes descending facilitation of neuropathic pain through the periaqueductal gray?
Glial activation in the periaqueductal gray promotes descending facilitation of neuropathic pain through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
What is the PAG in anatomy?
Anatomic subdivisions and neurochemistry. The PAG is continuous with the periventricular gray matter (PVG) and surrounds the midbrain aqueduct except for ventral part, which contains oculomotor-related nuclei rostrally and the dorsal raphe nucleus caudally (figure).
What is the PAG in the brain?
The PAG is continuous with the periventricular gray matter (PVG) and surrounds the midbrain aqueduct except for ventral part, which contains oculomotor-related nuclei rostrally and the dorsal raphe nucleus caudally (figure). Based on cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecture, and connectivity patterns, the PAG has been subdivided into 4 columns: dorsomedial, dorsolateral, lateral, and ventrolateral. 2,–,5 The PAG contains different types of neurons that utilize l -glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), opioids (particularly enkephalin), substance P, neurotensin, and other neurotransmitters. The dorsolateral PAG also contains neurons that express NADPH-diaphorase and synthesize nitric oxide (NO) 12; the ventrolateral PAG contains a group of dopaminergic neurons. 13 There is also abundant expression of NMDA, 14 GABA A, 15 μ-opioid, 16 neurokinin-1, 17 and transient receptor …
Where is the periaqueductal gray?
The periaqueductal gray, or PAG, is an area of gray matter found in the midbrain. The PAG surrounds the cerebral aqueduct (hence the name periaqueductal) and occupies a column of brainstem that stretches about 14 mm long. There are no obvious visible anatomical divisions within the PAG, but researchers have divided the PAG into four columns based on differences in connectivity and function: the dorsomedial, dorsolateral, lateral, and ventrolateral columns. For the sake of simplicity, however, below I will discuss the PAG as a whole instead of partitioning it using this columnar organization.
What is the role of the PAG in pain?
When the PAG was first found to have an association with pain, it was observed as playing a role in pain transmission ---or the sending of pain signals to the cortex ---and not the mitigation of those signals. Eventually, the PAG would come to be much better recognized as an area important to pain inhibition. In the late 1960s, the first indication of the role of the PAG in pain suppression emerged from a study that found that stimulation of the PAG in rats allowed researchers to perform surgery on the rats without the use of anesthetics (and without the animals exhibiting signs of severe pain). Further studies found that PAG activation was associated with the inhibition of spinal cord neurons involved in pain signaling. By the mid-1970s, stimulation of the PAG was already being used as an experimental approach to treating chronic pain in human patients. The fact that some of these experiments reported success in the treatment of chronic pain supported the role of the PAG in analgesia. The patients involved in these experiments also often complained of a wide range of side effects linked to PAG stimulation, however, suggesting that many more functions than analgesia were connected to the PAG.
What is the function of the PAG?
Although the functions of the PAG are complex and not fully understood, since the 1970s it has best been known for its role in the inhibition of pain. Indeed, some have argued that its identification as an " analgesia center" has hindered a more complete understanding of the functions of the PAG. An increasingly intricate appreciation of PAG function, however, has been emerging over the past few decades
Where is the periaqueductal gray located?
Periaqueductal gray is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract also send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract.
What is the numerical value of periaqueductal gray in Chaldean numerology?
The numerical value of periaqueductal gray in Chaldean Numerology is: 3
