What is RNP capability?
RNP capability of the aircraft is a major component in determining the separation criteria to ensure that the overall containment of the operation is met
What are PBN requirements?
In the U.S., PBN requirements like Lateral Accuracy Values or NavSpecs applicable to a procedure will be depicted on affected charts and procedures. In the U.S., a specific procedure's Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) requirements will be prominently displayed in separate, standardized notes boxes. For procedures with PBN elements, the "PBN box" will contain the procedure's NavSpec (s); and, if required: specific sensors or infrastructure needed for the navigation solution, any additional or advanced functional requirements, the minimum RNP value, and any amplifying remarks. Items listed in this PBN box are REQUIRED to fly the procedure's PBN elements. For example, an ILS with an RNAV missed approach would require a specific capability to fly the missed approach portion of the procedure. That required capability will be listed in the PBN box. The separate Equipment Requirements box will list ground-based equipment and/or airport specific requirements. On procedures with both PBN elements and ground-based equipment requirements, the PBN requirements box will be listed first (See FIG 5-4-1.)
What is an advanced RNP?
Advanced RNP (A-RNP): Advanced RNP is a NavSpec with a minimum set of mandatory functions enabled in the aircraft's avionics suite. In the U.S., these minimum functions include capability to calculate and perform RF turns, scalable RNP, and parallel offset flight path generation.
What is RNAV in RNP?
In the U.S., RNP APCH procedures are titled RNAV (GPS) and offer several lines of minima to accommodate varying levels of aircraft equipage: either lateral navigation (LNAV), LNAV/vertical navigation (LNAV/VNAV), Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV), and Localizer Performance (LP). GPS with or without Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) (for example, WAAS) can provide the lateral information to support LNAV minima. LNAV/VNAV incorporates LNAV lateral with vertical path guidance for systems and operators capable of either barometric or SBAS vertical. Pilots are required to use SBAS to fly to the LPV or LP minima. RF turn capability is optional in RNP APCH eligibility. This means that your aircraft may be eligible for RNP APCH operations, but you may not fly an RF turn unless RF turns are also specifically listed as a feature of your avionics suite. GBAS Landing System (GLS) procedures are also constructed using RNP APCH NavSpecs and provide precision approach capability. RNP APCH has a lateral accuracy value of 1 in the terminal and missed approach segments and essentially scales to RNP 0.3 (or 40 meters with SBAS) in the final approach. (See Paragraph 5-4-18, RNP AR Instrument Approach Procedures.)
What is the lateral accuracy value of RNP 2?
RNP 2 will apply to both domestic and oceanic/remote operations with a lateral accuracy value of 2
What is lateral accuracy?
standard lateral accuracy values typically used for various routes and procedures supporting RNAV operations may be based on use of a specific navigational system or sensor such as GPS, or on multi-sensor RNAV systems having suitable performance
When is an aircraft established on course?
An aircraft is considered to be established on-course during RNAV and RNP operations anytime it is within 1 times the required accuracy for the segment being flown. For example, while operating on a Q-Route (RNAV 2), the aircraft is considered to be established on-course when it is within 2 nm of the course centerline.
What does RNP 4 mean?
RNP stands for Required Navigation Performance, and RNP-4 is the specification designed for oceanic and remote continental (like the arctic and antarctic) navigation applications.
What does ANP mean in a flight?
The aircraft's FMC (Flight Management Computer) or GPS, will determine it's ANP (Actual Navigation Performance ) and ANP must be within (smaller than) RNP at least 95% of the time. If unable, the FMC will issue an Advisory or a Caution (if in the approach phase of the flight).
What is RNP 4?
RNP-4 and RNP-10 are oceanic required navigational performance standards. They are requirements that aircraft must meet to fly in certain oceanic airspace. RNP standards specify how accurately an aircraft must know its position on earth (accuracy), how sure it must be of that position (integrity), as well as as availability, continuity, and functionality standards.
What is RNAV in aviation?
RNAV is short for aRea NAVigation. A type of aircraft own ship navigation, known as Performance Based Navigation (PBN).
How does HM Aviation help students?
HM Aviation also helps students to obtain their computer number needed for appearing for the central examination organisation conducted DGCA examinations. The staff is very helping and answers your queries as swiftly and accurately as possible. They keep up with DGCA requirements, circulars and other miscellaneous information so that students do not miss out on vital information needed for the upkeep of their documents/exams. HM Aviation also has very experienced ground subjects instructors who are very passionate and knowledgeable about the subjects they teach. Each of them has a lot of experience under their belts when it comes to explaining concepts in a very simple manner/language. HM Aviation also conducts a lot of mock tests/oral evaluations as to prepare its students for DGCA exams which in turn makes students very confident. If any concept/topic is unclear to the student, it is explained relentlessly till it is understood. Even in these trying COVID times, the teaching staff at HM Aviation did their best to impart lectures through the online medium. It was because of the combined hard work and dedication of the students and instructors that almost every student in my batch passed the DGCA exams conducted in December 2020. Before every exam, a doubt solving session was conducted to clear any last minute doubts too. Overall, it was a good experience at HM Aviation.
How far can an airspace be at high altitude?
Different airspace has different requirements, depending on the associated risk. RNP in Oceanic situations, at high altitudes can be as broad as 20 miles. Whereas, in a terminal environment given the amount of traffic and the fact that you are closer to the ground, the RNP can tighten to 0.3 miles.
What happens if your aircraft does not meet RNP 4?
If your aircraft does not meet RNP-4 standards, you can still be permitted to fly those routes, but controllers will be forced to increase spacing between you and other aircraft.
What Now?
With the U.S. not complying with ICAO guidance for PBN charts and growing international recognition of the challenges, the chances of seeing RNP-titled charts are slim. So, what are the key take-aways?
What is RNP in ICAO?
The ICAO plan, laid out in Circular 336 and Doc 8697, is to retitle RNAV approach charts to RNP. In this case using the colloquial definition—required navigational performance. Every RNAV variant currently employed would change to simply RNP except for authorization-required (AR) procedures. Then the title would read “RNP AR.” The rest of the chart titling scheme would remain the same. Following the navigation type, a letter starting at the end of the alphabet would differentiate multiple approaches with the same navigation to the same runway, followed, of course, by the runway number. An approach title would look like RNP Z 28, if there are two RNP approaches to Runway 28.
Why did the Airbus decide to stick with RNAV?
The decision to stick with RNAV was primarily driven by aircraft avionics that display RNAV approaches as “RNV” in the FMS. A report by the PARC noted that not even Airbus 350 and Boeing 787 avionics could display RNP and to change the avionics to display it would “be costly and unlikely to satisfy business cost-benefit analysis.” (PARC recommendations, December 9, 2011)
What is the result of the ICAO's decision to fix PBN?
The result is that pilots don’t understand requirements, fly approaches not approved or just avoid PBN approaches altogether. ICAO decided to fix it. A state letter was issued in 2013 and new guidance published a year later. The changes standardize PBN charts with three elements; chart identification, PBN requirements box and minimums box.
What is onboard performance monitoring?
Onboard performance monitoring and alerting is the main element that determines if the navigation system complies with the necessary safety level associated to an RNP application. It relates to both lateral and longitudinal navigation performance; and it allows the aircrew to detect that the navigation system is not achieving, or cannot guarantee with 10-5 integrity, the navigation performance required for the operation
What is RNAV in aviation?
AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)—A method of navigation which [sic] permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground− or space−based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of these.
Is there a RNP 0.3?
There is no RNAV 0.3 navigation specification to throw an unknowing pilot into a minimums tail spin. But there is an RNP 0.3, for example. The nuance between the colloquial definition and navigation specification is subtle and ripe for confusion.
What is RNAV 1?
So RNAV 1 means that the approach is based on an RNP of 1.
What is ECAM in aircraft?
They are crew alerting systems. ECAM (Electronic centralised aircraft monitoring) is used by Airbus aircraft and EICAS (Engine indicating and crew alerting system) is that used by Boeing aircraft. While both of the systems are designed to make the pilots aware of the working of aircraft systems, the philosophy of operations is very different.
What is RNAV driven by?
Over time the definition of RNAV has evolved largely driven by two factors, technology improvements and airspace requirements.
What is RNAV in aviation?
RNAV is short for aRea NAVigation. A type of aircraft own ship navigation, known as Performance Based Navigation (PBN).
What is EICAS warning?
EICAS is a modern version of the warning and caution light messages of early generation aircraft. If there is a failure, an EICAS message is displayed depending on the level of alert. For example, an engine failure will give an ‘engine fail’ message in red
How accurate is GPS?
While most GPS Navigation systems are capable to within .3 nautical miles of accuracy or better, the actual flight performance required is a function of the RNAV (x) value assigned to that route. For navigation along airways not other wise specified, the navigation system will default to 2NM, or the equivalent of RNAV-2.
What does ANP mean in a flight?
The aircraft's FMC (Flight Management Computer) or GPS, will determine it's ANP (Actual Navigation Performance ) and ANP must be within (smaller than) RNP at least 95% of the time. If unable, the FMC will issue an Advisory or a Caution (if in the approach phase of the flight).
What is RNAV 1?
RNAV 1. Typically RNAV 1 is used for DPs and STARs and appears on the charts. Aircraft must maintain a total system error of not more than 1 NM for 95 percent of the total flight time.
What are the two main categories of PBN?
Within PBN there are two main categories of navigation methods or specifications: area navigation (RNAV) and required navigation performance ( RNP ).
What is a heading leg?
Heading. A Heading leg may be defined as, but not limited to, a Heading to Altitude (VA), Heading to DME range (VD), and Heading to Manual Termination, i.e., Vector (VM). Narrative: “ climb heading 350 to 1500”, “heading 265, at 9 DME west of PXR VORTAC, right turn heading 360”, “fly heading 090, expect radar vectors to DRYHT INT.”
What is PBN in aviation?
PBN also introduces the concept of navigation specifications (NavSpecs) which are a set of aircraft and aircrew requirements needed to support a navigation application within a defined airspace concept.
What is an FMS?
An FMS is an integrated suite of sensors, receivers, and computers, coupled with a navigation database. These systems generally provide performance and RNAV guidance to displays and automatic flight control systems. Inputs can be accepted from multiple sources such as GPS, DME, VOR, LOC and IRU.
What is a waypoint in RNAV?
Waypoints may be a simple named point in space or associated with existing navaids, intersections, or fixes . A waypoint is most often used to indicate a change in direction, speed, or altitude along the desired path. RNAV procedures make use of both fly-over and fly-by waypoints. Fly-by waypoints.
What is a track to fix?
Track to Fix. A Track to Fix ( TF) leg is intercepted and acquired as the flight track to the following waypoint. Track to a Fix legs are sometimes called point-to-point legs for this reason. Narrative: “direct ALPHA, then on course to BRAVO WP.” See FIG 1-2-3 .
How Is MCTD Treated?
That is why the RNP blood test is an essential part of the diagnostic process. Without it, diagnosing bothersome symptoms can be very problematic.
What is RNP blood test?
The RNP blood test is used to detect antibodies that are created when the signs or symptoms of connective tissue diseases are present. Called Mixed Connective Tissue Disease [MCTD], it’s actually several diseases that target the tissues which support the different components of the body.
What is the most common disease that a blood test can detect?
One of the most common diseases that this blood test is used to detect is lupus, but there is only a 30% positive test result rate when RNP antibodies are present. It is more common to have Raynaud’s Phenomenon with these antibodies present and a different connective tissue disease that mimics what would happen if lupus ...
What is the best medicine for MCTD?
Steroids. One of the most common medications prescribed for MCTD is prednisone. It stops the immune system from attacking the body, but it may create mood swings, cause weight gain, and increase blood pressure in return. Malaria Drugs.
What to do after a positive RNP?
The most important thing you can do after an RNP blood test that is positive is to find a way to reduce stress. The signs and symptoms of the disease are often triggered by stress and relaxation is known to help. Some have found that meditation exercises can be particularly beneficial when managing an outbreak.
Can RNP come back negative?
The RNP blood test results will either come back as positive or negative. The antibodies will either be present or they will not be present. If the results come back as normal, then there is another explanation for the bothersome symptoms that are being experienced.
Is there a 100% chance of MCTD?
If confirmed, however, there is a 100% chance that an MCTD diagnosis is going to be headed your way. If negative, additional lupus testing and other antinuclear antibody detection tests will be required to provide a diagnosis.
