What are the sub-aerial processes in geography?
Sub-aerial processes are land based processes which alter the shape of a coastline. They’re a combination of both weatheringand mass movement. Weathering. Freeze Thaw. Freeze thaw weathering involves water entering cracks in rocks and freezing. When the water freezes it expands, fracturing the rock. Exfoliation.
What is the meaning of subaerial?
Located or occurring at the Earth's surface, especially on land beneath the sky; in the open air; specifically (Geol.), taking place on the earth's surface, as opposed to subaqueous The term subaerial is mainly used in geology to describe events or structures that are located on the Earth's surface exposed to Earth's atmosphere.
What is a subaerial event?
The term subaerial is mainly used in geology to describe events or structures that are located on the Earth's surface exposed to Earth's atmosphere. This is to be contrasted with submarine events or structures — those located beneath the surface of sea, or subglacial ones — those located beneath glacial ice, such as ice sheets.
What is a subaerial process on a cliff?
Subaerial processes are land-based processes and occur above the waterline. They include weathering and mass movement, which happen on the cliff rocks. These processes operate on the cliff lithology to weaken them and provide material for erosion. What is a subaerial process?
What are examples of subaerial processes?
Sub-Aerial ProcessesFreeze Thaw. Freeze thaw weathering involves water entering cracks in rocks and freezing. ... Exfoliation. The repeated action of heating and cooling rocks causing them to “shed” off layers.Biological Weathering. ... Chemical Weathering. ... Rockfalls. ... Soil Creep. ... Landslides. ... (Rotational) Slumping.
What are subaerial processes in geography?
Subaerial processes are land-based processes and occur above the waterline. They include weathering and mass movement, which happen on the cliff rocks. These processes operate on the cliff lithology to weaken them and provide material for erosion.
Is rain a subaerial process?
Subaerial weathering is weathering by rain, frost, rivers etc. The term "subaerial" may exclude processes occurring in caves. The term is often used in sedimentology.
What is a subaerial erosion?
Sub-aerial process are land-based processes which alter the shape of the coastline. These are a combination of weathering and mass movement.
How do sub aerial processes affect the coast?
Sub-aerial processes include weathering and mass movement. These processes operate on the cliff face to weaken it and provide material for coastal erosion.
What is the link between subaerial processes and rates of coastal recession?
Subaerial processes (weathering and mass movement) work together to influence rates of coastal recession. Weathering weakens rocks above high tide mark, making mass movement easier by reducing the internal cohesion of the rock. Repeated mass movement leads to rapid coastal recession.
What are the 3 types of mass movement?
There are four different types of mass movement:Rockfall. Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze-thaw weathering.Mudflow. Saturated soil (soil filled with water) flows down a slope.Landslide. Large blocks of rock slide downhill.Rotational slip. Saturated soil slumps down a curved surface.
What causes rotational slumping?
A rotational slump occurs when a slump block, composed of sediment or rock, slides along a concave-upward slip surface with rotation about an axis parallel to the slope. Rotational movement causes the original surface of the block to become less steep, and the top of the slump is rotated backward.
What is cliff retreat?
Cliff retreat is driven by a combination of wave-driven cliff-base erosion, subaerial weathering, and mass wasting processes, whose efficiencies are dependent on lithology and climate.
What is an example of subaerial modification of stem?
Subaerial Stem Modifications Sucker – Sucker arises from the underground portion of the stem, it grows horizontally under the soil and then comes above the ground. It develops adventitious roots and shoots with leaves and forms a new plant. Examples: Chrysanthemum, banana, pineapple.
Which among the following plants have subaerial stem?
It can be seen in Jasmine, Colocasia, Vallisneria, etc.
What are the erosion processes?
There are four main processes of erosion along the coast. These are hydraulic action, abrasion and corrasion, attrition and solution.
What are the weathering processes?
Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface. Once a rock has been broken down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and minerals away. Water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents of weathering and erosion.
What is an example of subaerial modification of stem?
Subaerial Stem Modifications Sucker – Sucker arises from the underground portion of the stem, it grows horizontally under the soil and then comes above the ground. It develops adventitious roots and shoots with leaves and forms a new plant. Examples: Chrysanthemum, banana, pineapple.
What are the erosion processes?
There are four main processes of erosion along the coast. These are hydraulic action, abrasion and corrasion, attrition and solution.
What are the 3 types of mass movement?
There are four different types of mass movement:Rockfall. Bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze-thaw weathering.Mudflow. Saturated soil (soil filled with water) flows down a slope.Landslide. Large blocks of rock slide downhill.Rotational slip. Saturated soil slumps down a curved surface.
What are the processes of weathering at the coast?
Mechanical, chemical, and biological.
What is mechanical weathering?
Mechanical weathering is the breaking down of rocks above the waterline. During mechanical weathering, the chemical composition of the rocks is unc...
What is chemical weathering?
Chemical weathering is the erosion of rock through a chemical reaction. Water reacts with the chemical components in the rocks, and this is done th...
What is biological weathering?
Biological weathering is the breaking down of rocks by living organisms, such as plants and animals.
What is mass movement?
Mass movement is the movement of soil and rocks in large quantities downslope as a result of gravity.
Explain slumping.
Slumping occurs in saturated conditions where softer rock retains rainwater and runoff on moderate to steep slopes. It is also common where softer...
Explain a landslide.
In areas of more resistant cliff material, erosion is more significant at the base where the continuous breaking of waves produces a wave-cut notch...
Explain freeze-thawing.
Freeze-thaw occurs in rocks that are porous or permeable. This allows the water to enter the rock and freeze. When water freezes, it expands by app...
Explain salt weathering.
Salt crystallisation happens when sea spray penetrates cracks in the rocks. When salt evaporates, it leaves behind salt crystals. These grow over t...
What is sub-aerial process?
Sub-aerial process are land-based processes which alter the shape of the coastline. These are a combination of weathering and mass movement.
What is mechanical weathering?
Mechanical or physical weathering is the fracture and breakdown of rocks into fragments. Along the coast, it may be caused by frost shattering (freeze-thaw), salt crystallisation, wetting and drying, or even biologically. Mechanical weathering refers to physical processes such as freeze-thaw and biological weathering.
What is the process of mass movement?
Sub-aerial processes – mass movement. Mass movement is the movement of material downslope as the result of gravity. This can be a slow process in the case of soil creep or fast in the case of rockfalls. Water commonly acts as a lubricant in mass movement.
What is Sub Aerial Process?from geography-revision.co.uk
Sub-aerial procedures additionally help the pace of erosion of coasts. Sub-aerial procedures allude to the procedures of weathering and mass development. Weathering is the separating of rock in situ. It tends to be separated into mechanical and synthetic weathering . Mechanical weathering alludes to physical procedures like freeze-defrost activity and organic weathering. Freeze-defrost weathering splits up rock as water freezes in breaks. The ice applies to weight and breaks the stone. Organic weathering is brought about by the underlying foundations of vegetation and settling winged animals. A progressively regular sort of mechanical weathering found at coasts is salt crystallization. This happens as waves store salt crystals in splits, and after some time, the salt like ice applies strain to the break. Concoction weathering happens because of a powerless compound response among water and rock—e.g. with limestone. Carbonic corrosive, formed from rainwater and carbon dioxide, will respond with calcium carbonate in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate. Since calcium bicarbonate is dissolvable in water, the limestone adequately gets endured when carbonation happens. The job of weathering is to debilitate precipices. This debilitating velocity increases the pace of erosion. Another sub-aerial procedure is mass development. A mass development alludes to the development of material downslope affected by gravity. They can be fast occasions, landslides and rockfalls or they can be reasonable procedures, for example, soil creep. A typical sort of mass development at coasts is rotational droops. Droops happen because of a mix of components. Marine procedures dissolve and undermine the base of the cliff. This evacuates the help of the cliff.
What is the downslope development of an enormous square of material that moves as a rational mass?from geography-revision.co.uk
This is the downslope development of an enormous square of material that moves as a rational mass. This implies it holds its inward structure until hitting the base of the slant and breaking into little pieces. It is progressively typical over wet periods, on soak slants, and frequently happens on coastlines.
What is the downslope movement of a large block of material that moves as a coherent mass?from alevelgeography.com
This means it retains its internal structure until hitting the base of the slope and fracturing into smaller pieces. It is more common over wet periods, on steep slopes and often occurs on coastlines.
What is mechanical weathering?from alevelgeography.com
Mechanical or physical weathering is the fracture and breakdown of rocks into fragments. Along the coast, it may be caused by frost shattering (freeze-thaw), salt crystallisation, wetting and drying, or even biologically. Mechanical weathering refers to physical processes such as freeze-thaw and biological weathering.
How does precipitation penetrate a slant?from geography-revision.co.uk
What is more, precipitation penetrates the slant through unconsolidated permeable material and afterward makes a slip plane as it arrives at an impermeable material, for example, dirt. The mud and aggregating water empower the weighted immersed material above to droop. This procedure can be found in the outline underneath.
Is consumption a form of weathering?from geography-revision.co.uk
Consumption is, in fact, a form of weathering and not erosion. Procedures, for example, hydrolysis and oxidation, can climate away shakes. Hydrolysis includes the parting of minerals because of their reactivity with water. Oxidation is, essentially, rusting.
Is organic weathering mechanical or physical?from geography-revision.co.uk
Organic weathering is mechanical when there is a physical impact. A case of this is when developing plant roots enlarge breaks, as does the influence made by shrubs and trees influencing in strong breezes. Tunnelling creatures and settling fowls exhume material in incompletely endured and dissolved precipices.
What is subaerial weathering?
For example, a subaerial eruption of a volcano is one that ejects material into the air. Subaerial weathering is weathering by rain, frost, rivers etc. The term "subaerial" may exclude the processes occurring in caves. The term is often used in sedimentology.
What does "sub---ri-al" mean?
sub-ā-ē′ri-al, adj. beneath the sky: in the open air.— n. Subāē′rialist, one who ascribes the greater inequalities in the earth's surface to atmospheric influences.— adv. Subāē′rially.
What is the meaning of subaerial?
In natural science, subaerial (literally "under the air"), has been used since 1833, notably in geology and botany, to describe features and events occurring or formed on or near the Earth 's land surface. They are thus exposed to Earth's atmosphere. This may be contrasted with subaqueous events or features located below a water surface, submarine events or features located below a sea surface, subterranean events or features located below ground, or subglacial events or features located below glacial ice such as ice sheets .
What is subaerial weathering?
Subaerial weathering is weathering by rain, frost, rivers etc. The term "subaerial" may exclude processes occurring in caves. The term is often used in sedimentology .
What is a subaerial stem?
Subaerial stems are the stems that do not rise up but grow just above the ground. As a type of asexual propagation, these subaerial stolons, also called runners, often develop roots and leaves from their nodes. Some pond plants have subaerial leaves as well as submerged leaves ( water plantain, flowering rush ).
Do oil palm trees have subaerial roots?
The oil palm tree can grow roots into accumulations of decaying leaves on the soil surface; these roots are said to be subaerial.
The impact of drainage basin factors on hydrological processes
Drainage basin factors like shape, relief, geology, vegetation, climate and land use determine what happens to the precipitation when it falls. Steeper slopes promote faster movement and shorter storage times compared to gentler slopes. Higher vegetation coverage will increase interception and evapotranspiration and decrease surface runoff.
Precipitation input and hydrological processes
When the warm air rises and cools to become condensation, this leads to clouds which then eventually form rain and snow. Looking at the UK as a case study, we can see three different types of rainfall on the west and the east.
Do human impacts affect hydrological processes?
The inputs, outputs, flows and stores of water of a hydrological cycle can also be affected by human impact.
Hydrological Processes - Key takeaways
Local hydrological cycles have hydrological processes that operate within areas drained by rivers and its tributaries, known as drainage basins.
