The gap hypothesis states that strong earthquakes are likely to occur along sections of active faults that have had relatively few earthquakes. Seismic gaps are areas along active faults where realitvely few earthquakes have occurred.
What is the knowledge gap hypothesis?
The knowledge gap hypothesis is the notion that individuals with a higher socioeconomic status absorb information presented by mass media at a faster rate than those with a lower socioeconomic status. This leads to an increased gap in knowledge between these two segments of society as a result.
What is a gap statement in research?
Gap Statements. A gap is something that remains to be done or learned in an area of research; it’s a gap in the knowledge of the scientists in the field of research of your study. Every research project must, in some way, address a gap–that is, attempt to fill in some piece of information missing in the scientific literature.
Does mass media increase or decrease the gap in knowledge gap?
Therefore, as the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socioeconomic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments so that the gap in knowledge between these segments tends to increase rather than decrease.
Is there a knowledge gap between low and high socioeconomic status individuals?
Although by the mid-1970s extensive data supported the existence of a knowledge gap among low and high socioeconomic status individuals, Donohue, Tichenor, and Olien (1975) sought to refine the hypothesis to determine under what conditions the knowledge gap might be attenuated or even eliminated.
What does gap mean in earthquakes?
A seismic gap is a section of a fault that has produced earthquakes in the past but is now quiet.
How do seismic gaps help predict earthquakes?
Seismic gaps - A seismic gap is a zone along a tectonically active area where no earthquakes have occurred recently, but it is known that elastic strain is building in the rocks. If a seismic gap can be identified, then it might be an area expected to have a large earthquake in the near future.
What causes seismic gaps?
Such gaps are tectonic time bombs waiting to go off in a major earthquake. At most other locations along the Cocos subduction zone the tectonic stresses have been release by earthquakes over the last century.
What are seismic gaps quizlet?
A seismic gap is a segment of an active fault known to produce significant earthquakes, that has not slipped in an unusually long time when compared with other segments along the same structure.
What data do scientists need to determine whether a seismic gap may exist along a fault?
Seismologists can determine the point on a fault where the slippage began the area (length and depth) of the fault that slipped the amount of slippage or fault throw (how far the crust moved) and the time it took for the slippage to occur.
How is seismic gap calculated?
CODAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SEISMIC SEPARATION GAP When the floor levels of two adjacent units of same building or buildings are at the same floor levels, the separation distance shall be calculated as (R1∆1 + R2∆2), where R1 and ∆1 correspond to building 1 and R2 and ∆2 corresponds to building 2.
What can seismic waves tell us?
Seismic waves tell us that the Earth's interior consists of a series of concentric shells, with a thin outer crust, a mantle, a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core. P waves, meaning primary waves, travel fastest and thus arrive first at seismic stations. The S, or secondary, waves arrive after the P waves.
What is the difference between focus and epicenter?
This is an earthquake. The focus is the place inside Earth's crust where an earthquake originates. The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus is the epicenter. When energy is released at the focus, seismic waves travel outward from that point in all directions.
What is the relationship between the strength of an earthquake and how often it occurs?
Earthquakes are always happening somewhere. For each step up in magnitude the annual number of earthquakes decreases (roughly) by a factor of 10. For each step up in magnitude an earthquake releases 30 times more energy.
Is San Francisco on a seismic gap?
Mystery Gap: Connecting Earthquake Faults near San Francisco, California, Requires Many Approaches. New USGS mapping studies in San Pablo Bay, California, show that two of the region's earthquake faults—the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults—connect beneath the bay.
How is the seismic risk of an area estimated?
Seismic risk is often determined using a seismic modeling computer programs which uses the seismic hazard inputs and combines them with the known susceptibilities of structures and facilities, such as buildings, bridges, electrical power switching stations, etc.
How can we limit the risks of earthquakes?
How are we able to limit risks from earthquakes? Engineer buildings with systems to dampen seismic energy. Use earthquake hazard maps to determine areas of least risk. Install warning systems to shut down gas systems and pipelines.
What determines the amount of destruction caused by seismic shaking?
When an earthquake strikes, the intensity of earthquake shaking determines the severity of damage. In turn, the main factors affecting earthquake shaking intensity are earthquake depth, proximity to the fault, the underlying soil, and building characteristics—particularly height.
How are seismic waves reflected?
A seismic reflection occurs when a wave impinges on a change in rock type (which usually is accompanied by a change in seismic wave speed).
Are accurate short range earthquake predictions currently possible using modern seismic instruments?
Are accurate, short-range earthquake predictions currently possible using modern seismic instruments? No, there are currently no reliable methods available for making short-range earthquake predictions.
What are short term earthquake predictions based on?
Deterministic approach—the 'prediction' is in most cases expressed by alarms and is based on the assessment of precursors. This approach is based on established physical laws, which relate to precursors and the actual occurrence of seismic events (Martinelli 1998).
What is the knowledge gap hypothesis?
The knowledge gap hypothesis explains that knowledge, like other forms of wealth, is often differentially distributed throughout a social system. Specifically, the hypothesis predicts that "as the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socioeconomic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments, so that the gap in knowledge between these segments tends to increase rather than decrease". Phillip J. Tichenor, then Associate Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication, George A. Donohue, Professor of Sociology, and Clarice N. Olien, Instructor in Sociology – three University of Minnesota researchers – first proposed the knowledge gap hypothesis in 1970.
When was the knowledge gap hypothesis first proposed?
Although first formally articulated in 1970, Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien note that the knowledge gap hypothesis has been implicit throughout the mass communication literature. Indeed, research published as early as the 1920s had already begun to examine the influence of individual characteristics on people's media content preferences.
Why should the knowledge gap exist?
Additionally, Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien suggest 5 reasons why the knowledge gap should exist: Communication skills: higher status people generally have more education, which improves their reading, comprehension, and memory skills; Stored information: higher status people are more likely to already know of topics in the news through previous ...
Who sought to refine the knowledge gap hypothesis?
Although by the mid-1970s extensive data supported the existence of a knowledge gap among low and high socioeconomic status individuals, Donohue, Tichenor, and Olien (1975) sought to refine the hypothesis to determine under what conditions the knowledge gap might be attenuated or even eliminated.
What are the three theories of knowledge gap?
There are now three existing competing hypotheses: 1) Media Malaise hypothesis (that predicts a general negative effect), 2) the Virtuous Circle hypothesis (that predicts a general positive effect), and 3) the Differential Effect hypothesis (that predicts a positive effect from newspapers, and a null or negative effect from television) " (Fraile, 2011). Three types of media outlets have been used to examine the media effects on knowledge gap: 1) Television – knowledge gap between lower and higher education groups are greater among light television users compared to heavy television users (Eveland, 2000), 2) Newspaper – the exposure to newspaper can potentially reinforce the knowledge gap in politics for different SES groups since reading newspaper requires literacy ability to effectively understand the information (Jerit et al., 2006), while other studies suggest that exposure to newspaper actually slightly decreases the knowledge gap rather than increasing it (Eveland, 2000), and 3) Internet - internet exposure increases public's general knowledge in health issues (Shim, 2008).
Zoho Projects
A gap analysis looks for the reasons you aren’t achieving certain business goals. It considers where you are, where you want to be and looks for the reasons preventing your success. With that information, you are able to create an action plan that closes the gaps.
When Is a Gap Analysis Necessary?
A gap assessment is a useful tool that helps you identify why certain goals are not being reached. Most business leaders are good at setting goals. But when goals aren’t achieved, it’s important to understand why. By digging in with a gap analysis, you can get very specific about problems and come up with solutions that move you closer to goals.
How To Perform a Gap Analysis
For example, a financial service firm can’t understand why it isn’t having success in selling the latest annuity rollout. Sales in the office are otherwise good, so the manager wants to find out what the issue is with the new product.
Frequently Asked Questions
The gap analysis tells you where you want to be in relation to where you are and how to get there. It digs deep into why you aren’t meeting certain goals so that you can develop a plan to overcome deficiencies.
What is gap in biology?
A gap might be a lack of understanding about how well a particular instrument works in a certain situation. It could be introducing a new method that needs to be tested. Or it could be that you are studying a whole new organism, system, or part of a process.
What is a gap statement?
A gap is something that remains to be done or learned in an area of research; it’s a gap in the knowledge of the scientists in the field of research of your study. Every research project must, in some way, address a gap–that is, attempt to fill in some piece of information missing in the scientific literature.
What is the risk assessment of the potential impacts on health and environment?
A risk assessment of the potential impacts on health and environment that the production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials may engender requires information concerning both the potential for exposure to a given material and its (once exposed) potential impacts such as toxicity or mutagenicity.
Where is the gap statement found?
A gap statement is found in the Introduction section of a journal article or poster or in the Goals and Importance section of a research proposal and succinctly identifies for your audience the gap that you will attempt to address in your project.
Can a project address multiple gaps?
Your project may also address multiple gaps, in which case you should be sure to identify each of them clearly! In a class, you might not always be studying something brand “new.”. But, in most cases, you should still try to come up with something unique about your project, however small.
Is the gap statement explicit?
Thus, the gap statement is not explicit.
Overview
The knowledge gap hypothesis explains that knowledge, like other forms of wealth, is often differentially distributed throughout a social system. Specifically, the hypothesis predicts that "as the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socioeconomic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments, so that the gap in knowledge between these segments tends to incr…
Foundations
Although first formally articulated in 1970, Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien note that the knowledge gap hypothesis has been implicit throughout the mass communication literature.
Indeed, research published as early as the 1920s had already begun to examine the influence of individual characteristics on people's media content preferences. For example, Gray and Munroe identified education – still used today as an operationalization of socioeconomic status in know…
Specification
Based on observations implicit in mass communication research, Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien (1970) define the knowledge gap hypothesis as follows:
"As the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, higher socioeconomic status segments tend to acquire this information faster than lower socioeconomic-status population segments so that the gap in knowledge between the two tends to increase rather tha…
Formal summary
Given the preceding information, the knowledge gap hypothesis can be expressed using the following set of related propositions:
1. People in a society exhibit great psychological diversity due to their psychological makeup, learned experiences, social relationships, and social category memberships.
2. Despite these differences, people with more education tend to have better developed cognitive and communic…
Hypothesis operationalization and initial support
The knowledge gap hypothesis can be operationalized both for cross-sectional and time-series appropriate research. For cross-sectional research, the knowledge gap hypothesis expects that "at any given time, there should be a higher correlation between acquisition of knowledge and education for topics highly publicized in the media than for topics less highly publicized. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien (1970) tested this hypothesis using an experiment in which participants wer…
Refining the hypothesis
Although by the mid-1970s extensive data supported the existence of a knowledge gap among low and high socioeconomic status individuals, Donohue, Tichenor, and Olien (1975) sought to refine the hypothesis to determine under what conditions the knowledge gap might be attenuated or even eliminated. To this end, they examined survey data on national and local issues from probability samples of 16 Minnesota communities gathered between 1969 and 1975. Donohue a…
Narrative review and meta-analytic support
At least two narrative reviews and one meta-analysis of knowledge gap hypothesis research exist. Gaziano conducted two narrative reviews, one of 58 articles with relevant data in 1983 and the other of 39 additional studies in 1997. Gaziano writes, "the most consistent result is the presence of knowledge differentials, regardless of topic, methodological, or theoretical variations, study excellence, or other variables and conditions" (1997, p. 240). Evidence from several decades, Ga…
Closing the knowledge gap hypothesis with Web 2.0
In 2010 Elizabeth Corley and Dietram Scheufele conducted a study to investigate the widening knowledge gap with the example of nanotechnology. On the whole, public opinion research has shown that respondents with higher socioeconomic status (SES) acquire new information at a higher rate than low SES respondents. Their previous analyses of two large national surveys conducted in 2004 and 2007 found that respondents with at least a college degree displayed an …