During EOL care, ethical dilemmas may arise from situations such as communication breakdowns, patient autonomy being compromised, ineffective symptom management, non-beneficial care, and shared decision making.
- Broken communication. ...
- Compromised patient autonomy. ...
- Poor symptom management. ...
- Shared decision-making.
What are the ethical issues in end-of-life care?
There are often ethical issues that can arise in the context of end-of-life care, particularly when patients and families make decisions regarding the care they will accept or not accept. As nurses, sometimes our morals and values are in conflict with those that our patients have, and this can cause some distress for the nurse.
What are the ethical dilemmas in EOL care?
During EOL care, ethical dilemmas may arise from situations such as communication breakdowns, patient autonomy being compromised, ineffective symptom management, non-beneficial care, and shared decision making.
What is shared decision-making in end of life care?
Shared decision-making Known as one of the most important factors of end-of-life care, decision-making becomes an ethical issue when more than one party is involved. When significant others attempt to go against the patient’s wishes, nurses face the issue of trusting the intent of the significant others or respecting the patient’s wishes.
Can a patient decide their own end-of-life care?
Sometimes the families don’t even involve the patients’ wishes in the final decisions of end-of-life care. In critical situations of end-of-life care, patients are not capable of deciding anything for them. When patients can’t talk for themselves, it all comes to healthcare workers and families to choose.
What ethical concerns are associated with end of decision-making?
During EOL care, ethical dilemmas may arise from situations such as communication breakdowns, patient autonomy being compromised, ineffective symptom management, non-beneficial care, and shared decision making.
What are the 3 types of ethics in decision-making?
Ethical theories are often broadly divided into three types: i) Consequentialist theories, which are primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions; ii) Non-consequentialist theories, which tend to be broadly concerned with the intentions of the person making ethical decisions about particular ...
What are 3 legal and ethical issues that occur with end of life patient?
These issues include patients' decision-making capacity and right to refuse treatment; withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, including nutrition and hydration; "no code" decisions; medical futility; and assisted suicide.
What ethical principles are raised during end-of-life care?
The cardinal ethical principles to be followed are-autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. The palliative care experts and team members should carry out their responsibilities with honesty and dignity.
What is the 3 step approach to solve an ethical problem?
Consider this three-step process for solving an ethical dilemma: (1) analyze the consequences; (2) analyze the actions; (3) make a decision.
What is the ethical decision making process?
Ethical decision making is the process in which you aim to make your decisions in line with a code of ethics. To do so, you must seek out resources such as professional guidelines and organizational policies, and rule out any unethical solutions to your problem. Making ethical decisions is easier said than done.
What are the ethical issues associated with euthanasia and end of life decisions?
Several ethical issues arise in the care of elderly patients at the end of life. There is much common ground based on the application of the four major principles of medical ethics: nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
What are 3 ethical issues in healthcare today?
5 Ethical Issues in HealthcareDo-Not-Resuscitate Orders. ... Doctor and Patient Confidentiality. ... Malpractice and Negligence. ... Access to Care. ... Physician-Assisted Suicide.
Why are there ethical issues surrounding end-of-life care quizlet?
Why are there ethical issues surrounding end-of-life care? because patients have the right to make their own decisions of end-of-life care, right to accept life support, and the right to not make decisions for themselves.
Why are ethics important in end-of-life care?
However, physicians face many ethical challenges in end-of-life care. Since the decisions to be made may concern patients' family members and society as well as the patients, it is important to protect the rights, dignity, and vigor of all parties involved in the clinical ethical decision-making process.
What is the main issue in end-of-life decisions?
Hence, end-of-life care is facing various ethical dilemmas. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss issues such as autonomous decision making, importance of advance directives, rationing of care in futile treatments and costs involved in providing end-of-life care.
What are the ethical principles you need to consider in making ethical decision in palliative care or death and dying patients?
Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are four of the basic ethical principles used to guide nurses and clinicians in the care and decision making of patients.
What legislation is in place for end of life care?
The Care Act 2014 sets the legal framework for councils with social care responsibilities to support individuals nearing the end of their lives along with their families and carers. The first national end of life care programme was established in 2004 and the first national strategy in 2008.
What are the legal issues in palliative care?
Key topics include:Capacity and consent to medical treatment.Advance Directives.Stopping treatment.Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment from adults.Substitute decision making for adults.Futile or non-beneficial treatment.Emergency medical treatment in each state and territory.More items...
What are the top 5 ethical issues in healthcare?
Five Top Ethical Issues in HealthcareBalancing Care Quality and Efficiency. ... Improving Access to Care. ... Building and Sustaining the Healthcare Workforce of the Future. ... Addressing End-of Life Issues. ... Allocating Limited Medications and Donor Organs.
What are ethical and legal issues?
Ethical issues involve rules or standards governing the conduct of members of a profession, while legal issues involve rules governing the conduct of persons within a community, state, or country.
What are ethical issues in end of life care?
There are often ethical issues that can arise in the context of end-of-life care, particularly when patients and families make decisions regarding the care they will accept or not accept. As nurses, sometimes our morals and values are in conflict with those that our patients have, and this can cause some distress for the nurse.
What is ethical decision making?
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that is focused on understanding the moral principles of people and how they make decisions based on what is considered morally right or wrong (Merriam-Webster, 2014). There are often ethical issues that can arise in the context of end-of-life care, ...
What are the goals of care?
As discussed in Chapter 5, patients’ goals of care are what patients place highest value on and would hope to achieve in regard to their illness. These goals are based on the patient’s moral principles and values. These are the goals the patient wishes for in terms of their illness. Often as patients near the end of life, many difficult decisions will have to be made. Some of these are related to what kinds of medical treatments they would want to have if they were no longer able to make their own decisions. In the clinical setting, it is not uncommon to witness conflicts between the patient’s wishes and those of their family. Sometimes, there can be conflicts between what the clinicians believe to be best for the patient and what the patient and family want to have done. Other times, the insurance or health care system has specific criteria that may come in conflict with the goals and values of the patient or family. This was evident in the recent national news story about 13-year old Jahi McMath (Fox News, 2013). In this case, the family wanted to continue to keep their young daughter on life support which conflicted with what the health care facility wanted. After several evaluations, the child was determined to be medically brain dead, and therefore continuation of medical treatments was considered to be futile. The goal of this chapter is to provide a basic understanding about ethical principles and to explore issues surrounding the issues that can arise during end of life decisions in patients who are nearing the end of life.
What is the principle of justice?
Justice is the principle that governs social fairness. It involves determining whether someone should receive or is entitled to receive a resource. The Code of Ethics for Nurses (ANA, 2015) states that nurses’ commitment is to patients regardless of their “social or economic status.” In healthcare, sometimes the benefits must be balanced with the burdens to determine who is eligible to receive some type of care. As mentioned in the beginning of this chapter, medical futility is continuing to provide a medical intervention or treatment that would not provide a cure or benefit to the patient. As with the young Jahi McMath, who was determined to have brain death, continuing to keep her alive on life support would be futile, as there is little or no hope for recovery. So this decision was considered just, as discontinuation of life support was not based on her age, ethnicity or socio-economic status. It was based on her medical diagnosis.
What is the importance of caring for patients at the end of life?
Caring for patients who are nearing or at the end of life often enables nurses to bear witness to the complicated and difficult decisions that patients and families must make surrounding many sensitive issues. Although nurses have their own morals, values, and beliefs, they sometimes do not correspond with the patients’ values, beliefs, or wishes, and an internal conflict for the nurse can ensue. Some of the medical treatments and decisions we will discuss are simple and others are more complex. Regardless of the intervention or treatment, the nurse should focus on helping the patient weigh the benefits and burdens of the intervention, rather than focus on the intervention itself (Kennedy Swartz, 2001). Now we will discuss some of the difficult decisions that patients often need to make in end-of-life care.
Why is it so hard to differentiate between doing good and doing no harm?
Sometimes it might be difficult to differentiate between doing good and doing no harm, which is nonmaleficence, because it is often easier to determine what is clearly bad or harmful more than what might be good or a benefit. Kennedy Swartz recommended that there is a greater obligation to not cause harm than there is to do something that might benefit the patient. Nurses should keep that in mind when assisting patients with difficult decisions.
What are the four ethical principles used by nurses?
These resources should assist the nurse with their expected behaviors and role within the professional discipline of nursing. Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are four of the basic ethical principles used to guide nurses and clinicians in the care and decision making of patients. Many of these same standards apply ...
What are the ethical issues in end of life care?
The ethical issues in end-of-life care are enormous. The problem comes when difficult decisions are on the table. Healthcare workers should take a step to discuss the desires of patients for end-of-life care. There should be advance directives of patients before their condition gets worse, and they cannot decide for themselves.
Why do ethical issues arise?
A lot of ethical issues arise due to these circumstances. The patients, their families, and the caretakers all go through a series of pain. Sometimes, the patients urge to extricate themselves from suffering, but their families want them not to give up and combat it. Nobody has satisfaction.
What happens when a patient can't talk for themselves?
When patients can’t talk for themselves, it all comes to healthcare workers and families to choose. They might make a decision that is against the will of the patient. They receive end-of-life care, which is inconsistent with their end-of-life care ...
Why do patients not want to continue their treatment?
Sometimes in end-of-life care, patients don’t want to continue their treatments because they have suffered enough. The families out of fondness don’t want it and elongate the care duration.
What is the definition of decision making?
Decision-Making. A person has a complete right over his life, except the natural death. Sometimes the families don’t even involve the patients’ wishes in the final decisions of end-of-life care. In critical situations of end-of-life care, patients are not capable of deciding anything for them.
Is it a justifiable act to take measures for the treatment that results in harm?
It is a justifiable act if the act is for a greater good than the intention of harming the patient on purpose.
Can medical science help a dying person?
It has changed the norms of death. But the recovery of a person is yet to be promised. Even after tremendous achievements, medical science can’t guarantee that a dying person can be recovered from his illness, and be lively again without any secondary support. One can stay alive with machines, but what’s the use if he can’t have a meaningful life afterward?
How can nurses navigate ethical dilemmas?
Oncology nurses can navigate ethical dilemmas by offering the best possible care while allowing patients, family members, and caregivers the opportunities to experience EOL with dignity.
What is the role of a nurse in end of life care?
This is especially common during end-of-life (EOL) care, where patients and caregivers may experience charged emotions, grief, and loss. Oncology nurses are often called on to act as mediators through difficult moments, advocating for their patients while connecting caregivers with the resources that will help them during a challenging time.
Why is it important for nurses to help patients with EOL?
According to Erickson, “An important role of the nurse is to help patients complete advance care plans to guide their EOL care by listening and offering necessary information.”
What are the issues with EOL?
“Nurses may find it difficult to balance the benefits of a medication or treatment—for example, relief of pain using an escalating dose of opioid medication—against the risks and side effects, like excessive sedation and constipation .”
Is interdisciplinary work important in EOL?
As with much of the care provided along the cancer continuum, interdisciplinary work is crucial at EOL as well . Both Ferrell and Erickson stress that using the expertise of team members during the late stages of disease can help eliminate potential ethical issues and encourage patients and their families to understand, cope, and accept an uncertain or limited prognosis.
What is an advance directive?
Advance directives instruct family members and health care practitioners about a person’s decisions for medical care, if the person is unable to make such decisions when they are needed. Some dying people consider suicide, although few people take any steps toward causing their own death.
What is a living will?
A living will expresses, in advance, a person’s instructions or preferences about future medical treatments, particularly end-of-life care, in the event the person loses capacity to make health care decisions. A health care power of attorney appoints a person (called a health care agent or proxy, health care representative, ...
Can a physician assist in dying?
In some areas, laws allow physician aid in dying if certain conditions are met and specific procedures are followed.
Is physician aid in dying illegal?
It is very controversial because it reverses the usual goals of the doctor and the patient, which is to preserve life. Physician aid in dying is illegal in all states except under specific conditions in California, Colorado, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington.
How to provide good care for dying patients?
Providing good care for dying patients requires that physicians be knowledgeable of ethical issues pertinent to end-of-life care. Effective advance care planning can assure patient autonomy at the end of life even when the patient has lost decision-making capacity. Medical futility is difficult to identify in the clinical setting but may be described as an intervention that will not allow the intended goal of therapy to be achieved. Medical interventions, including artificial nutrition and hydration, can be withheld or withdrawn if this measure is consistent with the dying patient's wishes. Physicians caring for terminally ill patients receive requests for physician-assisted suicide. The physician should establish the basis for the request and work with the healthcare team to provide support and comfort for the patient. Physician-assisted suicide could negate the traditional patient-physician relationship and place vulnerable populations at risk. Physicians need to incorporate spiritual issues into the management of patients at the end of life. The integrity of the physician as a moral agent in the clinical setting needs to be recognized and honored. The physician has a moral imperative to assure good care for dying patients.
Why is the integrity of a physician important?
The physician has a moral imperative to assure good care for dying patients.
Why should health care professionals receive clear teaching on the differences in law and ethics?
Health and care professionals should receive clear teaching on the differences in law and ethics because what the law requires can vary from what some would deem as ethically appropriate.
How many actions can healthcare professionals take to promote better decision making?
Healthcare professionals and settings can take four actions to promote better decision-making in situations where ethical considerations arise.
What is the theme of advance care planning?
A common theme within ethical debate regarding advance care planning is precedent versus contemporary autonomy of the individual. This means the individual's past desires previously expressed in an advance care directive versus their current interests.
How to promote autonomy in healthcare?
Promote patient autonomy through a case-based approach to ethical decisions. Autonomy is a person's right to make decisions for themself and express their values. Advance care planning promotes autonomy and the person’s rights to control medical decision-making.
What is medical treatment decision making?
Medical treatment decision-making on a case basis requires ethical considerations. Rarely will the law and an advance care directive provide sufficient directions or preferences for decision-making under all circumstances.
Why is advance care planning problematic?
Implementing legal frameworks for advance care planning and end-of-life care is problematic because ethical and moral issues are relevant factors in medical treatment decision-making. The Australian advance care planning legal framework may be helpful but the law needs interpreting and applying to specific cases.
When should advance care directives be enacted?
Advance care directives should be enacted only when an individual cannot make decisions for themselves. Individuals should be engaged in current decisions about their care to the greatest extent possible. The existence of an advance care directive should not preclude or replace the individual’s right to make decisions whilst they are able to do so.
How can end of life decisions be improved?
End of life decision making can only be improved if opportunities for discussion exist. The notion that these issues should not be explored unless raised by the patient is unsubstantiated. Focus group discussions have shown that patients with COPD in the US wish to be educated on all aspects of their disease, and feel that information on short and long term prognosis and advance directives is often deficient. 26 A similar lack of information has been reported by COPD patients in the UK. 27 Discussion during pulmonary rehabilitation sessions is a useful way of raising these issues, and certainly such debate could be incorporated fairly easily into a standard pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Individual exploration and follow up of issues is then required as the extent of information required by each individual and the values attached to it will clearly vary. Unfortunately, not all COPD and non-COPD patients who would benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation have access to such programmes. Furthermore, palliative care services which help individuals to address end of life issues are poorly developed and fragmented for patients with chronic disorders such as COPD and congestive heart failure compared with the fairly comprehensive provision for those with malignant disease.
What is the ethical decision in respiratory medicine?
Moral or value judgements are made daily in clinical practice, but in respiratory medicine some of the most difficult ethical decisions involve individuals with end stage lung disease. This review is not comprehensive but focuses on the use of mechanical ventilation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and progressive neuromuscular disease, withholding and withdrawing treatments, and end of life decision making. For any intervention, determining the balance between beneficence and maleficence requires an up to date understanding of what that intervention can achieve for the individual and the burdens it will impose. Good communication between physician and patient is essential so that rational decisions can be reached mutually. As there have been advances and recent debate in many of these areas, outcome information is discussed and existing guidelines are highlighted.
What are the ethical issues in respiratory care?
A further area where ethical issues frequently arise for respiratory physicians is in the management of patients with neuromuscular disease or neurological disorders which impair respiratory function . This is especially the case in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), motor neurone disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MND/ALS), and children with severe spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). In all these conditions respiratory complications produce burdensome symptoms and are the most common cause of death. Without ventilatory support the average age of death in patients with DMD is 18–20 years, 34 and almost all children with type 1 SMA die by the age of 2 years. 35 The prognosis is less than 1 year in patients with DMD who have become hypercapnic. 36 While long term mechanical ventilation has been applied sporadically for these patient groups for decades, it is only in recent years that the overall benefit from home ventilatory support has been systematically evaluated in larger numbers of patients in terms of survival, palliation of symptoms, and quality of life. Also, the advent of new modes of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has widened (and probably simplified) the options available. At present restoration of health is not possible in these incurable conditions, but the general principle of beneficence dictates that the physician should do all he can to palliate symptoms and maintain or even prolong a quality of life that is acceptable to the individual. For example, NIV in patients with DMD can result in a 5 year survival of over 70% with good self-reported quality of life. 37 Several studies of NIV in patients with MND/ALS with respiratory insufficiency have shown prolonged survival 38–40 and an improved quality of life in the face of continued functional decline, 41,42 although patient selection is important. Those with early respiratory muscle involvement, sleep related symptoms, orthopnoea, and fewer bulbar problems are most likely to benefit. 43 Nearly all neuromuscular patients treated with NIV opt to continue it, even in the terminal phase of the disease. At the same time, interventions which cause distress, limit privacy, and impose burdens do not conform with the principle of non-maleficence. Assisted ventilation can clearly be both beneficent and maleficent and, indeed, may be clinically (if not physiologically) futile in a quadriplegic, locked-in individual with MND/ALS. However, patients with DMD and MND/ALS usually retain normal capacity for decision making (although assistance with communication may be required), and their autonomy should be respected. Competent patients have the right to refuse life sustaining treatment or request for it to be withdrawn, and their wishes should be honoured. In a case series of patients with MND/ALS patients receiving long term ventilation, 76% completed advance directives and 96% approved of them. 44 Most patients wished to set limits to ventilation in certain circumstances—for example, becoming locked in—and felt that advance care planning facilitated communication of their preferences to family and physicians.
What is the most common cause of death for a child with severe spinal muscular atrophy?
This is especially the case in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), motor neurone disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MND/ALS), and children with severe spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). In all these conditions respiratory complications produce burdensome symptoms and are the most common cause of death.
How should medical decisions be made?
Ideally, medical decisions should be made by the patient, his family and physician jointly, basing these on the patient’s goals, prognosis and the physician’s judgement. 12 Most work suggests that communication in this area is inadequate. Wenger et al12 evaluated physician understanding of patient preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in over 5000 seriously ill patients in whom around a third had COPD or acute respiratory failure; 64% of patients wanted to receive CPR and 36% wished to forego it. In general, physicians correctly understood 86% of patient preferences for CPR, but only 46% of patient preferences not to receive CPR. Physicians were more likely to understand a patient preference to forego CPR if they had known the patient for longer, perceived the patient’s quality of life to be low, and predicted poor 6 month survival. As a consequence of this mismatch of expectations, 42 patients whose physicians misunderstood their preference to forego CPR underwent a resuscitation attempt (34 of these died before leaving hospital). These results indicate clearly that patients are able to make decisions, but these are not always discussed with the healthcare team. This may be due to fear, anxiety about removing hope on both sides, but also a failure to provide the opportunity for discussion and information exchange. Golin et al13 looked prospectively at communication of resuscitation preferences during a 2 month hospital admission and found that 30% of individuals communicated a preference over this period, and this was most likely to happen if the preference was to forego CPR or to change to foregoing CPR. However, only 50% who had formulated a decision had communicated this to their physician. Strangely, those who expressed a desire to take part in decision making were not more likely to impart this information, and there was no relationship between declining quality of life or ability to carry out activities of daily living and the desire to communicate wishes. Even among those who had completed advance directives before entering hospital, 63% had not communicated these to their physician, implying a continuing degree of conflict between making decisions and the reality of these being acted upon. In view of these misunderstandings, perhaps the best way forward is to create an open channel for the regular discussion of the individual’s hopes, fears, and expectations for symptom management and evolving end of life care, rather than focusing primarily on their death. 13
What are the guidelines for withholding life prolonging treatment?
In the UK, British Medical Association (BMA) 16 and General Medical Council (GMC) guidelines 17 are helpful sources of reference. All emphasise that the primary goal of treatment is to restore or maintain health, but that if treatments fail or adverse effects outweigh benefits, then the justification for providing that treatment is lost. Treatment which does not provide net benefit—that is, is futile—may be ethically and morally withheld or withdrawn, and there is no legal or moral difference between withholding and withdrawing treatment. Voluntary refusal of life prolonging treatment must be respected in adults with decision making capacity. Where individuals have lost the capacity to make decisions, a valid advance directive (written or oral) refusing life prolonging treatment must be respected. At present in England, Wales and Northern Ireland no surrogate has the power to give or withhold consent for an adult who lacks decision making capacity (although the situation may change), but in Scotland a proxy decision maker can be appointed.
What factors inform physician decision making?
With regard to patient related factors which inform physician decision making, the most important were physician estimates of the patient’s global quality of life, physical comfort, mobility and depression 15 but, in general, these estimates tended to be worse than the patient’s own estimate of his/her quality of life, especially for older patients. Furthermore, patients’ own ratings of their quality of life did not correlate well with their preferences for life sustaining interventions.
The Importance of Understanding Ethical Issues
Common End-Of-Life Ethical Problems
- Offering top-quality care while keeping patients’ wants and needs in mind should always be a nurse’s top priority. This can sometimes seem blurred, however, if you’re dealing with an ethical problem, especially at the end of someone’s life. Here are some of the most common issues you may face during end-of-life care:
How Bradley University Can Prepare You For End-Of-Life Care
- Earning your Doctor of Nursing Practice degreecan help you understand how to better collaborate with members of your health care plan for end of life care with your patients and their significant others. One course in particular where ethical decision making is addressed in the online DNP program is NUR 730 Ethics in Advanced Practice Nursing. Here, you will analyze ethical dilemma…
Ethics in Medical Decision Making
- Ethics is a branch of philosophy that is focused on understanding the moral principles of people and how they make decisions based on what is considered morally right or wrong (Merriam-Webster, 2014). There are often ethical issues that can arise in the context of end-of-life care, particularly when patients and families make decisions regarding th...
Basic Ethical Principles and Concepts
- Nurses need to possess a basic understanding about the scope of practice and standards of care. This can be found in the Standards of Professional Nursing Practice from the American Nurse Association (ANA, 2010). Additionally, nurses should refer to the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements(ANA, 2015). These resources should assist the nurse with their expecte…
Difficult Decisions in End-Of-Life Care
- Caring for patients who are nearing or at the end of life often enables nurses to bear witness to the complicated and difficult decisions that patients and families must make surrounding many sensitive issues. Although nurses have their own morals, values, and beliefs, they sometimes do not correspond with the patients’ values, beliefs, or wishes, and an internal conflict for the nurse …
References
- American Nurses Association. (2010). Scope and Standards of Professional Nursing Practice (2nd Ed.). Silver Spring Maryland: American Nurses Association. American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Co…
Patients’ Autonomy
Decision-Making
- A person has a complete right over his life, except the natural death. Sometimes the families don’t even involve the patients’ wishes in the final decisions of end-of-life care. In critical situations of end-of-life care, patients are not capable of deciding anything for them. When patients can’t talk for themselves, it all comes to healthcare work...
Maleficence
- When a person is in his last stage of life and supported by secondary sources to live, it has some vices. Sometimes, health workers take measures for the treatment that results in harm. But the current damage maybe a lot less excruciating than the harm that may come shortly. It is a justifiable act if the act is for a greater good than the intention of harming the patient on purpos…
Terminal Sedation
- End-of-life care is not an easy task. Everyone has to go through the agony. The person on the death bed goes through a constant torment when death is approaching. To avoid such circumstances and ease the pain, the healthcare workers sometimes offer terminal sedationso that the patient can pass to the other world without any consciousness. The purpose is to reliev…
Burdening Healthcare System
- It is common in older adults that their will powers are strong. They want to live life to the fullest, even though their time is already over. They don’t think about the next generation that is coming in and requires more care than them. It is morally wrong to prioritize one person over another, but the truth remains the same. They or their families insist on the treatments that are futile and will …