What are head and bed joints?
Head joints form the vertical spaces between each brick or concrete block unit. Bed joints form the horizontal spaces. Since mortar head and bed joints bond masonry units together, they are integral to the overall structural integrity of walls and buildings. Not all head and bed joints are formed in the same fashion or have identical appearances.
Why do we use reinforcement in horizontal bed joints?
Nearly all masonry projects have some type of reinforcement installed in horizontal bed joints. It is used for shrinkage control, primary reinforcement, and to meet prescriptive code requirements: Used with movement joints, to control shrinkage in concrete masonry construction.
Where should the initial bed joint be located?
The initial bed joint should be a full bed joint on the foundation, footing, or slab. In some areas, it is common practice to wet set the initial course of masonry directly in the still damp concrete foundation.
What is a radial joint?
A horizontal layer of mortar on which masonry units are laid. One of the radial joints in an arch. 1. The horizontal joint between two masonry courses; one of the radial joints in an arch. 2. The horizontal joint between two masonry courses.
What is shear failure?
What is a radial joint?
What is the Wrightian style of brick garden?
What happens when you repoint a stone wall?
Do cross joints need to be sealed?
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What is a bed joint in construction?
BED JOINT: The horizontal layer of mortar on which a masonry unit is laid. BELT COURSE: A narrow horizontal course of masonry, sometimes slightly projected such as window sills which are made continuous.
What is a bed joint in brickwork?
Bed joints are the horizontal mortar joints, or the bed of mortar that the next brick sits on. Full mortar bedding joints cover the entire top of the masonry unit and are the most common bedding type.
What is a bed joint in mortar?
Mortar—a mixture of cement, sand and lime—is the wet substance that bonds masonry units together. As masonry units are laid in the mortar, the areas between each unit form mortar joints. Head joints form the vertical spaces between each brick or concrete block unit. Bed joints form the horizontal spaces.
What are bed and head joints?
Bed joints are horizontal mortar joints between two masonry units. The most common type is a full joint that covers the top of the masonry unit. Another less common type is a face shell joint at the face of the unit. Head joints are vertical mortar joints between two masonry units.
What thickness is a bed joint?
3/8 inchUnless otherwise required or indicated on the construction documents, head and bed joints shall be 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) thick, except that the thickness of the bed joint of the starting course placed over foundations shall not be less than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) and not more than 3/4 inch (19.1 mm).
What is the maximum thickness of bed joint?
The initial bed joint, which is the bed joint between the first course of masonry and the foundation wall, is limited to a thickness of not less than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) and not greater than 3/4 inch (19 mm). This larger variation is to allow for the inherent unevenness of concrete or concrete masonry foundation walls.
How much mortar should be spread on the bed joint?
Bed joints For the bottom layer of blocks, spread a layer of mortar about 12–15mm thick and a little wider than your blocks onto the concrete foundations. Make lines in the mortar with your trowel — like this: Place a block onto the mortar and gently tap to get the height, position and level you need.
What is the stuff in between bricks called?
Mortar is a workable paste which hardens to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units, to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, spread the weight of them evenly, and sometimes to add decorative colors or patterns to masonry walls.
Do I need a mortar bed?
Whether you are installing a regular acrylic bathtub that doubles as a shower unit or a larger two-person Jacuzzi, most bathtubs require a mortar base for the tub to rest on.
Where is bed joint reinforcement used?
In walls which have door and window openings, bed joint reinforcement can reduce the frequency of control joints. Reinforcement should be provided in the first and second courses above and below all openings and should extend no less than 600mm either side of the opening.
What are the 3 parts of bed?
Parts Of A Bed FrameHeadboard Slat – This is a vertical grid or set of slats attached to the back of the bed. ... Headboard Top Rail – The top rail goes on top of the headboard slat that sets vertically. ... Headboard Cross Rail – This supports the headboard from the base and can hook on to the bed.More items...•
What is the bed part called?
A bed base, sometimes called a foundation, is the part of a bed that supports the mattress. The bed base can itself be held in place and framed by the bedstead (bed frame).
What are the different types of brick joints?
Types of Brick Mortar JointsStruck Joint.Concave Joint.Weathered Joint.Raked Joint.V Joint.Flush Joint.Extruded Joint.
Where is bed joint reinforcement used?
In walls which have door and window openings, bed joint reinforcement can reduce the frequency of control joints. Reinforcement should be provided in the first and second courses above and below all openings and should extend no less than 600mm either side of the opening.
How much mortar should be spread on the bed joint?
Bed joints For the bottom layer of blocks, spread a layer of mortar about 12–15mm thick and a little wider than your blocks onto the concrete foundations. Make lines in the mortar with your trowel — like this: Place a block onto the mortar and gently tap to get the height, position and level you need.
What is the most common used joint in brick masonry?
The Different Types of Mortar JointsConcave Joint: The concave joint is the most common joint that is used, as it is also known as the best joint for preventing water penetration. ... V Joint: The V Joint does not protect from water as well as the concave joint because of its geometry.More items...•
Function
Mortar—a mixture of cement, sand and lime—is the wet substance that bonds masonry units together. As masonry units are laid in the mortar, the areas between each unit form mortar joints. Head joints form the vertical spaces between each brick or concrete block unit. Bed joints form the horizontal spaces.
Types
Not all head and bed joints are formed in the same fashion or have identical appearances. With the help of tools, builders can shape head and bed joints so that water flows towards the wall's exterior. Likewise, mortar applied using exterior shapes, such as weathered and concave joints, are ideal for preventing moisture penetration into the joints.
Considerations
Nationally recognized standards published by professional groups, such as the Brick Industry Association, provide guidance for properly filling mortar joints and preventing structural weakness in masonry. Solidly filled mortar head and bed joints reinforce and improve performance in masonry structures.
Warnings
Laying partially filled or inconsistent mortar joints results in reduced masonry strength and sound insulation in structures. Gaps and holes form in mortar head and bed joints, allowing air and moisture to penetrate through the wall. Consequently, these weakened structures often result in leaky walls and significant moisture damage.
What is shear failure?
The shear failure was characterised by bed jointssliding and vertical joints opening, contributing to the development of stepped diagonal opening without visible cracking in the block units as shown in Figure 5(a) and (b) for W1 and W2.
What is a radial joint?
1. The horizontal joint between two masonry courses; one of the radial joints in an arch.
What is the Wrightian style of brick garden?
In a Wrightian manner, the horizontality of the lawn and the density and compression of the garden wall are reinforced by the elongated proportion of Norman bricks with deeply raked bed jointsand by the long shadows cast by projecting metal heads and stone sills of windows.
What happens when you repoint a stone wall?
If we repoint a stone wall with stiff, strong, sand and cement mortar, then the normal flexing that happens between the stone slabs on lime mortar bed joints, will crack the new pointing, allowing water to seep behind the pointing and after a few hard frosts, the new pointing will break away in big lumps.
Do cross joints need to be sealed?
On all copings, the cross and bed jointsshould be sealed; the bed jointswith cement and the cross joints with cement and an expandable type of caulking, in order to prevent water penetration as the joints expand and contract with the weather.
What is horizontal reinforcement?
Nearly all masonry projects have some type of reinforcement installed in horizontal bed joints. It is used for shrinkage control, primary reinforcement, and to meet prescriptive code requirements: 1 Used with movement joints, to control shrinkage in concrete masonry construction. All CMU construction should have horizontal reinforcement – this applies to CMU veneer as well as load-bearing masonry. 2 To meet minimum horizontal seismic reinforcement requirements of the TMS 402 code. 3 In all stack bond masonry, as required by required by the TMS 402 Code (could be either joint steel or reinforced bond beams). 4 As primary structural reinforcement for walls spanning horizontally between pilasters or columns. (Figure) 5 As shear reinforcement in shear walls, reducing or eliminating the need for reinforced bond beams. 6 To provide bonding between wythes where the collar joint is grouted solid.
How can a quarry become a lake?
This often occurs naturally when heavy machinery on the bottom of quarry punctures into the water table below and water naturally accumulates. It can remain stagnant and cold, and many a daredevil kid or teen has been hurt in an abandoned quarry lake. Three Oaks Recreation Area 50 miles northwest of Chicago is one stellar example, however, of making something beautiful. Vulcan Materials operated a quarry there for about 40 years. After two deep water lakes developed and the mining activity was complete, the company deeded 462 acres to the city of Crystal Lake. The waters were stocked with fish, and local fishing enthusiasts dubbed the place “Vulcan Lakes.” A $14-million quarry reclamation project was funded solely by city bonds, and today, this popular recreation spot offers swimming, boating, hiking, picnicking, pavilion rentals, stand-up paddleboarding and even scuba diving.
What size gage for joint reinforcement?
Joint reinforcement with No. 9 gage (0.148 inch diameter) side rods and cross rods is the most common size used for shrinkage control. Engineering design sometimes calls for heavier 3/16” joint reinforcement to meet seismic or shear requirements. When used on exterior walls, code requires joint reinforcement to be hot-dipped galvanized for corrosion protection. Mill galvanized (electroplated) finishes are acceptable only at dry interior applications with low humidity.
Why are side rods lapped?
Side rods are lapped for continuity to transfer stress from one section to the next.
What is a quarry business plan?
Commercial endeavors carry high stakes with one’s family and social life, finances, time, stress and emotional and physical well-being. Whatever the quarry dream, writing a business plan is the place to see if it makes sense in its entirety – from mission statement and company organization to sales and marketing strategies, competitive edge, personnel and equipment requirements, environmental concerns, funding and financial projections.
How often do diamond saws blast?
Some quarries blast as often as three days a week, while others might do it once or twice a month.
How is joint reinforcement installed?
Joint reinforcement is installed by laying it atop a block course, adding mortar as the next course is laid (photo). Mortar flows around the dry-laid reinforcement to bond it to the units above and below. Joint steel is held back at least 5/8” from the wall face, per code, for proper mortar bond and to also provide added weather protection against corrosion.
How to use Sketchup to detail joint?
The SketchUp work to detail the joint is quite straightforward using Line, Circle, and Push/Pull Tools. After connecting the rail – with its tenon – to the post’s mortise, I insert the bolt on the centerline of the mortise/tenon. With its insertion, I can use the bolt to help locate the nut recess or access hole in the rail. I’ve shown a square access hole, although I often make it easier by boring a large round hole.
How many bolts are in a bunk bed?
Here is the overall model of the bed, showing the bed bolts withdrawn from the joint. There are four bed bolts, one in each of the corners. The recess hole for access to the bed bolt nut is “blind” on the outside face of the rail. On workbenches and the bunk bed, I run the recess all the way through the rail.
Do colonial beds need bolts?
I agree that bed bolts are a necessary component for a tight-framed bed and look "right" on colonial style beds. Also, the square nut "bite" is important as it allows one to tighten the bed bolts without disturbing the bedding.
How many times can a mason lay a block?
Experienced masons state that they can lay about five times as many masonry units when working to a mason line than when using just their straightedge. The mason line gives the mason a guide to lay the block straight, plumb, at the right height, and level. The line is attached so that it gives a guide in aligning the top of the course.
What is a corner pole?
A corner pole is any type of post which can be braced into a true vertical position and which will hold a taut mason’s line without bending.
How thick is mortar in a head?
Head and bed joints are typically ⅜ in. (10 mm) thick, except at foundations. Mortar should extend fully across bedding surfaces of hollow units for the thickness of the face shell, so that joints will be completely filled. Solid units are required to be fully bedded in mortar.
What is a shim?
Shims or ground units are used to maintain elevations. This construction method results in faster construction, and is less dependent on the skill of the laborer than mortared construction. In addition, the surface bonding coating provides excellent rain penetration resistance.
How long does mortar need to retemper?
After a significant amount of the cement has hydrated, retempering will no longer be effective. For this reason, mortar can be retempered for only 1 ½ to 2 ½ hours after initial mixing, depending on the site conditions.
What is the most common bond pattern for concrete masonry?
Excluding running bond construction, the most popular bond pattern with concrete masonry units is stack bond.
How does mortar work on a trowel?
The mortar should stick to the trowel when it is picked up, and slide off the trowel easily as it is spread. Mortar should also hold enough water so that the mortar on the board will not lose workability too quickly, and to allow the mason to spread mortar bed joints ahead of the masonry construction.
What is shear failure?
The shear failure was characterised by bed jointssliding and vertical joints opening, contributing to the development of stepped diagonal opening without visible cracking in the block units as shown in Figure 5(a) and (b) for W1 and W2.
What is a radial joint?
1. The horizontal joint between two masonry courses; one of the radial joints in an arch.
What is the Wrightian style of brick garden?
In a Wrightian manner, the horizontality of the lawn and the density and compression of the garden wall are reinforced by the elongated proportion of Norman bricks with deeply raked bed jointsand by the long shadows cast by projecting metal heads and stone sills of windows.
What happens when you repoint a stone wall?
If we repoint a stone wall with stiff, strong, sand and cement mortar, then the normal flexing that happens between the stone slabs on lime mortar bed joints, will crack the new pointing, allowing water to seep behind the pointing and after a few hard frosts, the new pointing will break away in big lumps.
Do cross joints need to be sealed?
On all copings, the cross and bed jointsshould be sealed; the bed jointswith cement and the cross joints with cement and an expandable type of caulking, in order to prevent water penetration as the joints expand and contract with the weather.
