What is a master key used for?
A master key is a key that opens several different locks, related in some way, within a master key system. For example, an elementary school may have a master key which will open all classroom doors. Classroom doors would each also be opened by a key which would only open that one classroom door.
What is a master pin in a lock?
Master Pin: Usually a cylindrical shaped tumbler which is often flat on both ends, placed between the top and bottom pin to create an additional shear line. Rose: A circular or decorative trim plate attached to the door under the knob or lever.
Can a master key open any lock?
When lock rekeying into a master key system, two keys are created: Change key: This key can open the master lock, but only the master lock. It cannot be used inside any other locks you have. Master key: The master key can open all locks you have in your residential or commercial property.
What do you call a master key?
passkeyA skeleton key (also known in North America as a passkey) is a type of master key in which the serrated edge has been removed in such a way that it can open numerous locks, most commonly the warded lock. The term derives from the fact that the key has been reduced to its essential parts.
How do you unlock a Master Lock without a key?
0:351:42How To Open a Lock Without a Key! - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThe reverse lock option and then by a few tugs you could just open the lock with no problem at all.MoreThe reverse lock option and then by a few tugs you could just open the lock with no problem at all. All right here we have it one more time as you can see the lock is locked.
Can a skeleton key open any lock?
Skeleton keys are different than most keys in one way: the interior bit on them is hollowed. It gives the key the power to open just about any lock in the home, except for keys that weren't built in the house. They're often employed in antique pieces of furniture, like china hutches, jewelry boxes, and trunks.
What is a 999 key?
Bump keys are specially cut keys that can bypass the security mechanisms built into traditional pin and tumbler locks. Bump keys are also referred to as “999 keys” because all of their ridges are cut to the maximum depth (999) in a key-making machine.
What key cant open any door?
Which two keys cant open any door: The answer to this question is Don"key" and Mon"key". EXPLANATION: The definition of a key is that it's a small piece of shaped metal with incisions cut to fit the wards of a particular lock, which is inserted into a lock and turned to open or close it.
Can a master key be duplicated?
Master Key Systems Are Created on Restricted Keyways Restricted keyways are patented, which means that they can't be sold on the open market and can't be copied at a hardware store or commercial location. Instead, master keys can only be copied with your authorization by your key provider.
What are old keys called?
Antique keys are commonly referred to as bit or barrel keys, the former having a solid shank and the latter being hollow. Many people mistakenly call all old keys “skeleton” keys. But a skeleton key is a specific type of bit or barrel key designed to pass the wards of many different locks.
When did they stop using skeleton keys?
Little changed in the design of the mechanism until the mid 1800's when Linus Yale Sr. and Jr. introduced the modern flat keys. Skeleton keys, however, continued to be used in most houses until after WWII when the pin tumbler lock (or Yale lock) took over.
Is there a master skeleton key?
Although a skeleton key is a “master key,” not all skeleton keys are the same. The size and cut of the key's bit, as well as the diameter of its barrel, determine whether it fits with a lock. Additionally, antique (or reproduction antique) skeleton keys are known for their intricate details.
How many pins does a Master Lock have?
Most Master Locks are very easy to pick and are considered one of the easiest beginner locks when practicing lock picking. They have 4 standard pins and a wide-open keyway that can be quickly bypassed in many ways including picking them with improvised tools such as paperclips, bobby pins, or even a chicken bone.
How many pins are in a lock?
Many locks are made of the same basic parts: pins (usually 12) and springs. The upper six pins are the same size, and the bottom six pins come in varying sizes to match up with the grooves on your particular key. The little springs serve to hold the pins in place.
How do you get a Master Lock key?
Key Replacements Take your existing key and lock to a hardware store (Ace, True Value, Do it Best, etc.), locksmith or other outlet that sells Master Lock products. Ask them to order the product with the same key number that is on your key. Please call ahead, as not every retailer will provide this service.
How many pins are in a Master Lock No 5?
4-pinDurable, general security padlocks have reinforced laminated steel construction to withstand physical abuse and a 4-pin cylinder offering up to 1,400 key changes.
How many ways to pick a master wafer lock?
Essentially, there are two different ways to pick each chamber. In a five chamber lock, with a master wafer in each, there are 32 different ways to pick the lock. This increase in picking weakness will make the lock more susceptible to raking as a bypass method.
What is a master key?
Master Key – Without a master key, there is only one key for a lock. This is the necessary key to change a simple lock into a master keyed lock. In some systems, this will be the highest ranking key. In the trade, a master key may be shortened to ‘MK’. Grand Master Key – A grand master key is used to access multiple master key systems.
How do master keys work?
A quick review on how a basic pin tumbler lock will work: To open a lock a pin stack consisting of a driver pin and a key pin must be elevated so that the two rest on opposite sides of the shear line. A key lifts key pins within a lock.
What is master key system?
A master key system allows two or more keys to open one lock. To make a master key system, you need locks and keys that are the same make and model, and a way to rekey those locks. The basic pin tumbler master locks use a master wafer/pin in between the key pin and the driver pin.
Why are there more keys in a grand master key?
The more master wafers, the more keys there are that can open the lock because the number of shear lines increases. Master key systems are very susceptible to picking and decoding.
What do you need to make a master key system?
To make a master key system you need locks and keys that are the same make and model.
Can a master key be decoded?
With several exploratory keys and the working lock, the master key for your system can decoded.
What is a wafer in semiconductors?
In the semiconductor industry, the term wafer appeared in the 1950s to describe a thin round slice of semiconductor material, typically germanium or silicon. Round shape comes from single-crystal ingots usually produced using Czochralski process.
What is the compound used in wafers?
While silicon is the prevalent material for wafers used in the electronics industry, other compound III-V or II-VI materials have also been employed. Gallium arsenide (GaAs), a III-V semiconductor produced via the Czochralski method, gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) are also common wafer materials, with GaN and sapphire being extensively used in LED manufacturing.
How is wafer thickness determined?
Wafer thickness is determined by the mechanical strength of the material used; the wafer must be thick enough to support its own weight without cracking during handling. The tabulated thicknesses relate to when that process was introduced, and are not necessarily correct currently, for example the IBM BiCMOS7WL process is on 8 in wafers, but these are only 200 um thick. The weight of the wafer goes up along with its thickness and diameter.
What does 200 mm mean on a wafer?
Wafers under 200 mm diameter have flats cut into one or more sides indicating the crystallographic planes of the wafer (usually a {110} face). In earlier-generation wafers a pair of flats at different angles additionally conveyed the doping type (see illustration for conventions). Wafers of 200 mm diameter and above use a single small notch to convey wafer orientation, with no visual indication of doping type.
What does the red on a wafer mean?
Flats can be used to denote doping and crystallographic orientation. Red represents material that has been removed. Wafers are grown from crystal having a regular crystal structure, with silicon having a diamond cubic structure with a lattice spacing of 5.430710 Å (0.5430710 nm).
What is the thickness of a wafer?
The size of wafers for photovoltaics is 100–200 mm square and the thickness is 100–500 μm. Electronics use wafer sizes from 100–450 mm diameter. The largest wafers made have a diameter of 450 mm but are not yet in general use.
How to clean silicon wafers?
Wafers are cleaned with weak acids to remove unwanted particles, or repair damage caused during the sawing process. There are several standard cleaning procedures to make sure the surface of a silicon wafer contains no contamination. One of the most effective methods is RCA clean . When used for solar cells, the wafers are textured to create a rough surface to increase their efficiency. The generated PSG ( phosphosilicate glass) is removed from the edge of the wafer in the etching.
What Does Wafer Mean?
A wafer is a piece of silicon (one of the most abundant semiconductors available worldwide) or other semiconductor material, designed in the form of a very thin disc. Wafers are used to create electronic integrated circuits (ICs) and silicon-based photovoltaic cells. In these designs, the wafer serves as the substrate. Engineers use processes such as doping, implantation and etching to complete the build of the integrated circuit.
What is the idea behind wafers?
The general idea is that on the very small wafer surface, different charges and substrate conditions are clustered together in ways that will drive complex operations on the miniature physical footprint. Prior to the wafer as a convention, more rudimentary methods were necessary (i.e., the use of vacuum tubes in the ENIAC); the creation of modern substrate design frees up tremendous potential in device advancement.
What is the doping of silicon wafers?
Techopedia Explains Wafer. The doping of silicon wafers and other innovations in building microprocessors is a continuation of technology following Moore’s Law, which, in 1965, stated that the density of transistors able to be produced on a given surface area doubles every two years.
How to tell the difference between wafer and PCB?
Beginners can get a better idea of the wafer and the integrated circuit that it holds by contrasting this technology with the printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB is the part of a circuit design that users can see when they open a device. It has electrical soldered lines running between various components — not only ICs, but resistors, capacitors and other components. By contrast, the integrated circuit on the wafer is a component that is added to the PCB. Both have circuitry, but work in different ways. The IC does the lion’s share of processing, and the PCB “runs” impulses between components.
What is the difference between an integrated circuit and a wafer?
By contrast, the integrated circuit on the wafer is a component that is added to the PCB. Both have circuitry, but work in different ways.
What is the difference between PCB and wafer?
There is also a difference in how the technologies are designed: While the PCB material is usually fairly hardy, the wafer is often delicate and sensitive, hence, necessitating the use of clean rooms in their manufacture. The use of a “chip on board” (COB) design melds the two ideas to create complex device circuitry.
What are the raw materials used in semiconductor manufacturing?
The semiconductor chip manufacturing process can be divided into raw materials of sand (quartz), silicon ingot, wafer, lithography, etching, ion implantation, metal deposition, metal layers, interconnects, wafer testing and cutting, core packaging , level testing, packaging and so on many steps and each step contains more detailed processes.
What is a Nand flash chip?
The intact, stable die with sufficient capacity is removed and packaged to form a Nand Flash chip (chip). The main meaning of a chip is generally used as a carrier , and an integrated circuit is a result produced after many complicated design procedures.
What is a wafer?
A wafer is just but a thin slice of the semiconductor material that acts as a substratum for microelectronic devices fitted in and above the wafer. Even if it can be simple to relate silicon wafers with very particular technological devices that individuals only dream of, silicon wafers are way much closer than anyone may think! ...
What is silicon wafer?
The Silicon wafer is the main element in integrated circuits. Simply put, integrated circuits are a composite of a variety of electronic elements that are brought together to perform a particular function. Silicon is the key platform for semiconductor gadgets. A wafer is just but a thin slice of the semiconductor material ...
Why are silicon wafers used in ICs?
Due to the uniqueness of the electrical currents via silicon wafers, these semiconductors are used in creating ICs ( integrated circuits ). The ICs act as commands for specific actions in various electronic devices.
Can people use silicon wafers?
It is possible that most people have come across and even used a silicon wafer in their day to day lives. It may not have been deliberate; however, for people who have utilized devices such as computers and smartphone, they have certainly used this equipment.
History
Principles of Operation
- A set of wafers is used to block rotation of the plug at one or more points. Low-security wafer locks traditionally block at a single point, though more advanced models can block at the top and the bottom, as well as alternate the bitting of components to be at the top and bottom of the keyway. When the correct key is inserted, all wafers are properly positioned and the plug is free t…
Components
- Wafers
1. A flat piece of metal placed in the plug of the lock as the primary locking mechanism. Each wafer may have a different size or a different protrusion in the center to provide differs. When wafers are positioned so that they are not protruding from the plug, the plug and cam can rotate … - Springs
1. On the side(s) of wafers a spring is used to bias wafers out towards the cylinder.
Vulnerabilities
- Wafer locks are vulnerable to a variety of attacks: 1. Lockpicking 2. Impressioning 3. Decoding 4. Bypass Notes 1. Wafer locks are not vulnerable to key bumping or pick gunattacks because they do not use pin-tumblers. Bumping a wafer lock will damage the wafers and may cause the bump key to get stuck in the lock. 2. Low-security wafer locks are also subject to visualdecoding base…
References
- ↑ US Patent #76,066 ("Improvement in door locks")
- ↑ US Patent #99,013 ("Improved lock")
See Also
Keys in A Master System
How Master Keys Work
- Most master key systems work off of a basic pin tumbler lock. A quick review on how a basic pin tumbler lock will work: To open a lock a pin stack consisting of a driver pin and a key pin must be elevated so that the two rest on opposite sides of the shear line. A key lifts key pins within a lock. These key pins are all different sizes. The driver pins will be a universal size. Therefore, the key n…
Convenience
- Most large institutions do not want their employees to carry around large quantities of keys. Similarly, these institutions would like to restrict accessbased on an individual’s standing, and responsibility, within the establishment. A master key system will allow for different levels of restricted entry. When a master key system is finished there may be a graduated level of access…
Security Vulnerabilities
- It is often the case that convenience will lower security. The more convenient something is for the proper user, the simpler it is to defeat (like some of these locks for instance). Master keyed locks are a great example of this. A master key system will make your locks vulnerable to several types of attacks:
Making A Master Key System
- As we discussed early on, a master key system will make one lock open with the use of at least two keys. If you are looking to make a master key or master key system, the first step will be to gather two keys with the same style. Once you have these keys, you will need to decode their depths. You can do this most easily with a key gauge. In the event that you do not have a key ga…
Additional Security
- There are additional security measures, meant to keep your home safe, that can be added onto a master-keyed system. These auxiliary precautions will make picking and decoding more difficult, but not impossible. Adding sidebars and active elements to the key will make exploration much more complicated. A master system does not even need to use a pin tumbler type lock. Disk det…
Overview
In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and upon the wafer. It undergoes many microfabrication processes, such as doping, ion implantation, e…
History
In the semiconductor or silicon wafer industry, the term wafer appeared in the 1950s to describe a thin round slice of semiconductor material, typically germanium or silicon. Round shape comes from single-crystal ingots usually produced using the Czochralski method. Silicon wafers were first introduced in the 1940s.
By 1960, silicon wafers were being manufactured in the U.S. by companies such as MEMC/SunE…
Production
Wafers are formed of highly pure, nearly defect-free single crystalline material, with a purity of 99.9999999% (9N) or higher. One process for forming crystalline wafers is known as the Czochralski method, invented by Polish chemist Jan Czochralski. In this process, a cylindrical ingot of high purity monocrystalline semiconductor, such as silicon or germanium, called a boule, is formed by pulli…
Wafer properties
Silicon wafers are available in a variety of diameters from 25.4 mm (1 inch) to 300 mm (11.8 inches). Semiconductor fabrication plants, colloquially known as fabs, are defined by the diameter of wafers that they are tooled to produce. The diameter has gradually increased to improve throughput and reduce cost with the current state-of-the-art fab using 300 mm, with a proposal to adopt 450 mm.
450 mm wafers
There is considerable resistance to the 450 mm transition despite the possible productivity improvement, because of concern about insufficient return on investment. There are also issues related to increased inter-die / edge-to-edge wafer variation and additional edge defects. 450mm wafers are expected to cost 4 times as much as 300mm wafers, and equipment costs are expected to rise by 20 to 50%. Higher cost semiconductor fabrication equipment for larger wafer…
Analytical die count estimation
In order to minimize the cost per die, manufacturers wish to maximize the number of dies that can be made from a single wafer; dies always have a square or rectangular shape due to the constraint of wafer dicing. In general, this is a computationally complex problem with no analytical solution, dependent on both the area of the dies as well as their aspect ratio (square or rectangular) and oth…
Compound semiconductors
While silicon is the prevalent material for wafers used in the electronics industry, other compound III-V or II-VI materials have also been employed. Gallium arsenide (GaAs), a III-V semiconductor produced via the Czochralski method, gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) are also common wafer materials, with GaN and sapphire being extensively used in LED manufacturing.
See also
• Die preparation
• Epitaxial wafer
• Epitaxy
• Klaiber's law
• Monocrystalline silicon