What is the difference between type strain and reference strain?
The type strain is defined in the context of formal bacterial taxonomy whereas reference strain means that the strain is widely used within the community or adopted by a formally recognized institution such as FDA and CDC. Below is a summary of these two terms:
What is strain?
Such a proportional dimensional change (intensity or degree of the distortion) is called strain and is measured as the total deformation (elongation) per reference length of material due to some applied stress. In mechanics of materials, we can define two basic types of strain:
What is equivalent plastic strain and reference strain rate?
where ε is the equivalent plastic strain, ὲ is the plastic strain rate and ὲo is a reference strain rate. The parameter A is the initial yield strength of the material at quasi-static strain rate. The parameter B and n represents the flow stress on strain hardening behavior at quasi-static strain rate.
What are type strain and reference strain in The EzBioCloud database?
In the EzBioCloud public database and TrueBac TM database, both of the terms, type strain and reference strain, are used. Type strain: This is literally the type strains that have a standing in the formal nomenclature.
What are reference cultures?
Reference Culture: A reference culture is a microorganism preparation that is acquired from a culture type collection. Reference Stock Culture: A reference stock culture is a microorganism preparation that is derived from a reference culture.
What are the different strains of bacteria?
AflatoxinsBacterial StrainLevel (ng/g)Limosilactobacillus fermentum PTCC 17442512525Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TISTR 5415023 more rows
What is ATCC type strain?
A type strain may be provided to requestors from a stock initially propagated by the depositor or from the ATCC manufactured and authenticated inventory. Full inclusion as an ATCC General Collection strain will be dependent upon factors such as the need by the scientific community.
What is the difference between serotype and strain?
Serotypes are different from strains, which have been described as single isolates from pure cultures or simply as distinct isolates of specific phenotypic/genotypic traits (or both). A serotype if also different from genotype which entails the set of genes (a heritable genetic characteristic) of an organism.
What are strains in microbiology?
Microbiology and virology A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism (e.g., a virus, bacterium or fungus). For example, a "flu strain" is a certain biological form of the influenza or "flu" virus. These flu strains are characterized by their differing isoforms of surface proteins.
What are type strains?
By definition, type strains are descendants of the original isolates used in species and subspecies descriptions, as defined by the Bacteriological Code [14], that exhibit all of the relevant phenotypic and genotypic properties cited in the original published taxonomic circumscriptions.
What is ATCC 25922?
The strain ATCC 25922 is a commonly used quality control strain, particularly in antibody sensitivity assays and was originally isolated from a human clinical sample collected in Seattle and WA (1946). It is of serotype O6 and biotype 1.
How do you use ATCC culture?
1 Thaw and aseptically transfer the entire contents of the liquid nitrogen vial to a tube containing 5-6 mL of fresh recommended medium. Mix well. 2 Transfer one-tenth of the cell suspension to two or three other tubes of fresh medium. 3 Incubate the bacteria at 32°C to 37°C under microaerophilic conditions.
What is NCTC in microbiology?
The National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) is the custodian of bacterial strains that represent the work and collaboration of numerous scientists spanning almost 150 years. Consisting of almost 6,000 strains from over 850 bacterial species, each strain has its own unique history.
What does serotype mean?
Serotypes are groups within a single species of microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, which share distinctive surface structures.
What's the difference between genotype and serotype?
We learned that a serotype is a serologically and antigenically distinct variety of microorganism, like a subgroup of a species of bacteria. Serovar is simply a synonym for serotype. We also learned that a genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup or constitution (whether it's expressed or not).
What is Biovar and serovar?
A biovar is a variant prokaryotic strain that differs physiologically or biochemically from other strains in a particular species. Morphovars (or morphotypes) are those strains that differ morphologically. Serovars (or serotypes) are those strains that have antigenic properties that differ from other strains.
Fractography analysis and constitutive modeling for dynamic plasticity of austenite stainless steel (ASS 304) at hot-working temperatures
A. Anitha Lakshmi, ... Tanya Buddi, in Modern Manufacturing Processes, 2020
Effect of inelastic strain on hydrogen-assisted fracture of metals
M.M. HallJr, in Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Materials in Energy Technologies: Mechanisms, Modelling and Future Developments, 2012
Numerical modeling methodologies for friction stir welding process
Rahul Jain, ... Shiv B. Singh, in Computational Methods and Production Engineering, 2017
Dynamic mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of an AM80 magnesium alloy
L.X. Li, P.C. Guo, in Recent Advances in Structural Integrity Analysis - Proceedings of the International Congress (APCF/SIF-2014), 2014
Ductile fracture simulation for A106 Gr.B carbon steel under high strain rate loading condition
H.S. Nam, ... Y.J. Kim, in Recent Advances in Structural Integrity Analysis - Proceedings of the International Congress (APCF/SIF-2014), 2014
Laser shock peening simulation of mitigation on residual stress in Alloy 600
J.S. Kim, ... J.H. Kim, in Recent Advances in Structural Integrity Analysis - Proceedings of the International Congress (APCF/SIF-2014), 2014
Integrated Simulation of Injection Molding Process and Mechanical Behavior
In Chapter 2, an elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model is presented to characterize the mechanical properties of polycarbonate over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures. The yield stress of polycarbonate is formulated as a function depending on the strain rate and temperature:
Bacteria
Most bacterial cultures are supplied freeze-dried in sealed glass ampoules, but they can also be supplied as an active culture if required.
Bacteriophages and plasmids
Bacteriophages and plasmids are supplied as thawed liquid suspensions in plastic vials.
Media Recipes
We maintain a searchable database of media recipes, which includes media recipes for all the strains in our collection. The media recipe search can be accessed via the link on this page.
Ordering and pricing
Most strains within the collection are available for immediate dispatch. Reference cultures can be ordered by email or via our online catalogue.
Pricing
There are two bands of pricing for reference strains from the culture collection.
Postage and handling charges
There is some overlap in strain holdings between major culture collections, where the same strain has been deposited in multiple collections. Culture collections share this information where it is known, and most publish a list of "equivalents".
Bacteria
Most of the bacterial cultures in our reference collection are supplied freeze-dried in sealed glass ampoules, but they can also be supplied as an active culture if required.
Bacteriophages and plasmids
Bacteriophages and plasmids are supplied as thawed liquid suspensions in plastic vials.
Media recipies
We maintain a searchable database of media recipes, which includes media recipes for all the strains in our collection. The media recipe search can be accessed via the link on this page.
Ordering and pricing
Most strains within the collection are available for immediate dispatch. Reference cultures can be ordered by email or via our online catalogue.
Pricing
There are two bands of pricing for reference strains from the culture collection.
Postage and handling charges
There is some overlap in strain holdings between major culture collections, where the same strain has been deposited in multiple collections. Culture collections share this information where it is known, and most publish a list of "equivalents".
What is strain in materials?
In materials science, strain is also very important variable, since it defines the deformation of an object. Unlike stress in an object, which you can’t actually see, deformation is a visible and measurable quantity. When you pull on a tension rod, you can see the rod physically increase in length (or elongate).
What are the two types of strains?
In mechanics of materials, we can define two basic types of strain: 1 Normal strains. A normal strain results from tensile stress and is a strain computed from relative displacements that are measured perpendicular to two reference planes. Normal strains measure the relative perpendicular movement of one reference plane with respect to another. The symbol for normal strain is usually the lowercase Greek symbol epsilon (ε). 2 Shear strains. A shear strain results from shear stress and it is a strain computed from relative displacements that are measured parallel to two reference planes. Shear strains measure the relative parallel movement of one reference plane with respect to another. The symbol for shear strain is usually the lowercase Greek symbol gamma (γ ).
Ⅰ. Definition | Type Strain | Reference Strain
- The "typical bacterial strain": is the strain on which the description of a species is based and isnot always the most typical representative of a species. Typical strains serve as fixed reference points for assigning bacterial names. J.P. Euzéby«In bacteriology, a species is constituted by its type strain and by all the strains considered close en...
Ⅱ. General Consideration
- Different names are assigned to the reference strains, in various publications of the CLSI (Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute) and the USP (United States Pharmacopeial), these cultures are called control strains, standard cultures, reference strains, strains of assay and quality control strains. There are several designations depending on the organization: ATCC (American Type Cu…
Ⅲ. Maintenance of Cultures and Number of Passes
- There is still some confusion, especially when determining the number of subcultures allowed beyond the reference strain. According to USP, “A passage is defined as the transfer of organisms from a viable culture to a fresh medium. Any form of subculture is considered a transfer / passage. " Seed lot system : Seed lot system: The reference strain is subcultured in several repli…
Ⅳ. Storage
- Storage temperature (stock strains and working strains) can affect growth characteristics and viability. The CLSI recommendations include storage at -50 ° C to -70 ° C for one year or below -70 ° C indefinitely, or -20 ° C or less (preferably below -70 ° C) for a prolonged storage. Storage of working cultures is recommended at 2 ° C to 8 ° C for up to four weeks. USP 36-NF 31 recomme…