One of the broadest definitions defines a vector as any organism (vertebrate or invertebrate) that functions as a carrier of an infectious agent between organisms of a different species [ 19 ].
What is the role of a vector?
Understanding the role of vectors in natural language processing
- Vector: Vector is a list of attributes of an object. ...
- Matrix: A matrix is an object that contains a set of vectors. ...
- Feature representation: In machine learning algorithms, before we feed the data into the algorithm, we preprocess the data in many ways like imputation, normalization, standardization, and feature engineering.
- 2-D representation. ...
What is VBNC in microbiology?
The viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state among certain microorganisms is believed to be a survival mechanism under stress conditions as they lose their ability to grow and multiply. The molecular mechanism of the nonculturable cells is perplexing and the VBNC condition is controversial.
What is a basic dye in microbiology?
Basic dyes are positively charged and they contain cation, which when reacts with anions (-COOH –OH, nucleic acid) of the acid present in the stained cell forms a salt. Basic dyes are extensively used for staining of bacterial cells as they stain well due to abundance of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in these cells.
What is an example of a biological vector?
Biological vectors are those carrier organisms (invertebrate animals) in which the parasites (disease agents) increase their numbers by multiplication or transformation inside the body of the carrier-organisms. For example, female Anopheles mosquito is regarded as the biological vector of Plasmodium sp. (malarial parasite). 2. Mechanical vectors:
What is a vector in biology definition?
A vector, as related to molecular biology, is a DNA molecule (often plasmid or virus) that is used as a vehicle to carry a particular DNA segment into a host cell as part of a cloning or recombinant DNA technique.
What is vector and types of vector in microbiology?
In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes.
What is a bacteria vector?
In bactofection-based gene therapy, the bacterium is considered the 'vector', which mediates carriage of the plasmid-based gene to the new host cell. Delivery of genetic material is achieved through entry of the entire bacterium into target cells.
What is a vector and what is a pathogen?
Vector is an organism which spreads the disease from one person to another. An example is a mosquito, which spreads malaria from one person to another. Pathogen is an organism which causes disease in an organism. The malarial parasite causing malaria is the pathogen here.
What are 4 types of vectors?
They are:Zero vector.Unit Vector.Position Vector.Co-initial Vector.Like.Unlike Vectors.Co-planar Vector.Collinear Vector.More items...
What are 3 types of vectors?
There are 10 types of vectors in mathematics which are:Zero Vector.Unit Vector.Position Vector.Co-initial Vector.Like and Unlike Vectors.Co-planar Vector.Collinear Vector.Equal Vector.More items...•
What is the difference between vector and plasmid?
Plasmid and vector are two types of double-stranded DNA molecules that have different functions in the cell. The main difference between plasmid and vectors is that plasmid is an extra-chromosomal element of mainly bacterial cells whereas vector is a vehicle that carries foreign DNA molecules into another cell.
What is the difference between a virus and a vector?
In viral vector vaccines, spike protein DNA is placed inside a modified version of a different virus that doesn't cause illness. This non-harmful virus delivers the DNA instructions to your cells – this virus is called the vector.
Is a plasmid a vector?
Scientists have taken advantage of plasmids to use them as tools to clone, transfer, and manipulate genes. Plasmids that are used experimentally for these purposes are called vectors. Researchers can insert DNA fragments or genes into a plasmid vector, creating a so-called recombinant plasmid.
What are vectors give examples?
A vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal. Vectors are frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas and lice.
What are vectors explain with an example?
A vector is a quantity or phenomenon that has two independent properties: magnitude and direction. The term also denotes the mathematical or geometrical representation of such a quantity. Examples of vectors in nature are velocity, momentum, force, electromagnetic fields, and weight.
What is a vector in disease examples?
Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
What are the 2 types of vector?
The vectors having the same directions are said to be like vectors whereas vectors having opposite directions are said to be unlike vectors. Vectors that lie in the parallel line or the same line concerning their magnitude and direction are known to be collinear vectors, also known as parallel vectors.
What are the 2 types of vectors biology?
Two types of vectors that are most commonly used are plasmids and bacteriophage. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules which are present independently inside the bacterial cell, and it has one or more genes. These genes have an important role in the host bacterium.
What are the 4 types of viral vectors?
By Yolanda Smith, B. Pharm. There are several types of viral vectors that can be used to deliver nucleic acids into the genetic makeup of cells, including retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and herpes simplex virus.
What is vector and examples?
A vector is a quantity or phenomenon that has two independent properties: magnitude and direction. The term also denotes the mathematical or geometrical representation of such a quantity. Examples of vectors in nature are velocity, momentum, force, electromagnetic fields, and weight.
What is cloning vector?
Cloning vectors are vectors that are capable of replicating autonomously and thus are used for the replication of the recombinant DNA within the host cell. Cloning vectors are responsible for the determination of which host cells are appropriate for replicating a particular DNA segment.
Why is a plasmid vector more effective than other plasmid vectors?
This vector is more effective than other plasmid vectors as it has a higher efficiency in entering bacterial cells so as to incorporate the recombinant DNA within the host genome.
How many kb of DNA can a cosmid vector contain?
Cosmid vectors are hybrid vectors composed of plasmid and phage λ vectors, capable of incorporating up to 42 kb of DNA. Cosmid vectors are prepared by the insertion of the cos region of the phage vector into the plasmid vectors. Cosmid vectors are large-sized vectors with sizes ranging from 400 base pairs to 30 kb.
Why are phages used in DNA?
The use of phages also facilitates the isolation of larger quantities of DNA that can be used for the analysis of the insert. Even though there are a number of phages that can and have been used as vectors, phage λ is the most convenient cloning vector.
How small can a vector be to carry insert DNA?
The small size of the vector does, however, affect the maximum size of the insert DNA it can carry. Plasmids can carry insert DNA that is less than 20 kb as the cloning efficiency and plasmid stability decrease with the size of the vectors.
What is the backbone of a vector?
Vectors usually have an insert, also known as a transgene, that carries the recombinant DNA and a larger sequence called the backbone of the vector responsible for the structure of the vector. Vectors can be classified into different types depending on different characteristics.
What is the process of DNA inserting?
The DNA insert that is transmitted by a vector is termed recombinant DNA, and the process is also known as recombinant DNA technology. Usually, the vectors are DNA sequences that carry different parts involved in different functions.
What is a vector?
A related definition is the haematophagous arthropoddefinition (definition #4), which defines vectors only as blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, tsetse flies and biting midges [25]. Such arthropods generally also fall within the micropredator definition above, with the exception of species that feed on only a single host in their entire lifetime, such as louse flies (Hippoboscidae) and one-host ticks (such as Rhipicephalus microplus). This definition is used explicitly by several groups including the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [26] and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [27], and other sources either implicitly adopt this definition [28,29] or explicitly cite a broader definition but go on to discuss only examples falling under this definition [30]. A weakness with such a definition is that it may detract attention from useful insights from species playing essentially equivalent roles in non-vertebrate hosts, for example sap-feeders (aphids) or haemolymph feeders (Varroamites). In addition, other large groups of vertebrates, such as rodents, which also spread pathogens through their saliva (or other excreta, albeit generally by a different route from percutaneous penetration), and that are often considered vectors, are also excluded.
What are vector borne diseases?
Many parasites and pathogens responsible for some of the most important diseases in humans, agriculture and nature are routinely described as ‘vector-borne’. These include emerging parasites and pathogens such as dengue virus throughout the tropical world [1], West Nile virus in North America [2] and Europe [3], Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Turkey [4], hantavirus in Europe [5], bluetongue virus in Europe [6], zika virus in South America [7], Lyme borreliosis in Europe [8] and chikungunya virus in the Caribbean [9]. Almost 20% of human deaths are caused by infectious diseases that are described as vector-borne, chiefly malaria, yellow fever, leishmaniosis, trypanosomiasis, Chagas' disease and Japanese encephalitis [10], and such diseases are predicted to present a growing threat in the near future [11]. However, different definitions of a vector are used in different fields. For instance, the term is universally applied to haematophagous arthropods, such as Ixodesticks that transmit Borrelia burgdorferior Aedesmosquitoes that transmit dengue virus, but the term ‘vector’ has also been applied to badgers transmitting Mycobacterium bovis[12–14], dogs transmitting rabies virus [15], snails transmitting Schistosomaflatworms [16,17] and rodents transmitting hantaviruses [18]. Clearly a large number of definitions of ‘vector’ are currently being used, and the question in any multi-host system should be to ask when and why a particular host in that system warrants designation as a ‘vector’.
What is FD transmission?
In terms of classical approaches to modelling infectious diseases, a key component of many models of vector-borne infections is the assumption of frequency-dependent (FD) transmission, as distinct from density-dependent (DD) transmission. In the case of DD transmission, the rate at which an individual contacts other individuals depends on the density of infected individuals; as a consequence, as density increases, transmission rate will increase [50]. On the other hand, for frequency-dependent transmission, it is assumed that an individual has a fixed number of contacts per unit time that is independent of the population size, and so the rate of transmission depends on the frequency (proportion) of infection among those contacts [50].
What is multi-host-pathogen system?
Multi-host–pathogen systems are often described theoretically within the framework of next-generation matrices [36,37] or multi-species dynamic models [38,39] . These theoretical frameworks provide a very clear distinction between ‘vectors’ and other host species within a multi-host context, based on how those hosts contribute to the pathogen's basic reproduction ratio (R0). R0is the expected number of new infections generated by a single infected individual in a wholly susceptible host population (or multi-host community), and so represents the potential for the pathogen to invade a naïve community, but also under some conditions it can be used to describe the contribution different hosts make to endemic persistence [40] or pathogen evolution [41; see §4b]. In the case of a pathogen circulating within a community of multiple ‘equivalent’ host species, where transmission may occur within and between species, the pathogen's overall R0is given by an expression of the form (shown here for two host species, one of which is a putative vector):
What is vector in biology?
One of the broadest definitions defines a vector as any organism (vertebrate or invertebrate) that functions as a carrier of an infectious agent between organisms of a different species [19]. This includes organisms playing a purely mechanical role in transmission (e.g. Muscaflies in the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis, the causative agent of trachoma). Some authors have gone further and extended the definition to include fomites (the biological + physical definition; definition #1)—inanimate objects capable of carrying infectious material and transferring it between hosts, such as syringes [20] and paper money [21]. Although it seems incongruous to group fomites together with biological agents of transmission, which can experience strong ecological and evolutionary interactions with the pathogen, from a public health perspective this definition may be relevant to disease management and prevention. Alternatively, a relatively common way to assign vector status to a particular host in a multi-host system is with reference to their involvement in the transmission of pathogens of human relevance (anthropocentric, definition #2). These may be pathogens that directly infect humans, for example, ‘[v]ectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans' [22] (and [23], with slightly different wording); under this definition, any non-human host connected to human hosts by one or more transmission modes is a vector. While the motivation behind such a definition seems obvious, it clearly has problems if applied rigidly; for example, it leads us to the slightly illogical consequence that under this definition a mosquito transmitting West Nile virus (WNV) from a wild bird to a human is a vector, while a mosquito transmitting WNV between wild birds is not. A slightly more flexible interpretation would be that any host capable of transmitting a pathogen of importance to humans to or between one or more hosts is considered to be a vector.
Where is the Department of Biology at the University of Virginia?
8Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
Is HIV vector borne?
Furthermore, a definition of ‘vector’ that suggests that HIV is vector-borne but B. burgdorferiis not is unlikely to satisfy most people. The relationship between population density and transmission is therefore likely to be acceptable as a qualification for defining a vector only in combination with other traits.
