What is abduction of the scapula?
Scapular Abduction - Also called scapular flexion or protraction. A movement where the scapula moves laterally away from the spinal column. Scapular Adduction - Also called scapular extension or retraction. It is a movement the opposite of abduction. Similarly, what is the difference between protraction and retraction?
What muscle is attached to the spine of the scapula?
Two major muscles, the deltoid and trapezius, attach to the acromion. The deltoid, which abducts the arm at the shoulder, forms its origin along the acromion, the spine of the scapula, and the clavicle. From these origins, it crosses the shoulder joint and inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
Which muscle elevates the scapula?
levator scapulae action elevates scapula and inferiorly rotates scapula serratus anterior action agonist in scapula protraction, superiorly rotates scapula, and stabilizes scapula serratus anterior innervation long thoracic nerve serratus anterior origin ribs 1-8, anterior and superior margins serratus anterior insertion
What is the function of scapula?
The Anatomy of the Scapula
- Anatomy. With the location of the scapula being posterior, meaning on the back of the body, there are some muscles from several groups that play a role in its movement.
- Function. The scapula is responsible for several motions which are integral to daily movement and smooth upper extremity motion.
- Associated Conditions. ...
- Rehabilitation. ...
What does the scapula do during shoulder adduction?
The scapula on the thorax contributes to elevation (flexion and abduction) of the humerus by upwardly rotating the glenoid fossa 50° to 60° from its resting position.
What muscle causes scapular adduction?
Rhomboids. The rhomboids (major and minor) function to stabilize the medial border of the scapula. The rhomboids are very active in scapular adduction or retraction, which can be defined as backward rotation of the scapula toward the vertebral column.
What movement is shoulder adduction?
Adduction: downward movement of humerus medially toward the body from abduction, in the plane of the scapula. Flexion: the movement of humerus straight anteriorly. Extension: the movement of humerus straight posteriorly. External rotation: the movement of humerus laterally around its long axis away from the midline.
What is the other term for scapular adduction?
Scapular Adduction - Also called scapular extension or retraction. It is a movement the opposite of abduction. Throwing the shoulder back and pinching the shoulder blades together illsutrates adduction of the shoulder girdles.
What happens when your scapular adductors are weak?
If the scapular adductors are weak, fatigued, or injured, the muscular tension created by the pectoralis minor will tilt the scapulae forward and down, resulting in kyphosis.
What controls adduction at the shoulder?
The latissimus dorsi muscle at the level of the shoulder is the most important internal rotator, as it is the most important for the adduction and flexion of the shoulder. It's a fusiform muscle. The pectoralis major muscle helps flexion, internal rotation, and adduction on a horizontal plane.
What happens during adduction?
Adduction is the movement of a body part toward the body's midline. So, if a person has their arms straight out at the shoulders and brings them down to their sides, it is adduction. For fingers or toes, adduction brings the digits toward the center of the hand or foot.
What is the action of adduction?
Abduction/Adduction A movement of a body part away from the midline, either of the body as a whole or that of the hand or foot, is termed abduction (L., to carry away). A movement of the body part back toward the midline (i.e., to the anatomical position) is known as adduction.
What are the movements of the scapula?
The scapula is an important bone in the function of the shoulder joint. It engages in 6 types of motion, which allow for full-functional upper extremity movement including protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation, and downward rotation.
What is the mean of adduction?
/əˈdʌk.ʃən/ the movement of a part of the body towards the middle of the body or towards another body part: An abduction pillow is used to prevent adduction of the hip. Direction of motion.
What is this movement called adduction?
Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body, or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions.
What is abduction and adduction of the shoulder?
Shoulder abduction involves lifting the arms out to the side (as with a lateral dumbbell raise), while shoulder adduction means lowering the arms back to the side (as with a banded lateral pull-down exercise).
Which muscle is responsible for scapular abduction?
The trapezius and serratus anterior muscles work in tandem to coordinate rotation and movement of the scapula to accommodate the full range of motion of the arm. Specifically, they facilitate abduction of the arm from 90 degrees and further upwards.
What muscle can raise and adduct scapula?
Functionally, the latissimus dorsi muscle belongs to the muscles of the scapular motion. This muscle is able to pull the inferior angle of the scapula in various directions, producing movements on the shoulder joint (internal rotation, adduction and extension of the arm).
What muscle elevates and adducts scapula?
The levator scapulae muscle originates on the anterior aspect of the scapula and inserts into the upper cervical vertebrae and the mastoid process. It travels beneath the upper fibers of the trapezius. This muscle acts to elevate the scapula and tilt the head toward the same side.
What muscles cause scapular adduction and downward rotation?
When the arm is fully abducted, downward rotation of the scapula (or glenoid fossa) occurs first in adduction of the arm. Muscles: pectoralis minor and major (through humerus), subclavius, and latissimus dorsi (through the humerus).
Author
Mollie is a Study Assistance Consultant at the American Council on Exercise who holds a BS in Psychology. She is an ACE Certified Personal Trainer, Medical Exercise Specialist, Group Fitness Instructor, Health Coach, Sports Conditioning Specialist, Behavior Change Specialist and has her CSCS through the NSCA.
Mollie Martin
Mollie is a Study Assistance Consultant at the American Council on Exercise who holds a BS in Psychology. She is an ACE Certified Personal Trainer, Medical Exercise Specialist, Group Fitness Instructor, Health Coach, Sports Conditioning Specialist, Behavior Change Specialist and has her CSCS through the NSCA.
How to tell if your scapula is scapular dyskinesis?
The most common symptoms of scapular dyskinesis include: Pain and/or tenderness around the scapula, especially on the top and medial (inner) border. Weakness in the affected arm—your arm may feel "tired" or "dead" when you try to use it vigorously. Fatigue with repetitive activities, especially overhead movements.
What is SAT test?
Scapular Assistance Test (SAT). In this test, the doctor will apply gentle pressure to your scapula to assist it upward as you elevate your arm. If your symptoms are relieved and the arc of motion is increased, it is an indication that your muscles are not strong enough to raise your arm.
How to treat scapular scapula?
Treatment for scapular disorders usually involves physical therapy designed to strengthen the muscles in the shoulder and restore the proper position and motion of the scapula.
Why does the scapula move?
As you move your arm around your body, your scapula must also move to maintain the ball and socket in normal alignment.
Why is it so hard to move your arm?
The bone is surrounded and supported by a complex system of muscles that work together to help you move your arm. If an injury or condition causes these muscles to become weak or imbalanced, it can alter the position of the scapula at rest or in motion. An alteration in scapular positioning or motion can make it difficult to move your arm, ...
What muscle tests are performed on the shoulder?
Manual muscle testing. Your doctor will perform strength testing of your shoulder and scapular muscles to determine if muscle weakness is contributing to the abnormal scapular motion.
What is the scapula?
Scapular (Shoulder Blade) Disorders. The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a large triangular-shaped bone that lies in the upper back. The bone is surrounded and supported by a complex system of muscles that work together to help you move your arm. If an injury or condition causes these muscles to become weak or imbalanced, ...
What are the different types of motions of the scapula?
It engages in 6 types of motion, which allow for full-functional upper extremity movement including protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation, and downward rotation . Protraction is accomplished by the actions of the serratus anterior, pectoralis major, and pectoralis minor muscles. Retraction is accomplished by the actions of the trapezius, rhomboids, and latissimus dorsi muscles. The elevation is accomplished by the trapezius, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles. Depression is accomplished through the force of gravity and the actions of the latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, pectoralis major and minor, and the trapezius muscles. Upward rotation is accomplished by the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. Downward rotation is accomplished by the force of gravity as well as the latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids, and the pectoralis major and minor muscles. Through these six motions, the scapula allows full function of the shoulder joint, one of the most mobile and versatile joints in the human body. One example of the importance of scapular motion for the full range of motion of the upper extremity is that of the winged scapula (See Clinical Significance), in which paralysis of the serratus anterior or trapezius prohibits the raising of the upper extremity above the level of the shoulder.
What is the scapular blood supply?
The scapular blood supply is complex due to its position and role as a critical component of the shoulder joint and the necessity for adaptability. It is largely fed by an anastomosis between the axillary artery and subclavian artery known as the scapular anastomosis. Contributory arteries to this anastomosis are the dorsal scapular artery, the suprascapular artery, the deep scapular artery, the circumflex scapular branch of the subscapular artery, and the medial anastomoses with the intercostal arteries. The scapular anastomosis allows for collateral blood flow when lying supine and when using the shoulder in its multitude of positions.
What muscles attach to the surface of the bone?
The intrinsic muscles of the scapula attach directly to the surface of the bone. These muscles are the four members of the rotator cuff and act to stabilize the glenohumeral joint. These include:
What nerves are in the scapula?
The nerves to the scapula include the dorsal scapular, upper and lower subscapular, and suprascapular nerves, which arise from the brachial plexus at the anterior ramus C5 root, the posterior cord, and the superior trunk respectively. See "Muscles" section below for more details regarding specific muscle innervations.
What degree does the upper scapula rotate?
Upper fibers elevate the scapula and rotate it during abduction of the arm (90 to 180 degrees)
What is the function of the Lateral Rotation of the Arm?
Function: Lateral rotation of the arm, stabilize glenohumeral joint
When does the scapula develop?
The scapula begins osteogenic development via endochondral ossification in week 11 of human embryogenesis. This occurs shortly after week 10 of humerus development, during which it will form the glenohumeral joint.
What is the term for the movement of the scapula away from the spinal column?
3. Scapular Abduction – also called scapular flexion or protraction. A movement where the scapula moves laterally away from the spinal column.
How do the glenohumeral joints and the shoulder girdle work together?
The glenohumeral joints/shoulder joints and the shoulder girdle work together in carrying out upper extremity activities. The shoulder girdle muscles: – Stabilize the scapula so the shoulder joint will have a stable base from which to move the humerus. – Contract to maintain the scapula in a relatively static position during shoulder joint actions.
What is the movement of the arm away from the midsagittal plane of the trunk?
3. Abduction – A movement of the arm away from the midsagittal plane of the trunk. This movement involves both glenohumeral joint motion and movement of the shoulder girdle.
What is the girdle of the shoulder?
The shoulder girdle, also called the pectoral girdle, is formed by two sets of bones: The girdle functions as the anchor that attaches the upper extremities to the axial skeleton. The glenohumeral joints/shoulder joints and the shoulder girdle work together in carrying out upper extremity activities.
What is the scapula humeral rhythm?
Scapulohumeral Rhythm. Scapulohumeral rhythm (also referred to as glenohumeral rhythm) is the kinematic interaction between the scapula and the humerus. This interaction is important for the optimal function of the shoulder. Both joints work in synergy to accomplish the desired action of the entire upper extremity.
What are the movements of the shoulder?
Movements of the shoulderWord. 1. Forward Flexion – The anterior movement of the humerus or upper arm at the glenohumeral joint. 2. Extension – A posterior movement of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. 3. Abduction– A movement of the arm away from the midsagittal plane of the trunk.
What is the term for the movement of the hand around the humerus?
5. External Rotation – also called lateral or outward rotation. A movement around the long axis of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint . When the elbow joint is flexed to 90’ external rotation would cause the hand to move laterally or away from the midsagittal plane of the body. 6.
What is a cross arm test?
Shoulder Adduction Test. The Cross-Arm Test is a Shoulder Adduction Test that can determine if there is dysfunction in the Acromioclavicular Joint. Have the patient raise the affected arm to 90 degrees in front of the body. Then have them adduct the arm across the body. If there is pain, this means it is a positive test.
What is the Apley scratch test?
The Apley Scratch Test will test the range of motion of the shoulder during adduction and external rotation. Have the patient sit upright and place the arm behind the back with their palm facing outwards. They will be aiming the place the back of the palm against the opposite scapula.
How to stretch the shoulder muscles?
Simply raise the arm to 90 degrees of flexion, and then adduct the arm across the body. You may use the free arm to pull the elbow of the active arm closer to the torso to increase the intensity of the stretch.
What is shoulder pain with internal rotation?
If you are experiencing Shoulder Pain with Adduction and Internal Rotation, you may have Subacromial Impingement or Rotator Cuff Tendonitis. You doctor will be able to administer the appropriate test depending on your symptoms to reach a diagnosis.
What is shoulder adduction?
Shoulder Adduction is when the arm is moving towards the middle of the body. Shoulder Adduction is the opposite of Shoulder Abduction. An easy way to remember the difference between Shoulder Adduction and Shoulder Abduction is that in Shoulder Adduction, you are adding in the arm to the body (bringing the arm towards the body).
What is an example of adduction of the shoulder?
Adduction of Shoulder. An example of Adduction of the Shoulder is if you were to hug yourself. In this example, your arms are coming closer to the middle of the body, which means that you are performing Adduction of the Shoulders.
What is the normal range of motion for shoulder adduction?
Normal range of motion for Shoulder Adduction is generally 30-50 degrees. This range will vary from person to person depending on their muscular build and limb length.
