What is exact replication in biology?
EXACT REPLICATION. Repeating an experiment where the goal is to have the conditions as close to the original conditions as possible. EXACT REPLICATION: "The team used exact replication in doing their experiment again.".
Is replication of initial results necessary?
The need for replication of initial results has been rediscovered only recently in many fields of research. In preclinical biomedical research, it is common practice to conduct exact replications with the same sample sizes as those used in the initial experiments.
What is an example of replication in psychology?
For example, imagine that health psychologists perform an experiment showing that hypnosis can be effective in helping middle-aged smokers kick their nicotine habit. Other researchers might want to replicate the same study with younger smokers to see if they reach the same result. Why Is Replication so Important in Psychology?
What are strict replications and why do they matter?
Largely unappreciated, however, are the potentially low replication rates of exact replications (also called “strict replications”) within laboratories, in which experiments are repeated with new samples with the same protocols and sample sizes.
What does exact replication mean?
Repeating an experiment where the goal is to have the conditions as close to the original conditions as possible. EXACT REPLICATION: "The team used exact replication in doing their experiment again."
What are the two types of replications?
At least two key types of replication exist: direct and conceptual. Conceptual replication generally refers to cases where researchers 'tweak' the methods of previous studies [43] and when successful, may be informative with regard to the boundaries and possible moderators of an effect.
What is a replication example?
Replication can mean many things Replicating the measurements taken on a set of samples. Examples include taking two blood pressure readings on each person or dividing a blood sample into two aliquots and measuring the concentration of a substance in each aliquot.
What does replication mean in psychology?
n. the repetition of an original experiment or research study to verify or bolster confidence in its results. In exact replication (or literal replication), a researcher uses procedures that are identical to the original experiment or duplicated as closely as possible.
What is the difference between exact replication and conceptual replication?
Exact replications tell us whether the original findings are true, at least under the exact conditions tested. Conceptual replications help confirm whether the theoretical idea behind the findings is true, and under what conditions these findings will occur.
What is replication and explain its types?
Types of Replication: Snapshot replication sends the entire data set to the subscriber. Transactional replication only sends modifications to the data. Merge replication items are modified at both the publisher and subscribers. Heterogeneous replication allows access to other database products.
Why is replication important?
Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. The replication process relies on the fact that each strand of DNA can serve as a template for duplication.
Where does replication occur?
DNA replication occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, such as plant cells and animal cells. Eukaryotic cells contain their DNA in the nucleus, and thus this is where DNA replication occurs.
What are the three steps of replication?
Because eukaryotic genomes are quite complex, DNA replication is a very complicated process that involves several enzymes and other proteins. It occurs in three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
What are the types of replication in research?
There are two types of replication Blomquist1986: literal and construct. In a literal replication, the researcher uses the same measures with the same type of subjects, and controls the same conditions. The original study is replicated as exactly as possible.
How do you write a replication study in psychology?
How to conduct a replication study in psychologyReview the original hypothesis and experiment conditions. ... Review related publications. ... Conduct the experiment to test the hypothesis. ... Analyze data and retest if necessary. ... Confirm replication and communicate results.
How do you write a replication study?
– Introduction: quickly establish the problem and its importance to the field – Materials and Methods: in this section you need to describe the data and methods you used. – Results: the core results of the paper. – Discussion: usually the last page, discuss the implications/limitations of the paper.
What are the types of DNA replication?
There were three models suggested for DNA replication: conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive. The conservative method of replication suggests that parental DNA remains together and newly-formed daughter strands are also together.
What are the replicates in an experiment?
What is a replicate? Replicates are multiple experimental runs with the same factor settings (levels). Replicates are subject to the same sources of variability, independently of each other. You can replicate combinations of factor levels, groups of factor level combinations, or entire designs.
How many replications does an experiment have?
3 replicatesNormally we design experiment with 3 replicates, each replicate has like 10 samples/treatment (so total number of samples n = 30/treatment). Then we average the results of these 10 samples to get 1 number/replicate and use these 3 numbers/treatment to performing statistical analysis.
What is DNA replication called?
Each DNA molecule contains one strand of the original DNA molecule and one newly synthesized (made) strand. Therefore, DNA replication is called semiconservative.
What Does Replication Mean?
Replication is the continuous copying of data changes from one database (publisher) to another database (subscriber). The two databases are generally located on a different physical servers, resulting in a load balancing framework by distributing assorted database queries and providing failover capability. The server for the subscriber database may be configured as a backup in the event of failure of the server for the publisher database.
How many replication methods are there?
There are three different replication methods: Snapshot Replication: Data is copied from the publisher to the subscribers. Note: Subscriber changes must come from the publisher. Thus, only the subscriber may be queried; but its data cannot be edited by users. Merge Replication: Data is combined from two or more databases into one super master ...
What is merge replication?
Merge Replication: Data is combined from two or more databases into one super master database, which is trickier to implement than snapshot replication.
Do you need to connect to a primary database after data is distributed?
After data is distributed between two or more servers, querying users are not required to connect to a primary database. If replication is set up designating the primary database as the publisher, some queries can be redirected to the subscriber.
How does DNA replication work?
And we start out from a single cell and we end up with trillions of cells. And during that process of cell division, all of the information in a cell has to be copied, and it has to be copied perfectly. And so DNA is a molecule that can be replicated to make almost perfect copies of itself. Which is all the more amazing considering that there are almost three billion base pairs of DNA to be copied. And replication uses DNA polymerases which are molecules specifically dedicated to just copying DNA. Replicating all of the DNA in a single human cell takes several hours of just pure copying time. At the end of this process, once the DNA is all replicated, the cell actually has twice the amount of DNA that it needs, and the cell can then divide and parcel this DNA into the daughter cell, so that the daughter cell and the parental cell in many case are absolutely genetically identical.
What is the process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated?
DNA Replication . DNA replication is the process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated.
What happens to DNA at the end of the process?
At the end of this process, once the DNA is all replicated, the cell actually has twice the amount of DNA that it needs, and the cell can then divide and parcel this DNA into the daughter cell, so that the daughter cell and the parental cell in many case are absolutely genetically identical. Lawrence C. Brody, Ph.D.
Can DNA be replicated?
And so DNA is a molecule that can be replicated to make almost perfect copies of itself. Which is all the more amazing considering that there are almost three billion base pairs of DNA to be copied. And replication uses DNA polymerases which are molecules specifically dedicated to just copying DNA.
Why Is Replication so Important in Psychology?
When studies are replicated and achieve the same or similar results as the original study, it gives greater validity to the findings. If a researcher can replicate a study’s results, it means that it is more likely that those results can be generalized to the larger population.
How Do Scientists Replicate an Experiment?
When conducting a study or experiment, it is essential to have clearly defined operational definitions. In other words, what is the study attempting to measure?
Are the Results of Psychology Experiments Hard to Replicate?
In 2015, a group of 271 researchers published the results of their five-year effort to replicate 100 different experimental studies previously published in three top psychology journals. 2 The replicators worked closely with the original researchers of each study in order to replicate the experiments as closely as possible.
Why should replications be included in original research?
The Nobel Prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman has suggested that because published studies are often too vague in describing methods used, replications should involve the authors of the original studies in order to more carefully mirror the methods and procedures used in the original research . 3 In fact, one investigation has found that when original researchers are involved, replication rates are much higher. 1
What does it mean when a researcher can replicate a study?
If a researcher can replicate a study’s results, it means that it is more likely that those results can be generalized to the larger population.
What is the term for the repetition of a research study?
Replication is a term referring to the repetition of a research study, generally with different situations and different subjects, to determine if the basic findings of the original study can be applied to other participants and circumstances. 1
Why are psychology results so difficult to replicate?
So why are psychology results so difficult to replicate? Writing for The Guardian, John Ioannidis suggested that there are a number of reasons why this might happen, including competition for research funds and the powerful pressure to obtain significant results. There is little incentive to retest, so many results obtained purely by chance are simply accepted without further research or scrutiny.
Abstract
What does it mean to replicate an experiment? A distinction is often drawn between ‘exact’ (or ‘direct’) and ‘conceptual’ replication.
Introduction
It has recently become a pressing concern that many verified scientific, experimental results fail to replicate. But what does it mean to replicate an experiment? A distinction is often drawn between ‘exact’ (or ‘direct’) and ‘conceptual’ replication.
Exact versus Conceptual Replication
A scientist runs an experiment and generates a result R. Was R just a fluke or was it an inevitable result of experimental design? To determine this, the scientist runs the experiment again, keeping everything the same as far as possible. Loosely speaking, this is what is called an ‘exact replication’.
Feest versus Exact and Conceptual Replication
Feest’s definition of conceptual replication follows closely along the lines of our preliminary definition above. For her, “conceptual replications try to operationalize the same question or concept/effect in a different way” (898), whereas exact, or direct replications duplicate an experiment using the same operationalizations.
Machery versus Conceptual Replication
Machery ( 2020) defends what he calls the Resampling Account of replication according to which “a replication is an experiment that resamples the experimental components of an experiment that are treated as random factors”, where an ‘experimental component’ of an experiment is any “aspect of an experiment that can be independently modified” (557).
Conclusion
Replicating experimental work is of fundamental importance to science since scientific progress requires a stable empirical subject matter. This is why the reproducibility crisis has become so important to those who believe in the value of science.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks two anonymous referees for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper.
