Cultures are groups of people who share a common set of values and beliefs. They may also share cultural elements like languages, festivals, rituals and ceremonies, pastimes, food, and architecture. Examples of cultures include western culture, youth culture, counterculture, and high culture.
What would cloture be used for?
Cloture or closure is a concept in parliamentary procedure, which is the backbone of government in many nations of the world. If a motion for cloture passes, debate on the topic at hand must end, and a vote is taken immediately. The concept can be used to defeat filibusters, and it is also used to move voting along, or to avoid the introduction ...
How to use "cloture" in a sentence?
cloture in a sentence The bill failed to pass a cloture vote, essentially killing it. At the vote for cloture on the filibuster against the Civil Rights Act, Dirksen had this to say :"Victor Hugo wrote in his diary substantially this sentiment, 'Stronger than all the armies is an idea whose time has come.'
What is an example of cloture rule?
In most parliamentary bodies a cloture motion is not debatable, is not subject to amendment, and requires more than a simple majority vote. For example, in the United States Senate a three-fifths vote is necessary, which then limits debate to an additional 30 hours.
What does the concept cloture refer to?
The concept of cloture refers to a. a method used to defeat legislation in Congress. b. a process that attempts to limit debate on a bill in the Senate. c. closed meetings held by both parties to elect their leadership or resolve other important issues. d. action taken by the House Rules Committee that must be approved by the Speaker.
What is a cloture in simple terms?
Cloture is a Senate procedure that limits further consideration of a pending proposal to thirty hours in order to end a filibuster. Senate Action of Cloture Motions, 1917-Present.
What is a cloture and what is its purpose?
Cloture is the means by which the Senate limits debate on a measure or matter.
When has cloture been used?
This was successfully invoked for the first time on 15 November 1919, during the 66th Congress, to end a filibuster on the Treaty of Versailles. The Senate's rules originally required a supermajority of two-thirds of all senators present and voting to invoke cloture.
What is the rule of cloture?
On March 8, 1917, in a specially called session of the 65th Congress, the Senate agreed to a rule that essentially preserved its tradition of unlimited debate. The rule required a two-thirds majority to end debate and permitted each member to speak for an additional hour after that before voting on final passage.
What does it mean to vote on cloture?
In 1917, in response to pressure from President Woodrow Wilson and the crisis of the First World War, the Senate adopted a new rule establishing a procedure known as “cloture.” This allowed the Senate to end debate with a two-thirds vote of those duly chosen and sworn (67 votes in a 100-member Senate).
What is the difference between a filibuster and cloture?
That year, the Senate adopted a rule to allow a two-thirds majority to end a filibuster, a procedure known as "cloture." In 1975 the Senate reduced the number of votes required for cloture from two-thirds of senators voting to three-fifths of all senators duly chosen and sworn, or 60 of the 100-member Senate.
What happens if cloture vote fails?
If a cloture vote fails, debate on the bill ends for the day. When the bill comes back up for consideration, two additional hours of debate must occur before another cloture motion can be considered.
What is the purpose of cloture quizlet?
Cloture is used in the Senate to cut off filibusters. Under the current Senate rules, three-fifths of senators, or sixty, must vote for cloture to halt a filibuster except on presidential nominations to offices other than Supreme Court Justice.
What is a cloture quizlet?
cloture. (in a legislative assembly) a procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote. cloture rule. the only formal procedure that Senate rules provide for breaking a filibuster. Under cloture, the Senate may limit consideration of a pending matter to 30 additional hours of debate.
What is subculture in culture?
A subculture is a culture that has emerged within a dominant culture.
What is the most well known subculture of the 20th century?
Punk culture is one of the most well-known subcultures of the 20th Century. Today, it is very much a small and shrinking underground cultural grouping that has been overcome by other music-oriented subcultures.
What is dominant culture?
A dominant culture is the cultural ground and values that are the most prominent within a society.
What is traditional culture?
We explain a traditional culture as the one that has been the longstanding dominant way of life in previous years. It’s also often a more conservative cultural orientation.
How do young people feel connected to their culture?
As young people all across a culture are feeling connected by their shared set of new values (that build upon the values of their parents, they’re widely changing the dominant culture. As they grow older, their ways of speaking and music interests can be absorbed into the dominant culture.
What are the elements of a culture?
They may also share cultural elements like languages, festivals, rituals and ceremonies, pastimes, food, and architecture.
What is low culture?
Low culture is the cultural beliefs and activities practiced by the masses. These can include enjoying gossip magazines, pop music, reality television, and even participating in the 40-hour work week.
What is cloture in politics?
Cloture is a procedure used occasionally in the U.S. Senate to break a filibuster.
Why was the Cloture Rule adopted?
The cloture rule was adopted at a time when deliberations in the Senate had ground to a halt, frustrating President Wilson during a time of war. At the end of the session in 1917, lawmakers filibustered for 23 days against Wilson's proposal to arm merchant ships, according to the Senate Historian's office.
How many times was cloture invoked?
Despite Wilson's influence in instituting the rule, cloture was invoked only five times over the course of the following four and a half decades.
What is a cloture in the Senate?
Updated May 08, 2019. Cloture is a procedure used occasionally in the U.S. Senate to break a filibuster. Cloture, or Rule 22, is the only formal procedure in Senate parliamentary rules, in fact, that can force an end to the stalling tactic. It allows the Senate to limit consideration of a pending matter to 30 additional hours of debate.
How many members of the Senate must sign a cloture motion?
To being the cloture process, at least 16 members of the Senate must sign a cloture motion or petition that states: "We, the undersigned Senators, in accordance with the provisions of Rule XXII of the Standing Rules of the Senate, hereby move to bring to a close the debate upon (the matter in question).".
How many votes did the Senate need to invoke the Cloture?
Cloture Majority. The majority needed to invoke cloture in the Senate remained two-thirds, or 67 votes, of the 100-member body from the rule's adoption in 1917 until 1975, when the number of votes needed was reduced to just 60.
When was cloture used?
Cloture was rarely invoked in the early 1900s and mid-1900s. The rule was used only four times, in fact, between 1917 and 1960. Cloture became more common only in the late 1970s, according to records kept by the Senate.
What is a cloture?
Legal Definition of cloture. : the closing or limitation of debate in a legislative body especially by calling for a vote.
What does "cloture" mean in the legislative process?
Definition of cloture. (Entry 1 of 2) : the closing or limitation of debate in a legislative body especially by calling for a vote.
What is a lexical scoping function?
The word lexical refers to the fact that lexical scoping uses the location where a variable is declared within the source code to determine where that variable is available. Nested functions have access to variables declared in their outer scope.
Why do JavaScript functions have closures?
The reason is that functions in JavaScript form closures. A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment within which that function was declared. This environment consists of any local variables that were in-scope at the time the closure was created. In this case, myFunc is a reference to the instance of the function displayName that is created when makeFunc is run. The instance of displayName maintains a reference to its lexical environment, within which the variable name exists. For this reason, when myFunc is invoked, the variable name remains available for use, and "Mozilla" is passed to alert.
What is the difference between init and displayName?
What's different (and interesting) is that the displayName () inner function is returned from the outer function before being executed.
What is the name of the function in init?
init () creates a local variable called name and a function called displayName (). The displayName () function is an inner function that is defined inside init () and is available only within the body of the init () function. Note that the displayName () function has no local variables of its own. However, since inner functions have access to the variables of outer functions, displayName () can access the variable name declared in the parent function, init ().
Why are closures useful?
Closures are useful because they let you associate data (the lexical environment) with a function that operates on that data. This has obvious parallels to object-oriented programming, where objects allow you to associate data (the object's properties) with one or more methods.
Why is onfocus called closures?
This is because the variable item is declared with var and thus has function scope due to hoisting. The value of item.help is determined when the onfocus callbacks are executed. Because the loop has already run its course by that time, the item variable object (shared by all three closures) has been left pointing to the last entry in the helpText list.
Why is JavaScript not a closure?
However, because the code still works as expected, this is obviously not the case in JavaScript. The reason is that functions in JavaScript form closures. A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment within which that function was declared.
Why did the Senate pass the filibuster rule?
Senate filibusters came into existence for a very good reason: they were essentially used as a guarantee that the minority voice would be given the opportunity for their side to be heard before the Senate ultimately reached a decision on an important issue.
What is a filibuster in the Senate?
A filibuster is an action that a member of the senate can take, normally consisting of a speech that goes on for several hours, or another delaying tactic, with the intention of obstructing a bill or law that is up for a hearing. Filibusters act as legislative roadblocks that make it more difficult for a bill or law to be heard, ...
Why did the Senate create the filibuster?
The filibuster was unwittingly created in 1789 during a revamping of the Senate’s rules at former Vice President Aaron Burr’s suggestion, which removed a provision allowing any member to call for a vote, thus ending the debate. Because the Senate never actually specified in the new rules another way to end a debate, the filibuster emerged as a way to delay and/or block Senate votes. It was not until 1837, however, that a senator took advantage of the oversight, and engaged in the first filibuster. From that time, filibusters have been used throughout history, albeit sparingly.
What is a filibuster?
Filibuster. July 27, 2016 by: Content Team. A filibuster is an action that a senator or a group of senators can take to block or delay passage of a bill or law. Such a bill or law is typically favored by the majority and is one that it is expected will pass. The most common filibuster tactic is a significantly long speech ...
Why are filibusters allowed in the Senate?
Filibusters fall within the Senate’s rules because the Senate’s policy is such that its members have the right to speak on any issue for as long as they feel is necessary, without interruption. As a result, there is no time limit on how long a member of the Senate can speak, and no one is permitted to interrupt that senator when he or she has the floor.
How long did the Board of Education filibuster last?
Senator Rand Paul from Kentucky set a more recent record in filibuster history when he engaged in a filibuster on March 6 and 7, 2013 that lasted a total of 12 hours and 52 minutes.
When did the Senate change the rules on filibuster?
Interestingly, the Senate revised the filibuster rules in 1975 in such a way that it actually made it easier for senators to filibuster. Simply, they could conduct other matters of business while a filibuster was technically still going on, so a senator did not have to focus solely on delivering a daylong speech; they could be getting other things done while they continued to run the debate. This loophole is known as the “virtual filibuster.”
Youth Culture
Traditional Culture
- We explain a traditional cultureas the one that has been the longstanding dominant way of life in previous years. It’s also often a more conservative cultural orientation. For example, before globalization, cultures were much more defined within geographical areas. Traditional ways of living might have been oriented around cooking over open fires, ...
Media Culture
- In the 20thCentury, mass media has taken over the western world and beyond. Mass media transmitted images to the masses, promoted nationalist identities, and often concentrated the power of the elite to transmit their narratives to the masses. In cultural studies, we use the term ‘media culture’ to refer to how mass media changed the western world. In the mid 20thCentury i…
Internet Culture
- Internet culture grew with the rise of the internet in the late 1990s and still heavily influences the world today. We use this term to refer to the ways the internet has changed how people interact and relate to one another. Social media, for example, allows us to be ‘publishers’, sharing our beliefs with others. It’s led to the rise of conspiracy theories and misinformation but has also all…
Western Culture
- The Western world is generally believed to be based on a mix of European enlightenment values and Christianity. It had spread to new world nations such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. Western values were central in promoting concepts like individual liberty, democracy, secularism, and feminism. However, they also have a dark history, used to justify slavery in the U…
Dominant Culture
- A dominant culture is the cultural ground and values that are the most prominent within a society. In nations like the United States, the dominant culture remains western culture, but as a multicultural nation, there are many other cultures that exist within the society, such as Mexican-American, African-American and Irish-American cultures. In sociology and cultural studies, the d…
Subculture
- A subculture is a culture that has emerged within a dominant culture. There are many, many subcultures, and we outline examples of subculturesin a dedicated article. Some of them include the hippies, hipsters, graffiti artists, and punks. They often only emerge for a few short years before disappearing, but sometimes become so popular that they take over and become the do…
Counterculture
- A countercultureis a subculture that is in defiant opposition to the dominant culture. While subcultures are often embraced or at least tolerated by the dominant culture (and they may even share a common set of values), countercultures are oppositional. The anti-globalization movement of the late 1990s was a very prominent counterculture. They gave rise to substantial …
Islamic Culture
- Islam is one of the world’s great religions and has a very long, rich cultural history. Islam brought us coffee, universities, surgery, and algebra. But it also has very popular music and dress, two elements of culture that can help define an in-group identity. Today, Islamic culture remains very popular in parts of Asia and the Arabian peninsula. Related: In-Group and Out-Group Examples
Italian-American Culture
- Italian-American culture is a subculture of the United States that is popular around Boston, Chicago, New York, and other Eastern American cities. This subculture emerged during mass immigration to the USA by Italian people in the 19thCentury. It was also influential in bootlegging and other criminal activities during the prohibition era. Today, Italian-American culture is celebra…