Urban growth models
- Central business district
- Wholesale and light manufacturing
- Low-class residential
- Medium-class residential
- High-class residential
- Heavy manufacturing
- Outlying business district
- Residential suburb
- Industrial suburb
- Commuter zone. Of course no city perfectly fits these models. ...
What are the theories of urban growth?
What are cities like in the US?
- Raleigh, NC New Orleans, LA
- Las Vegas, NV Youngstown, OH
- Provo, UT Cleveland, OH
- Cape Coral—Ft. Myers, FL Detroit, MI
- Greeley, CO Flint, MI. As cities expand, what happens in areas in between cities? Edge cities have appeared. ...
How to build a growth model?
How to Build a Growth Model. One of the first things a Growth PM should set up is a Growth Model. A Growth Model is a representation of the growth mechanics and growth plan for your product: a model in a spreadsheet that captures how your product acquires and retains users and the dynamics between different channels and platforms.
What are urban land use models?
Urban Land Use Models
- a. Early models. Von Thunen’s regional land use model is the oldest representation based on a central place, the market town, and its concentric impacts on surrounding agricultural land use.
- b. Concentric urban land uses. ...
- c. Polycentric and zonal land uses. ...
- d. Hybrid land uses. ...
- e. Land use market. ...
What are the major urban ecology models?
Ways to improve urban ecology: civil engineering and sustainability
- Need for remediation. Urbanization has indeed had a profound effect on the environment, on both local and global scales. ...
- Species reintroduction. ...
- Sustainability. ...
- Urban green space. ...
- Indigenous Knowledge. ...
What is the meaning of urban growth?
Urban growth is an increase in the absolute size of an urban population. This could be at the level of an individual settlement or a collection of settlements (e.g. at the national level). Urban growth and urbanisation often occur together, but not always.
What are the 3 models of urban development?
Through the years ecological researchers have identified three major models of the geometry of city form: concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei.
What is the urbanization model?
The cyclical urbanization model is a theoretical approach that has been used to describe previous and future stages of development in European urban areas. In this article the structural approach of the model is analysed.
How would you describe an urban model?
Urban models are abstractions of reality that attempt to explain and predict urban spatial patterns and the functions of cities in a simplified manner.
What are the different types of urban models?
To understand the way that urban areas, like Sally's city, are arranged, let's look at three popular models of urban structures: the concentric zone model, the sector model, and the multiple nuclei model.
What is the purpose of urban models?
Urban models are computer-based simulations used for testing theories about spatial location and interaction between land uses and related activities. They also provide digital environments for testing the consequences of physical planning policies on the future form of cities.
What are the 7 urban models?
The hierarchy of cities from smallest to largest is hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis, and megalopolis. The largest metropolis in the United States is New York City with over 18 million people in the metropolitan area.
What is the urban realms model?
The Urban Realms Model "shows the spatial components of a modern metropolis". Each realm is separate and is used for its own purpose, but all the realms are linked together to form one large city. Each realm is its own smaller city, but form one large metropolis when linked together.
What is an example of a sector model city?
The sector model of a city was based on Chicago; the higher income residential was built along the desirable Lake Michigan and north of the CBD. Chicago closely implementing the Sector Model.
What are the 8 urban models?
Terms in this set (8)Concentric Zone Model. Created by Ernest W. ... Sector Model. ... Multiple Nuclei Model. ... Urban Realms Model. ... Galactic City Model. ... Latin American Model. ... Southeastern Asia Model. ... Sub-Saharan African City Model.
What is CBD in geography?
The central business district (CBD) is that part of the city which contains the principal commercial streets and main public buildings. From: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009.
What urban model is Barcelona?
The urban land use model of Barcelona (below) is a composite of Burgess and Hoyt.
What is an urban growth model?
An urban growth model is a particular type of numeric model that involves economics, geography, sociology and statistics to explore the mechanisms of urban evolution and feedback of the urban system. An extensive range of activities (or contents) are related to urban models, including land use, housing, population, travel, networks, transport, employment, and workplaces. [18]. For interdisciplinary urban studies and complicated urban systems, an urban model cannot comprehensively mimic all urban activities (or contents) [35]. However, they can be separately investigated and then coupled into a systematic model. Therefore, many different urban growth models have been developed based on certain urban theories during their long history of evolution since the 1950s [33]. Using a literature review, we summarized three typical groups of urban growth models, namely, LUT models, ABMs and CA-based models. Many detailed models have been developed to serve different purposes (or functions). In general, the evolution of urban growth models can be summarized as shown in Fig. 1. Two paths of model evolution exist. The first path extends from the macro scale to the micro scale, which considers details of heterogeneity and local interactions. The second path extends from static evolution to dynamic evolution, which relates to the time steps of modelling. These two aspects correspond to the spatial and temporal dimensions, respectively.
What is the model unit of a CA model?
Gradually, parcels or Voronoi-based polygons were also employed 132., 133.. The model unit is a reflection of spatial scale. Actual urban expansion occurs at the parcel (or patch) level when viewed at fine (i.e., 30 m or better) resolutions, whereas it should be treated as cell-based when a coarser resolution is employed. However, this spatial scale effect is rarely considered, particularly when addressing the growth mechanism in CA-based models.
What is the general equilibrium theory?
(1)#N#Gravity theory: the intensity of spatial interaction between two entities is reversely related to their distance [43].#N#(2)#N#Maximum entropy theory: the assumption of the probability distribution of individual choices should obey the maximum entropy rule [44].#N#(3)#N#General equilibrium theory: assuming that a market is entirely competitive, an equilibrium exists in which all consumers and producers achieve maximum utilities with self-adjusted prices, whereas the market is balanced in terms of supply and demand [46].#N#(4)#N#Input-output: mathematical description of the balance of supply and demand among multiple sectors over a specific time period [37].#N#(5)#N#Discrete choice model: individual behaviors (or decisions) is influenced by observable (or determined) and unobservable (or stochastic) terms [60].
What is new urbanism?
New Urbanism: New Urbanism is an urban design movement that promotes walkable neighborhoods that contain a range of housing and job types. Cities are dynamic places—they grow, shrink, and change. Sociologists have developed different theories for thinking about how urban populations change.
What is the growth machine theory?
The growth machine theory of urban growth says urban growth is driven by a coalition of interest groups who all benefit from continuous growth and expansion. First articulated by Molotch in 1976, growth machine theory took the dominant convention of studying urban land use and turned it on its head.
What is urban sprawl?
Urban sprawl entails the growth of a city into low-density and auto-dependent rural land, high segregation of land use (e.g. , retail sections placed far from residential areas, often in large shopping malls or retail complexes), and design features that encourage car dependency.
What is the purpose of urban renewal?
Urban renewal attempts to counter urban decay and restore growth. The New Urbanism and smart growth movements both challenge the value of urban growth and expansion, and they try to improve urban life by keeping it on ...
Why is urban sprawl a consumer preference?
Some have suggested that urban sprawl is driven by consumer preference; people prefer to live in lower density, quieter, more private communities that they perceive as safer and more relaxed than urban neighborhoods. Such preferences echo a common strain of criticism of urban life, which tends to focus on urban decay.
Does urban sprawl include cars?
Urban sprawl tends to include low population density: single family homes on large lots instead of apartment buildings, single story or low-rise buildings instead of high-rises, extensive lawns and surface parking lots, and so on.
What is urban growth?
Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. Urban growth may lead to a rise in the economic development of a country. Urban growth is also referred to as the expansion of a metropolitan or suburban area into ...
How does urban growth affect the economy?
It can be considered as an indicator of the state of a country’s economic condition as the effect of urban growth directly impacts the country’s economic development. The more the metropolitan area grows, the more employment it generates, and in this way economic growth also takes place. Other challenges are the small growth ...
What is the level of urbanization?
The level of urbanization is considered as an index of economic development. Economic growth results in the shift in demand and therefore to a reallocation of resources –land, labor, and capital- out of agriculture into manufacturing and services.
How does tertiary activity contribute to city growth?
The growth of tertiary activities in a city contributes in a direct way to city growth. In every city, a part of the city tertiary activities are meant for its own population, but a second and perhaps more significant part exists for the benefits of the people in the city’s hinterland.
Why are non-farm goods cheaper in the urban sector?
These goods are not heavily land dependent. These are cheaper if produced in the urban sector because all provisions for providing these goods are available here.
What is economic development?
Economic development generally refers to the sustained, concerted actions of policymakers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area. Economic development can also be referred to as the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy.
Why is manufacturing cheaper?
Much of manufacturing is cheaper when produced on a large-scale because of the economies of scale. Also, there are ready availability of inputs like skilled labor, repair services etc. from which profit is earned by the producer. People like to live near places of work.
What are urban growth models?
In this paper, we provide a systematic review of urban growth models, including the evolution of urban models and associated theories and the common framework of different models and their applications. Three typical classes of urban growth models, namely, the land use/transportation model, the cellular automata (CA) model and the agent-based model, were introduced. Their relationships were explained, considering their modelling mechanisms, data requirements and application scales. Based on the extensively utilized urban CA models, we proposed four perspectives for improvements, including the adjustment of the basic spatial unit, the incorporation of temporal contexts, public platforms to support model comparison, and scenario analyses. New opportunities (e.g., open social data and integrated assessment models) have emerged to assist model development and application.
What is urban agglomeration?
Urban agglomeration is an important spatial organization mode in China’s attempts to attain an advanced (mature) stage of urbanization, and to understand its consequences, accurate simulation scenarios are needed. Compared to traditional urban growth simulations, which operate on the scale of a single city, urban agglomeration considers interactions among multiple cities. In this study, we combined a spatial Markov chain (SMC) (a quantitative composition module) with geographically weighted regression-based cellular automata (GWRCA) (a spatial allocation module) to predict urban growth in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), an internationally important urban agglomeration in southern China. The SMC method improves on the traditional Markov chain technique by taking into account the interaction and influence between each city to predict growth quantitatively, whereas the geographically weighted regression (GWR) gives an empirical estimate of urban growth suitability based on geospatial differentiation on the scale of an urban agglomeration. Using the SMC model to forecast growth in the GBA in the year 2050, our results indicated that the rate of smaller cities will increase, while that of larger cities will slow down. The coastal belt in the core areas of the GBA as well as the region’s peripheral cities are most likely to be areas of development by 2050, while established cities such as Shenzhen and Dongguan will no longer experience rapid expansion. Compared with traditional simulation models, the SMC-GWRCA was able to consider spatiotemporal interactions among cities when forecasting changes to a large region like the GBA. This study put forward a development scenario for the GBA for 2050 on the scale of an urban agglomeration to provide a more credible scenario for spatial planning. It also provided evidence in support of using integrated SMC-GWRCA models, which, we maintain, offer a more efficient approach for simulating urban agglomeration development than do traditional methods.
What is the most likely area of development in 2050?
The coastal belt in the core areas of the GBA as well as the region’s peripheral cities are most likely to be areas of development by 2050, while established cities such as Shenzhen and Dongguan will no longer experience rapid expansion.
Abstract
Urban growth models have been developed and extensively adopted to study urban expansion and its impact on the ambient environment. These models can be employed in urban policymaking or analyses of development scenarios.
Introduction
As the most intensive place of human activities, urban areas have always been the center of research attention. In 2014, the global urban population exceeded the rural population (54 %) and is anticipated to reach 66 % by 2050 [ 1 ].
Evolution of urban growth models
Numeric models are mathematical abstractions of the real world that can replicate a previous (or current) status and predict future scenarios [ 37 ]. An urban growth model is a particular type of numeric model that involves economics, geography, sociology and statistics to explore the mechanisms of urban evolution and feedback of the urban system.
Typical groups of urban growth models
We summarized several main characteristics of three typical groups of urban models in Fig. 2. Due to different modeling targets, i.e., for particular socio-economic activities or spatially explicit land use, the elements involved in modeling, such as unit, theory, scale or input, are varying.
Analysis of urban models
The previously mentioned descriptions provide a brief introduction of typical groups of urban growth models. However, these models vary in terms of modeling mechanisms, data requirements and application scales. Therefore, we provide an analysis of these components.
Perspectives of urban CA-based models
The urban CA model, which is an extensively applied type of model among these three groups, can be flexibly applied at different scales without rigorous data requirements. These merits have potential in relevant studies of urban expansion, such as climate change, energy consumption, and carbon emissions.
Concluding remarks
During the past several decades, various urban growth models were developed and applied. A systematic retrospect of urban models is needed to clarify several fundamental issues of urban models and new directions for future development. In this paper, we briefly reviewed the evolution of urban growth models and associated urban theories.
What was Hoyt's model?
He suggested that the city grew in a series of sectors or 'wedges'. These would grow along traditional communication routes. The land-use within a sector would remain the same as like attracts like.
Is the division between land uses in both models clear cut?
Continue In addition, the division between land-uses in both models is far to clear-cut. Firstly, you would not suddenly walk from lower to middle to higher class housing. Also, all zones will have a mixture of land- uses.
What is futures model?
FUTURES is an open source urban growth model specifically designed to capture the spatial structure of development. Learn how you can use FUTURES in your own research.
What is CA modeling?
New work recently introduced a hybrid agent-based modeling (ABM) – cellular automata (CA) modeling approach that integrates an ABM with FUTURES. The approach was developed to analyze dynamic feedbacks between landowners’ decisions to sell their land to developers and patterns of landscape fragmentation (note that this experimental code is not integrated in the GRASS GIS implementation of FUTURES):
What is the urban land use model of Barcelona?
The urban land use model of Barcelona (below) is a composite of Burgess and Hoyt. Areas with generally lower class housing and socio-economic groups include the medieval Old Town and areas of the city that experienced significant growth during the Industrial Revolution and the chaotic unplanned development that followed.
What is the Hoyt model?
The Hoyt model (below) has land use concentrated in wedges or sectors radiating out from the city centre. For example, factories may be concentrated along a river, canal or road to form a zone of industry.
