What is bromide paper?
A print made using paper containing silver bromide that was sufficiently sensitive to light to be used for enlargements. Bromide papers came into general use around 1880 and became the most popular and widely used paper for black and white photography in the twentieth century. It is produced in a range of finishes: matt, glossy and semi-matt.
Can I print a negative on bromide paper?
It frequently happens that a negative may require more or less dodging in printing. With bromide paper this is particularly easy. We will take the simple case of a negative with dense sky which will not print out in the ordinary way.
Why do bromide prints tone better than other prints?
I cannot give the reason why, but, as a general rule, bromide prints tone better if the print has been dried after washing and rewet just before toning. There may be a chemical reason for this, but I am inclined to think that it is a physical one, viz.
How do you trim a bromide print?
If one is trying to rush through a bromide print, it can be trimmed while wet by placing it on a sheet of stiff paper and cutting through both.
What is bromide paper?
What is bromide paper? It is simply paper coated with gelatino-bromide of silver emulsion, similar to that which, when coated on glass or other transparent support, forms the familiar dry-plate or film used in negative-making. The emulsion used in making bromide paper, however, is less rapid (less sensitive) than that used in the manufacture of plates or films of ordinary rapidity; hence bromide paper may be manipulated with more abundant light than would be safe with plates. It is used for making prints by contact with a negative in the ordinary printing frame, and as the simplest means for obtaining enlarged prints from small negatives. Sometimes bromide paper is spoken of as a development paper, because the picture-image does not print out during exposure, but requires to be developed, as in negative-making. The preparation of the paper is beyond the skill and equipment of the average photographer, but it may be readily obtained from dealers in photographic supplies.
Why is bromide paper called development paper?
Sometimes bromide paper is spoken of as a development paper, because the picture-image does not print out during exposure, but requires to be developed, as in negative-making.
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When was lithium bromide used?
Lithium bromide was used as a sedative beginning in the early 1900s. However, it fell into disfavour in the 1940s due to the rising popularity of safer and more efficient sedatives (specifically, barbiturates) and when some heart patients died after using a salt substitute (see lithium chloride ).
How to test for bromide ion?
One can test for a bromide ion by adding excess dilute HNO 3 followed by dilute aqueous AgNO 3 solution. The formation of creamy silver bromide precipitate confirms the existence of bromides.
What is the concentration of bromide in the blood?
Bromide ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid are about 30% of those in blood and are strongly influenced by the body's chloride intake and metabolism. Since bromide is still used in veterinary medicine in the United States, veterinary diagnostic labs can routinely measure blood bromide levels.
How to extract bromine from seawater?
Balard and Löwig's method can be used to extract bromine from seawater. First, a seawater sample is tested for the presence of bromide compounds. That same sample is then titrated with aqueous chlorine to produce pure bromine (Br 2 ).
What is the ionic radius of bromide?
The bromide ion has an ionic radius of 196 pm. It is the most stable ionic form of bromine; because of its size and small charge, it is highly polarizable .
When did bromide become a sedative?
Bromide compounds, especially potassium bromide, were frequently used as sedatives in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Their use in over-the-counter sedatives and headache remedies (such as Bromo-Seltzer) in the United States extended to 1975 when bromides were withdrawn as ingredients due to chronic toxicity.
Is bromide used for epilepsy?
Therapeutic bromide levels are measured in European countries like Germany, where bromide is still used therapeutically in human epilepsy. Chronic toxicity from bromide can result in bromism, a syndrome with multiple neurological symptoms. Bromide toxicity can also cause a type of skin eruption. See potassium bromide .
What is bromide paper?
What is bromide paper? It is simply paper coated with gelatino-bromide of silver emulsion, similar to that which, when coated on glass or other transparent support, forms the familiar dry-plate or film used in negative-making. The emulsion used in making bromide paper, however, is less rapid (less sensitive) than that used in the manufacture of plates or films of ordinary rapidity; hence bromide paper may be manipulated with more abundant light than would be safe with plates. It is used for making prints by contact with a negative in the ordinary printing frame, and as the simplest means for obtaining enlarged prints from small negatives. Sometimes bromide paper is spoken of as a development paper, because the picture-image does not print out during exposure, but requires to be developed, as in negative-making. The preparation of the paper is beyond the skill and equipment of the average photographer, but it may be readily obtained from dealers in photographic supplies.
What are the advantages of bromide paper?
What are the practical advantages of bromide paper? In the first place, it renders the photographer independent of daylight and weather as far as making prints is concerned. It has excellent “keeping” qualities, i.e., it does not spoil or deteriorate as readily as other printing papers, even when stored without special care or precaution. Its manipulation is extremely simple, and closely resembles the development of a negative. It does not require a special sort of negative, but is adapted to give good prints from negatives widely different in quality. It is obtainable in any desired size, and with a great variety of surfaces, from extreme gloss to that of rough drawing paper. It offers great latitude in exposure and development, and yields, even in the hands of the novice, a greater percentage of good prints than any other printing paper in the market. It offers a range of tone from deepest black to the most delicate of platinotype grays, which may be modified to give a fair variety of color effects where this is desirable. It affords a simple means of making enlargements without the necessity of an enlar ged negative. It gives us a ready means of producing many prints in a very short time, or, if desired, we may make a proof or enlargement from the negative fresh from the washing tray. And, finally, if we do our work faithfully and well, it will give us permanent prints.
What is royal bromide?
Royal Bromide is a capital paper in its proper place , i.e., for prints not smaller than 8 × 10 inches, and then only when breadth of effect is desired in the picture. It is a very heavy cream-colored paper, rough in texture, and giving black tones by development, but designed to give sepia or brown tones on a tinted ground by subsequent toning with a bath of hypo and alum. This paper, also, may be had in two grades for hard or soft effects; it is further adapted for being printed on through silk or bolting cloth, this modification adding to the effect of breadth ordinarily given by the paper itself. I have seen prints on this paper which were altogether pleasing, but subject and negative should be carefully considered in its use. Rough Buff papers are very similar in character. Monox Bromide, made by the Defender Photo Supply Company, is obtainable in six surfaces; No. 3, Monox Rough; No. 4, Monox Gloss; No. 5, Monox Matte; No. 6, Monox Lustre ; No. 7, Monox Buff, heavy rough.
How far apart should bromide be placed in a dark room?
Nothing more than will be found in an ordinary dark-room will be found necessary in bromide printing by contact, unless it be some arrangement for determining readily the distance of the negative from the source of light. For this purpose and with an oil-lamp, use a board a foot wide and about three feet long placed on the developing bench against the base of the dark-room lamp. It should be marked with black lines six inches apart. See Fig. 2.
What companies make bromide papers?
The bromide papers available in this country at present are confined to those of the Eastman Kodak Company , the Defender Photo Supply Company and J. L. Lewis , the last handling English papers only. Better papers could not be desired. Broadly speaking, all bromide papers are made in a few well-defined varieties; in considering the manipulation of the papers made by a single firm, therefore, we practically cover all the papers in the market. As a matter of convenience, then, we will glance over the different varieties of bromide paper available, as represented by the Eastman papers, with the understanding that what is said of any one variety is generally applicable to papers of the same sort put out by other manufacturers.
Who imported Barnet bromide papers?
The Barnet bromide papers, comprising ten different varieties, differing in weight and surface texture but very similar to the kinds already described, are imported by J. L. Lewis, New York.
What is the difference between Platino A and Platino B?
This paper comes in two weights, Platino A , a thin paper suitable for small prints, and having a smooth surface useful for detail-giving; and Platino B , a heavy paper with rough surface, peculiarly suited for large contact prints or enlargements.
Where can bromide be found?
Both bromide and chlorine can be found in large amounts, oddly enough, in car parts . In fact, they are often the toxin most prevalent in devices such as seats, armrests and door trims. PBDEs (bromide compounds) are used heavily as flame retardants, which would explain its use in automobile parts as well as in paints and household furniture.
What are the side effects of bromide?
Besides being an iodine blocker, other side effects of too much bromide include: 1 Premature births and birth defects, because of its effect on iodine absorption 2 Cognitive issues, such as memory loss, “brain fog,” schizophrenia and learning disabilities in children 3 Kidney damage according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and other sources 4 Loss of hearing Healthy ear function requires healthy amounts of both potassium and sodium. Animal studies have indicated that bromide can lead to an imbalance of these two nutrients within the ear, which can lead to hearing loss 5 Cancer is connected specifically with potassium bromate, which sadly is still added to bread products that thousands of Americans eat every day. While the U.S. is clearly behind the times in banning potassium bromate in bread products, the International Agency for the Research on Cancer (IARC) has labeled it as a known carcinogen, based on animal tests which linked it to kidney and thyroid cancers in particular.
What is potassium bromate?
Potassium Bromate is an additive in commercial baked goods and flours in the United States. Some countries, including the U.K. and Brazil, have banned its use in wheat flour and bread products
How to avoid bromides?
Ask your doctor or naturopath about options to get this done. In the meantime, the best thing you can do is to avoid exposure to bromides. Eat organic, especially those foods that may contain heavy pesticides, like the “ Dirty Dozen ” as outlined by the Environmental Working Group and avoid bottled water and sodas.
Can bromide be found in water?
Bromide ions have been detected in some bottled drinking water and water filtration systems . Bromide is becoming an increasingly popular choice for pool and spa maintenance in lieu of chlorine over the last years. Both bromide and chlorine can be found in large amounts, oddly enough, in car parts.
Does water have bromide in it?
Bromide ions have been detected in some bottled drinking water and water filtration systems
Is bromide banned in bread?
Some countries, including the U.K. and Brazil, have banned its use in wheat flour and bread products. Sodium bromate is also added to commercial sundry products such as hair dyes, and dyes found in textiles. Other forms of bromide can be found in commercial cosmetics.
