Cross Cultural Research - Key takeaways
- Cross-cultural research looks at the influence of cultural factors on behaviour. ...
- Cross-cultural research can help researchers avoid cultural bias in psychology. ...
- Cross-cultural research avoids bias by reducing ethnocentrism and considering cultural relativism and cultural differences.
What do we mean for cross-cultural research in psychology?
Cross-cultural psychology is the study of similarities and differences in behavior among individuals who have developed in different cultures. The search for relationships between cultural context and human behavior is carried out within three general frames of reference.
What is the significance of cross cultural psychology?
Major Topics in Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Emotions
- Language acquisition
- Child development
- Personality
- Social behavior
- Family and social relationships
What is cross - cultural research?
The three most important principles in designing a measure are:
- try to be as specific as possible in deciding how to measure the concept;
- try to measure the concept as directly as possible;
- if possible, try to measure the concept in a number of different ways.
What is cross cultural in psychology?
What is Cross-Cultural Psychology?
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Why is cross-cultural research important in psychology?
Cross-cultural psychology can contribute new knowledge and understanding of the beliefs and practices that participants bring to these encounters and, in so doing, can enrich our resources for successfully meeting the universal challenges of education and health.
What is the purpose of cross-cultural research?
Cross-cultural studies main importance is to advance and expand our knowledge beyond the confinements of our particular surrounding context, encompassing a universal perspective in understanding human behavior. Cross-cultural research provides benefits that transcend the limits of the traditional research approaches.
What is an example of cross-cultural psychology?
Cross-cultural psychology touches on a wide range of topics, so students interested in other psychology topics may choose to also focus on this area of psychology. For example, a child psychologist might study how child-rearing practices in different cultures impact development.
What is an example of cross-cultural study?
When a cross-cultural study involves only a few countries, problems of interpretability of differences are often large. As an example, suppose that a self-esteem questionnaire has been administered to adults in the USA and Iran, and that the mean score of the Americans was higher.
What are the two main goals of cross-cultural research?
The goals of methodology in cross-cultural research include reliability, validity, representativeness of experimental tasks, and their generalisation to behaviour in different cultures.
What are the advantages of cross-cultural research?
John Whiting, a leading figure in psychological anthropology and a pioneer in the development of systematic cross-cultural research, states that the advantage of the cross-cultural method are twofold: 1) It insures that one's findings relate to human behavior in general rather that being bound to a single culture; and ...
Where is cross-cultural psychology used?
Uses for Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-cultural psychology can help teachers, educators, and curriculum designers who create multicultural education lessons and materials learn more about how cultural differences affect student learning, achievement, and motivation.
What is the difference between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology?
So, what is the difference between cultural and cross-cultural psychology? Cultural psychology studies the connection between the mind and body, while cross-cultural psychology examines how specific cultures influence behaviors.
What the meaning of cross-cultural?
Definition of cross-cultural : dealing with or offering comparison between two or more different cultures or cultural areas.
What is cross-cultural approach?
a research method in which specific social practices, such as courtship behavior, child-rearing practices, or therapeutic attitudes and techniques, are studied and compared across a number of different cultures.
What is the meaning of cross culture?
Cross culture is a concept that recognizes the differences among business people of different nations, backgrounds. and ethnicities, and the importance of bridging them. With globalization, cross culture education has become critically important to businesses.
What is cross-cultural influence?
That which is assimilated or applied from more than one society is known as a cross-cultural influence.
What does cross-cultural comparison mean?
Cross-Cultural Comparison. Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies.
Why is cross-cultural psychology important?
Psychological research that incorporates a more global sample of people provides insights into whether findings and models (such as those about t...
How is culture defined in psychology?
While various definitions are used, culture can be understood as the collection of ideas and typical ways of doing things that are shared by member...
Which groups are compared in cross-cultural psychology?
Cross-cultural studies allow psychologists to make comparisons and inferences about people from different countries or from broader geographic regi...
Is cross-cultural psychology the same as cultural psychology?
While there is overlap between these approaches, there are also differences. Cross-cultural psychology analyzes characteristics and behavior across...
Do emotions differ across cultures?
While there are shared aspects of emotional experience across cultural groups, culture seems to influence how people describe, evaluate, and act o...
Does culture affect how we think about happiness?
While happiness seems to be one of the most cross-culturally recognizable emotions in terms of individual expression, culture can influence how...
How do cultural differences relate to mental illness?
Some mental health conditions, in addition to being reported at markedly different rates in different countries, can also be defined and even exp...
What are individualism and collectivism?
Individualism and collectivism are two of the contrasting cultural patterns described in cross-cultural psychology. People in relatively collecti...
What are cultural tightness and looseness?
Tightness and looseness are contrasting cultural patterns related to how closely people adhere to social rules. Each culture has its own rules an...
Why is cross cultural psychology important?
Cross-cultural psychology is also emerging as an increasingly important topic as researchers strive to understand both the differences and similarities among people of various cultures throughout the world. The International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) was established in 1972, and this branch of psychology has continued ...
What is the goal of cross-cultural psychologists?
The goal of cross-cultural psychologists is to look at both universal behaviors and unique behaviors to identify the ways in which culture impacts our behavior, family life, education, social experiences, and other areas. 4 . Many cross-cultural psychologists choose to focus on one of two approaches:
How do cross cultural psychologists work?
Many cross-cultural psychologists choose to focus on one of two approaches: 1 The etic approach studies culture through an "outsider" perspective, applying one "universal" set of concepts and measurements to all cultures. 2 The emic approach studies culture using an "insider" perspective, analyzing concepts within the specific context of the observed culture.
What is ethnocentrism in psychology?
Ethnocentrism refers to a tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures. 6 In other words, taking an ethnocentric point of view means using your understanding of your own culture to gauge what is "normal.". ...
What is the etic approach?
Many cross-cultural psychologists choose to focus on one of two approaches: The etic approach studies culture through an "outsider" perspective, applying one "universal" set of concepts and measurements to all cultures. The emic approach studies culture using an "insider" perspective, analyzing concepts within the specific context ...
What does a cross cultural psychologist look for in ethnocentrism?
Cross-cultural psychologists often look at how ethnocentrism influences our behaviors and thoughts, including how we interact with individuals from other cultures. 6 . Psychologists are also concerned with how ethnocentrism can influence the research process.
What can teachers learn from multicultural education?
Teachers, educators, and curriculum designers who create multicultural education lessons and materials can benefit from learning more about how cultural differences impact student learning, achievement, and motivation.
Why is cross cultural psychology important?
Cross-cultural psychology borrows ideas, theories, and approaches from anthropology; it also recognizes the importance of analyzing international differences identified through social-psychological mechanisms. And it’s important. We often assume that, psychologically speaking, all cultures are the same.
What is the difference between cross-cultural and general psychology?
Indeed, much of general psychology focuses on the impact of other people on behavior (such as family, relationships, and friends), yet it ignore culture’s influence.
Why is storytelling important in psychotherapy?
As a result, storytelling can be a powerful therapy approach , with narratives capturing the essence of human thought and cultural context. Narrative helps the psychotherapist not only relate to clients, but also understand the development of their identity.
When did cross-cultural psychology become a discipline?
Cross-cultural psychology became a sub-discipline of general psychology in the 1960s to prevent psychology from “becoming an entirely Western project” and “sought to test the universality of psychological laws via cultural comparative studies” (Ellis & Stam, 2015).
Who discovered that Western populations were often unusual compared to others?
Yet this is simply not the case (Berry, 2013). When anthropologist turned psychologist Joseph Henrich began his research into cultural diversity, he became aware that Western populations were often unusual compared to others.
Is speech therapy culturally influenced?
Speech therapy. The development of speech is inevitably influenced by cultural factors. Knowledge gained from cross-cultural psychology provides greater insight into the needs and difficulties faced by children and improves the awareness of potential bias from clinicians and assessors (Carter et al., 2005).
What is cross cultural research?
Cross-cultural research adds a number of complexities to the research process that require additional informed judgment calls at all research stages. Although the task appears formidable, using multiple methods, extensive piloting, and feedback from collaborators can greatly increase confidence in the findings.
Why is industrial organizational psychology being conducted across cultural boundaries?
Research in industrial-organizational psychology is increasingly being conducted across cultural boundaries to test the generalizability of Western findings and to train managers to be more effective in multicultural contexts. Although cross-cultural research involves many of the same methods that are used in typical I/O research, many unique issues arise in the cross-cultural research process—from the level of theory to the sampling of people, constructs, and Cross-Cultural Research Methods and methods to the analysis and interpretation of data— each of which will be discussed here.
Differences between cross-cultural and cultural psychology
Cultural psychology studies how social traditions and practices transform and regulate psychological functioning. In contrast, cross-cultural psychology considers that, due to cultural experiences, there are predictable and significant differences between different ethnocultural groups.
The importance of the discipline
According to recent figures, there are 258 million migrants in the world. Out of these, 150.3 million migrate for work reasons and 68.5 million forcibly, due to conflicts or human rights violations.
Implications of cross-cultural psychology findings
Today, we have a relatively extensive knowledge of what influence a person’s culture exerts at the individual level. Furthermore, regarding the adaptation processes of an individual as a natural mechanism.
What is cross cultural research?
Cross-cultural research is a scientific method of co mparative research which focuses on systematic comparisons that. compares culture to culture and explicitly aims to answer questions about the incidence, distributions, and causes of. cultural variation and complex problems across a wide do main, usually worldwide.
What are the essential features of cross-cultural research?
Essential features of cross-cultural research are question, sampling, theories and hypotheses, operational definition, and. principle of falsifiability. The research question has to be a clear, one sentence practical question which can be.
What is the view of the absolutists in cross-cultural psychology?
Approach. The absolutists view in cross-cultural psychology is that psychological phen omena are basically the same in. all cultures while the relativists view in cross-cultural psychology is that psycholog ical phenomena should be studied. only from “within” a culture where these phenomena oc cur. 4.
What is cross cultural research?
Cross-cultural research most commonly involves comparison of some cultural trait (or relationships between traits) across a sample of societies. What is most important to keep in mind is that cultures change over time, so most cross-cultural comparisons need to focus on particular time frames (and sometimes particular place foci) for each culture.
What is World Cultures?
World Cultures mostly includes codes from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, but it also includes codes from the Ethnographic Atlas as well as other data sources. Click here for information on how to find precoded data for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample and the Ethnographic Atlas from that electronic journal.
What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?
History of Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Cross-cultural psychology is an important topic. Researchers strive to understand both the differences and similarities among people of various cultures throughout the world. The International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) was established in 1972, and this branch of psychology has continued to grow and develop since that time.3Today, increasing nu…
Types of Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Many cross-cultural psychologists choose to focus on one of two approaches: 1. The etic approachstudies culture through an "outsider" perspective, applying one "universal" set of concepts and measurements to all cultures. 2. The emic approachstudies culture using an "insider" perspective, analyzing concepts within the specific context of the observed culture. It is …
Uses For Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Cross-cultural psychology touches on a wide range of topics, so students interested in other psychology topics may choose to also focus on this area of psychology. For example, a child psychologist might study how child-rearing practices in different cultures impact development. Cross-cultural psychology can help teachers, educators, and curriculum designers who create m…
Impact of Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Many other branches of psychology focus on how parents, friends, and other people impact human behavior. However, most do not take into account the powerful impact that culture may have on individual human actions. The study of cross-cultural psychology and the inclusion of more representative and diverse samples in psychology research is essential for understanding …
A Word from Verywell
- Cross-cultural psychology plays an important role in the understanding of behavior throughout the cultures of the world. While much of psychology research remains primarily Western and Eurocentric, there is a stronger awareness of the importance of representation and diversity in the research process.
Macro Antecedents and Consequences of Societal Culture
Cross-Level Direct Effects of Societal Culture
- Research questions may be concerned with the cross-level direct effects of societal culture on organizations and individuals. Scholars in I/O psychology recognize that organizations are open systems that reflect and adapt to the larger societal context. This is reflected in Linkage C, or cross-level research that examines the influence of societal culture on organizational culture. Ot…
Cross-Level Moderator Effects of Societal Culture
- Cross-cultural research questions focus on how societal culture moderates relationships at lower levels of analysis. Linkage F represents cross-level research that examines how societal culture interacts with features of the organizational context (e.g., industry, technology) to predict organizational culture and practices. For example, one might be interested in whether organizati…
Sampling Participants
- After deciding on a research question and determining the appropriate level of theory, the next step is to determine which cultures, organizations, or individuals to include in the research. As in unicultural research, these decisions should ideally be guided by theory. For example, if the researcher is testing a theory that relates one or more dimensions of culture to organizational p…
Assessing The Constructs of Interest
- After deciding on a sampling strategy, researchers need to consider how they will assess the constructs of interest. Typically, researchers rely on what J. W. Berry calls imposed etic constructs, or constructs that are developed in one culture and simply applied to another culture. Ideally, researchers should consider whether there is construct contamination and construct def…
Sampling Methods
- A wide range of methods are available for cross-cultural research, and each has particular advantages and disadvantages. 1. Laboratory experiments provide a controlled research environment and facilitate tests of causal assumptions. Laboratory research is also beneficial because it enables the researcher to assess implicit attitudes in addition to explicit self-reporte…
Translations
- The most commonly employed cross-cultural research methodologies often require translating materials into other languages. Translation, however, may result in variations in meaning across cultures. The translation-back translation technique is often used in cross-cultural research to examine problems with translations. In this method, an individual translates materials from the …
Assessing Rival Hypotheses
- When conducting research across cultures, extraneous variables that may influence the results should be measured and controlled. R. S. Malpass referred to these variables as rival hypotheses and noted that they are often unaccounted for in cross-cultural research. For example, asking people about their own opinions may be more commonplace in some societies than others, or p…
Analyses and Interpretations
- Unique issues arise in the analysis and interpretation phases of cross-cultural research. Fons Van de Vijver and Kwok Leung addressed such issues by establishing equivalence and dealing with response sets. Cultural response sets, or systematic tendencies in the use of response scales, can pose a rival hypothesis for substantive results. In some societies, individuals may avoid the …