What is a dental indice?
Why do we use dental index?
How to determine periodontal disease?
How does GI assess gingivitis?
What is the PI of a tooth?
How many surfaces are there in dental?
How to determine PI for tooth?
See 4 more
About this website
What is a index in dentistry?
Dental indices are tools used to quantify dental diseases thereby cross comparisons can be made based on disease burden and treatment efficacy. In dental literature, there exists an ambiguity on selecting the ideal scale or index to measure dental diseases.
What is a good plaque index score?
Plaque scores give you important information to make clinical decisions. For periodontal therapy to be effective plaque scores must be low. A value below 20% is regarded as conducive to periodontal health.
How is dental plaque index measured?
Simply multiply the number of teeth by four to calculate the number of interproximal surfaces, or by six for the total number of surfaces measured. Patients with periodontal disease often start with scores of 25/100 to 85/140 or more. The numbers drop dramatically after therapy.
What is a caries index?
The caries severity index (csi) is the mean of the scores of all carious teeth in the population examined. Three groups of children aged 5-6.5 yr were examined. In Jerusalem, with a water fluoride concentration of 0.4 ppm, 54 children had a csi of 2.99 and a defs of 10.19.
What are the three types of plaque?
Plague is divided into three main types — bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic — depending on which part of your body is involved.
What does Dmft index stand for?
Individual DMFT value is the sum of the number of D (Decayed), M (Missing) due to caries, and F (Filled) teeth in the permanent teeth.
How do you use the root caries index?
The root-caries index (RCI) is calculated in much the same way a plaque index is scored. The total number of decayed or filled root surfaces is divided by the total number of exposed root surfaces. This number is then multiplied by 100 to determine a percentage.
What is full mouth plaque score?
The full mouth plaque and bleeding score is commonly used because it records the mesial, distal, buccal, and palatal/lingual surfaces of all the teeth present ( Figure 1.1) in a dichotomous score (plaque present/absent).
Which does a score of two on the plaque index indicate?
This index involves a scale from 0 to 3 for the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces that is scored as follows: 0 indicates healthy gums; 1 indicates slight color changes, light edema and no presence of bleeding on probing; 2 indicates edema with slight redness and bleeding on probing; and 3 indicates severe ...
What is the O'Leary plaque index?
The plaque control record (O'Leary index) appears to be a commonly used oral hygiene index for assessing oral health skills. This index provides sufficient information for patient education; however, the time involved in data collection reduces its value.
What is the most important plaque retentive factor?
THE PRIMARY FACTOR IN THE ETIOLOGY OF.PERIODONTAL DISEASES IS THE ACCUMULATION AND.MATURATION OF A BACTERIAL PLAQUE ON THE TEETH.NEAR THE GINGIVAL MARGIN OR/AND IN THE SULCUS.OR POCKET.HOWEVER, PLAQUE ACCUMULATION IS INFLUENCED BY.NUMEROUS LOCAL ANATOMICAL AND IATROGENIC.FACTORS.
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What is the gingival index?
What is the purpose of indices in oral hygiene?
This index was given by Loe and Silness in 1963 44, designed to assess the severity and quality of gingival inflammation in an individual or population. The gingival inflammation is assessed on the basis of color, consistency and bleeding on probing. In this index, only gingival tissue is assessed. A blunt probe is used to assess the bleeding tendency of gingiva by running it along the soft tissue wall of the entrance of gingival sulcus. The gingiva surrounding the tooth is assessed at four sites: mesio-facial papilla, facial marginal gingiva, disto-facial papilla and lingual marginal gingiva. The lingual surface was not subdivided to minimize examiners’ variability in scoring.
What is the PMA index?
The assessment of oral hygiene with the help of indices helps the clinician to judge patient’s compliance to oral hygiene instructions and also act as a motivational tool for the patients. There are various oral hygiene indices used, including oral hygiene index, simplified oral hygiene index, modified patient hygiene performance index, plaque-free score index, oral health status index, etc. We shall discuss in detail the oral hygiene index and simplified oral hygiene index in the following sections.
What portion of the gingiva is numbered by the tooth?
The PMA index was developed by Schour and Massler in 1944-1947 35-37. It is probably the oldest reversible index designed for scoring gingival inflammatory status. In this index, the facial surface of gingiva around a tooth is divided into three units: Mesial interdental papilla (P), Marginal gingiva (M), and Attached gingiva (A). The sum of P, M and A for a tooth is designated as the PMA score for a tooth and the sum of PMA score for all the teeth divided by the number of teeth is considered as PMA score of the person.
What is an index in a study?
Papillary gingiva: Papillary portion of gingiva between the teeth is numbered by the tooth just distal to it.
How many teeth are used for scoring?
The index is defined as a numerical value describing the relative status of the population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria and methods 30. With the help of indices, various populations can be compared classified by the same criteria and methods. There are a large number of indices used for recording gingiva and periodontal status. The selection of an index for a particular study depends on its reliability and validity. Reliability of an index is its ability to produce same results when applied to an individual twice or more at a particular time. The validity of an index is its ability to measure what it is intended to measure. For example, periodontal pocket depth is not a valid indicator of attachment loss. In the case of gingival enlargement, pseudo-pockets are present but attachment loss is not there. Thus, pocket depth cannot be considered as a valid indicator of periodontal disease.
What is the reliability of an index?
Six teeth are used for scoring and scoring is confined to the gingival part of the facial and lingual surfaces of the index teeth. The scores are summed up for each tooth to assess plaque accumulation for each individual. The score is then divided by the maximum possible score and is then converted into a percentage.
How many KB is Innovative State Practices for the Provision of Dental Services in Medicaid?
Reliability of an index is its ability to produce same results when applied to an individual twice or more at a particular time. The validity of an index is its ability to measure what it is intended to measure. For example, periodontal pocket depth is not a valid indicator of attachment loss.
What is a benchmark dental benefit package?
Innovative State Practices for the Provision of Dental Services in Medicaid (PDF, 132.55 KB)
What is the CMS dental program?
The benchmark dental package must be substantially equal to the (1) the most popular federal employee dental plan for dependents, (2) the most popular plan selected for dependents in the state's employee dental plan , or (3) dental coverage offered through the most popular commercial insurer in the state.
What is required for a child to have dental care?
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is committed to improving access to dental and oral health services for children enrolled in Medicaid and CHIP. We have been making considerable progress (PDF, 303.79 KB) in our efforts to ensure that low-income children have access to oral health care. From 2007 to 2011, almost half of all states (24) achieved at least a ten percentage point increase in the proportion of children enrolled in Medicaid and CHIP that received a preventive dental service during the reporting year. Yet, tooth decay remains one of the most common chronic childhood diseases.
When did CMS launch the Children's Oral Health Initiative?
States must consult with recognized dental organizations involved in child health care to establish those intervals. A referral to a dentist is required for every child in accordance with each State's periodicity schedule and at other intervals as medically necessary. The periodicity schedule for other EPSDT services may not govern the schedule for dental services.
What is a referral to a dentist for children?
To support continued progress, in 2010 CMS launched the Children's Oral Health Initiative and set goals (PDF, 283 KB) for improvement by FFY 2015. To achieve those goals, we have adopted a national oral health strategy through which we are working diligently with states and federal partners, as well as the dental provider community, children's advocates and other stakeholders to improve children's access to dental care.
Do you need separate chip coverage for dental?
A referral to a dentist is required for every child in accordance with the periodicity schedule set by a state. Dental services for children must minimally include: Relief of pain and infections. Restoration of teeth. Maintenance of dental health.
How is dental health measured?
Dental coverage in separate CHIP programs is required to include coverage for dental services "necessary to prevent disease and promote oral health, restore oral structures to health and function, and treat emergency conditions.". States with a separate CHIP program may choose from two options for providing dental coverage: a package ...
How many teeth are in a DMF index?
Dental health can be defined and measured both objectively and subjectively. Objectively, dentists often use the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index as an indicator of dental health, but this may be more appropriately seen as a measure of dental history rather than health. Subjective assessments given by patients may not correspond to professionally developed objective measures. For example, Heyink et al. ( 1986) found only weak associations between dentists' and patients' appraisals of dentures. For dentists, clinical indicators such as fit, stability, and bite force were important, but for patients, denture quality depended on how well they functioned in practical everyday terms. It is useful to recall the World Health Organization's ( 1980) distinction between impairment (the objective pathology such as tooth loss), disability (limitation on activities such as not being able to eat certain foods as a result of tooth loss) and handicap (inability to perform social roles, such as being reluctant to accept invitations to dinner because of the potential social embarrassment of not being able to eat the food that might be served). Although it is possible to define dental health in any of these ways, it is useful to consider impairment primarily as an objective measure of health, while disability and handicap are more subjective in nature. Seen in terms of disability and handicap, dental disease is widespread. Cushing et al. ( 1986) found that 26 percent of adults had experienced dental pain, 20 percent had difficulty in eating and 15 percent had associated problems of communication within the previous year.
What is the DMFT index?
A similar approach is used for the primary dentition, which consists of a maximum of 20 teeth.
Why is dental caries increasing?
The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index has been used since the 1930s 27 and today is the predominant population-based measure of caries experience worldwide. This index gives the sum of an individual's decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth or surfaces (DMFS). For example, an individual with two decayed, three filled, and one missing tooth has a DMFT of 6. It is important to note that the DMF score is a count that does not indicate the number of teeth that are at risk or the number of sound teeth. Moreover, the DMF does not distinguish between the mix of decayed, missing, and filled teeth or surfaces and whether teeth are lost for reasons other than caries; therefore, the validity of the DMF is reduced. All teeth with the exception of third molars are included, so for an adult, DMFT ranges from zero to 28, and DMFS ranges from zero to 128 with molars and premolars having 5 surfaces and incisors and canines having 4 surfaces. This index accounts for teeth that are restored and missing, and those teeth that are decayed. The DMF is irreversible so that an individual's DMF score cannot decrease. For population-based measures, the sum of all DMFT/S scores is divided by the number of individuals in the total sample. It is important to note that DMF counts are highly skewed with a mode of zero, and linear models are generally not appropriate when a DMF count is a dependent variable. 28
How many teeth are in a primary dentition?
This is due particularly to the growing consumption of sugars and to inadequate exposures to fluorides. In contrast, a caries decline has been observed in most industrialized countries over the past 20 years or so.
Where is dental caries most prevalent?
A similar approach is used for the primary dentition, which consists of a maximum of 20 teeth. The “d” and “f” of the def represent decayed and filled primary (deciduous) teeth, whereas the “e” represents teeth that should be/were extracted. The dmf is often used before teeth begin to exfoliate and the df is often used after exfoliation begins. 29 Although all of these indices appear in the literature in studies of the primary dentition, the index used must be cited when data are compared. Because it is assumed that all missing teeth and all restorations are the result of caries, the DMF score will be overstated to the extent that (1) teeth are missing because of trauma, orthodontic extractions, or periodontal disease; (2) restorations were placed for esthetic reasons or preventive resin restorations; and (3) early lesions that could have remineralized were restored.
Why do psychologists study dental health?
Worldwide, dental caries continues to be the most prevalent disease of childhood, particularly in the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian regions. In 2003, it was estimated that 5 billion people worldwide suffered from dental caries. 126 Based on the reported data, it is not always possible to discern if gender differences present global patterns. Other distinct trends in dental caries prevalence have emerged worldwide, with certain regions observing a decline in the prevalence of disease and others, mostly low-income countries, reporting a continuous increase.
What is a dental indice?
Psychologists and sociologists have been keen to understand the causes of dental ill health, partly with a view towards reducing disease and partly with a view towards using the dental setting to test and develop theories of health behavior. Two areas which have received considerable attention are (a) the development and alleviation of dental anxiety and (b) the exploration of why some individuals engage in regular preventive dental care whereas others place less emphasis on this aspect of their physical well being.
Why do we use dental index?
Today, dental indices are used to assess both individual and group oral health and disease status. They can be simple, measuring only the presence or absence of a condition, or they can be cumulative, measuring all evidence of a condition, past and present. Irreversible indices measure conditions that will not change, such as dental caries. A reversible index measures conditions that can be changed, such as the amount of bacterial plaque present.
How to determine periodontal disease?
Oral health surveys depend on dental indices, as do researchers and clinicians, to help in understanding trends and patients' needs. In epidemiological oral health surveys, an index is used to show the prevalence and incidence of a particular condition, to provide baseline data, to assess the needs of a population, and to evaluate the effects and results of a community program. Researchers use indices to determine baseline data and to measure the effectiveness of specific agents, interventions, and mechanical devices. In private practice, index scores are used to educate, motivate, and evaluate the patient. By comparing scores from the initial exam during a follow-up exam, the patient can measure the effects of personal daily care.
How does GI assess gingivitis?
Developed by Russell, the PI determines the periodontal disease status of populations in epidemiologic studies. Each tooth is scored according to the condition of the surrounding tissues. On examination, each tooth is assigned a score using the following criteria: 1 0: Negative. Neither overt inflammation nor loss of function caused by the destruction of supporting tissue is noted. 2 1: Mild gingivitis. Overt inflammation in the free gingiva is present, but does not circumscribe the tooth. 3 2: Gingivitis. Inflammation surrounds the tooth, but there is no apparent break in the epithelial attachment. 4 6: Gingivitis with pocket formation. The epithelial attachment of gum to tooth is broken. There is no interference with normal function. The tooth is not loose or drifting. 5 8: Advanced destruction with loss of function. The tooth may be loose or drifting. It may sound dull on percussion and may be depressible in the socket.
What is the PI of a tooth?
Also attributed to Loe and Silness, the GI assesses the severity of gingivitis based on color, consistency, and bleeding on probing. Each tooth is examined at the mesial, lingual, distal, and facial (or buccal) surface. A probe is used to press on the gingiva to determine its degree of firmness, and to run along the soft tissue wall adjacent to the entrance to the gingival sulcus. Four criteria are possible: 0, normal gingiva; 1, mild inflammation but no bleeding on probing; 2, moderate inflammation and bleeding on probing; 3, severe inflammation and ulceration, with a tendency for spontaneous bleeding.
How many surfaces are there in dental?
The PI as developed by Silness and Loe assesses the thickness of plaque at the cervical margin of the tooth (closest to the gum). Four areas, distal, facial or buccal, mesial, and lingual, are examined.
How to determine PI for tooth?
When using six surfaces, they are facial (or buccal), mesio-facial, mesio-lingual, lingual, disto-lingual, and disto-facial. To determine an individual's score, the clinician multiplies the number of surfaces with plaque by 100, and divides that by the number of tooth surfaces examined.