The cerebrum
Cerebrum
The cerebrum or telencephalon is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex, as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system. The prosencephalon or forebrain is the embryonic structure from which the cerebrum develops prenatally. In mammals, the dors…
What are the parts of the telencephalon?
Parts of the telencephalon Cerebral cortex – The cerebral cortex is the “gray matter” of your brain, and is comprised of the fissures (valleys) and gyri (hills). Corpus callosum – The white matter in the brain that connects the left and right hemispheres.
What does telencephalon mean in Greek?
The word telencephalon comes from the Greek root words "telos," meaning end, and "enkephalos," meaning brain. Telencephalon literally translates to endbrain.
What is the function of the fish telencephalon?
In terms of these theories, the fish telencephalon would consist mainly of a subpallium and a very small and primitive paleocortex, both entirely dedicated to sensory functions (particularly olfaction) and with relatively simple neural circuits.
What is the difference between telencephalon and diencephalon?
Furthermore, depending on the structures each part consists, the functionality of both telencephalon and diencephalon also varies. Telencephalon is important for sensory recognition, olfaction, language, speech, learning and memory. Meanwhile, diencephalon is important for homeostasis, sensory recognition and visual detection.
What nuclei are found in the telencephalon?
caudate nucleus. caudothalamic groove.corpus striatum.lentiform nucleus. globus pallidus. putamen.neostriatum.nucleus accumbens.
What is telencephalon and its function?
The telencephalon is too large an area of the brain to try to link it with a function or short list of functions. It plays a role in most of our brain activity and thus is more analogous to an entire division of the nervous system than to a particular delimited brain structure.
Is the cerebellum in the telencephalon?
The lobes of the cerebral cortex include the frontal (blue), temporal (green), occipital (red), and parietal (yellow) lobes . The cerebellum (unlabeled) is not part of the telencephalon. Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain.
Is the medulla in the telencephalon?
The metencephalon includes the pons and the cerebellum. The myelencephalon (spinal cord-like) includes the open and closed medulla, sensory and motor nuclei, projection of sensory and motor pathways, and some cranial nerve nuclei.
Is the basal ganglia in the telencephalon?
The basal ganglia comprise a distributed set of brain structures in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon (Figure 4.1 and Table 1). The forebrain structures include the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the nucleus accumbens (or ventral striatum) and the globus pallidus.
Is telencephalon a forebrain?
forebrain, also called prosencephalon, region of the developing vertebrate brain; it includes the telencephalon, which contains the cerebral hemispheres, and, under these, the diencephalon, which contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus.
Is the cerebrum the telencephalon?
The telencephalon includes the cerebrum and olfactory bulbs (Figures 7.74 and 7.75). It is greatly expanded in mammals, due mainly to the enormous size of the cerebrum. Indeed, the largest parts of the brain are the cerebral hemispheres, which lie dorsally and together comprise the cerebrum.
Where is the cerebellum located?
Cerebellum. The cerebellum (“little brain”) is a fist-sized portion of the brain located at the back of the head, below the temporal and occipital lobes and above the brainstem. Like the cerebral cortex, it has two hemispheres. The outer portion contains neurons, and the inner area communicates with the cerebral cortex ...
What are the parts of the rhombencephalon?
The rhombencephalon consists of two parts: the anterior metencephalon, which later forms the pons and the cerebellum; and the posterior myelencephalon, which later gives rise to the medulla oblongata.
Where is the cerebral cortex located?
brainYour cerebral cortex is the outer layer that lies on top of your cerebrum. Your cerebrum is the largest area of your brain. Your cerebrum divides your brain into two halves called hemispheres. The hemispheres are attached by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum.
What are the cerebrum’s functions?
The cerebrum has many functions. The most important functions include: sensorial function, olfactive function (smell), communication and language f...
Which part of the brain is called telencephalon?
The telencephalon is more commonly known as the cerebrum. It is located in the forebrain and makes up the largest part of the brain.
What is the difference between telencephalon and diencephalon?
While they are both part of the forebrain, the telencephalon is larger and located at the anterior. The diencephalon is small and located inside or...
What lobes are in the telencephalon?
There are four lobes in the telencephalon. They are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. Each lobe is found on both...
What Is the Telencephalon?
The human brain is made of over 100 billion nerve cells that make trillions of connections. Yet out of this complexity, scientists who study the brain have been able to identify distinct structures, and they have even begun to see how these structures are organized into systems.
The Cerebral Cortex
The first thing you might notice about the human brain is its wrinkled outer surface. This surface is the cerebral cortex. One misconception about the brain is that the surface of a healthy brain should be smooth, and if a brain is wrinkled, it is diseased or from a very old person.
The Hippocampus and Amygdala
The hippocampus (from the Greek word hippocampos, meaning 'seahorse') is tucked within the folds of the temporal lobe, near the middle of the brain. The hippocampus plays an important role in both emotion and memory. Although it isn't where memories are stored, the hippocampus makes possible the formation of new long-term memories.
Where is the telencephalon?
The telencephalon highlighted red. The telencephalon not only includes the cerebral cortex (visible here) but also a large number of subcortical structures, pathways, etc.
What is the telencephalon and what does it do?
The telencephalon begins to emerge in embryonic development at about 5 weeks. At this time, the nervous system consists of tube-shaped piece of tissue called the neural tube. The neural tube begins to develop swellings (called vesicles ) that will later develop into important structures in the nervous system.
References
Haines DE. Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2013.
Tangential Migration in the Telencephalon
Abstract The telencephalon comprises an intricate set of structures that are required for some of the most complex and evolved functions of the mammalian brain.
Telencephalon Patterning
S. Tole, J. Hébert, in Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS, 2013
Neurogenesis in the Basal Ganglia
J.L.R. Rubenstein, K. Campbell, in Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS, 2013
Computational Basis of Neural Elements
Orhan E. Arslan, in Artificial Neural Network for Drug Design, Delivery and Disposition, 2016
Developmental Neuroscience
David L. Felten MD, PhD, ... Mary Summo Maida PhD, in Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience (Third Edition), 2016
The Cat
Gerardo De Iuliis PhD, Dino Pulerà MScBMC, CMI, in The Dissection of Vertebrates (Second Edition), 2011
The Telencephalon
D.E. Haines, G.A. Mihailoff, in Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications (Fifth Edition), 2018
Structure
The telencephalon, in name, refers to the region of the brain which is composed of the following sub-regions;
Composition
The telencephalon comprises what most people think of as the " brain ". It lies on top of the brainstem and is the largest and most well-developed of the 5 major divisions of the brain. Phylogenetically it is the newest structure, with mammals having the largest and most well-developed among all species.
Functions
Note: As the telencephalon is a gross division with many subdivisions and sub-reigons, it is important to state that this section lists the functions which the telencephalon as a whole serves.
Programmed cell death
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is not uncommon within the telencephalon or it's sub-regions.
See also
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
What is the telencephalon?
The telencephalon is the largest part of the brain, and it is the structure in which the integration of information transmitted by neurons reaches its most complex stage.
Parts of the telencephalon
The main components into which the telencephalon can be divided are the following.
1. Cerebral cortex
It is the surface full of folds and fissures that characterize the most visible part of the brain. It is mainly composed of gray matter and several layers of neurons coordinated with each other.
2. Hippocampus
The hippocampus is involved in several processes, but one of the main ones is the consolidation of memories belonging to declarative memory, as well as its evocation in the future. Damage in this region frequently produces disorders related to amnesia.
3. Brain tonsil
The cerebral amygdala is a structure that we find on both sides of the brain, that is, one per hemisphere, within the so-called temporal lobes.
4. Striated body
The striatum is also an important component of the telencephalon, since it is the main route of data entry to the basal ganglia, in addition to receiving input from the cerebral cortex.
5. Olfactory bulb
It is one of the oldest parts of the brain, having been used for many tens of millions of years. It is a structure located below the lowest part of the cerebral cortex, and receives the olfactory information that comes from outside of the body.
telencephalon
1. one of the two divisions of the prosencephalon, consisting of the cerebrum.
telencephalon
The anterior part of the primitive forebrain or prosencephalon, which develops into the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulbs, and basal ganglia.
telencephalon
that part of the forebrain of vertebrates which includes the cerebral hemispheres, the lateral ventricles, part of the HYPOTHALAMUS and part of the third VENTRICLE. see BRAIN.
What is the telencephalon?
The telencephalon is the largest part of the brain, and it is the structure in which the integration of the information transmitted by the neurons reaches its most complex stage.
Parts of the telencephalon
The main components in which the telencephalon can be divided are the following.
Its functions
As we have seen, the functions of the telencephalon depend in large part on which of its components we fix.
Parts of the telencephalon
Frontal lobe – The frontal lobe is associated with personality, conscience (right/wrong/consequences), planning and is the source of inhibitions. Moniz won a Nobel Prize for developing the prefrontal lobotomy. It was later replaced by Walter Freeman’s transorbital lobotomy.
Parts of the diencephalon
Thalamus – The thalamus has 2 lobes, and is responsible for sensory relay in your brain. Essentially, it is the “traffic cop” that directs information. It does NOT help with recognition.
What is Telencephalon?
Telencephalon is also known as the cerebrum. It is the largest part of the brain and roughly constitutes about 85% of the total weight of the brain. The telencephalon consists of the cerebral hemisphere: left and right cerebral hemispheres. The cerebellum is situated below the telencephalon.
What is Diencephalon?
Diencephalon forms a part of the forebrain. It is situated between the telencephalon and the midbrain. It consists of a variety of structures within. They are the thalamus, and hypothalamus including the posterior pituitary, epithalamus, subthalamus and pineal body. In addition, the optic nerve is also attached at the diencephalon.
What are the Similarities Between Telencephalon and Diencephalon?
The development of both parts occurs during embryonic development. Moreover, the neural tube develops, and differentiates into both structures. Both are a part of the anterior brain. They participate in sensory recognition and brain activity.
What is the Difference Between Telencephalon and Diencephalon?
Telencephalon is the largest part and the uppermost region of the brain. Meanwhile, diencephalon is a part of the forebrain located between telencephalon and midbrain. So, this is the key difference between telencephalon and diencephalon. Telencephalon and diencephalon development begins during embryonic development.
Summary – Telencephalon vs Diencephalon
Telencephalon and diencephalon form the brain anatomy in relation to the anterior part of the brain. The telencephalon is the most anterior part of the brain, and it is also called the cerebrum. Meanwhile, the diencephalon is the part between the telencephalon and the midbrain.
