What is theories of intelligence in psychology?
In 1920, Edward Thorndike postulated three kinds of intelligence: social, mechanical, and abstract. Building on this, contemporary theories such as that proposed by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner tend to break intelligence into separate categories (e.g., emotional, spatial, etc.).
What are the two types of theories of intelligence?
Spearman's Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence.
What is the main concept of intelligence?
The concept of intelligence goes back to the Latin verb intellegere, meaning the acquirement, processing and storage of information. From this point of view, intelligence is restricted to the cognitive, mental abilities of the human being.
Who are the founder of intelligence theory?
Charles Spearman, an English psychologist, established the two-factor theory of intelligence back in 1904 (Spearman, 1904). To arrive at this theory, Spearman used a technique known as factor analysis.
What is the most popular theory of intelligence?
Here are some of the major theories of intelligence developed by some of the most well-known psychologists:Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence.Gardener's Multiple Intelligences.Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
What are the 4 types of intelligence?
We all have at least four types of intelligence: mental, emotional, somatic, and intuitive. Yet most of us have overdeveloped some kinds of intelligence and underdeveloped others.
What are the 4 theories of intelligence?
The theories are grouped into four major theory types: (1) psychometric theories; (2) cognitive theories; (3) cognitive-contextual theories; and (4) biological theories. Psychometric theories derive from studying individual differences in test performance on cognitive tests.
What is the importance of intelligence?
Key Takeaways. Intelligence is the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. Intelligence is important because it has an impact on many human behaviours.
What are the types of intelligence?
Eight types of intelligenceLogical-mathematical intelligence. ... Linguistic intelligence. ... Spatial Intelligence. ... Musical Intelligence. ... Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence. ... Intrapersonal Intelligence. ... Interpersonal Intelligence. ... Naturalistic intelligence.
How many types of intelligence are there?
To broaden this notion of intelligence, Gardner introduced eight different types of intelligences consisting of: Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist.
What are the 3 types of intelligence?
Figure 7.12 Sternberg's theory identifies three types of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical.
What are the 4 types of intelligence?
We all have at least four types of intelligence: mental, emotional, somatic, and intuitive. Yet most of us have overdeveloped some kinds of intelligence and underdeveloped others.
What is intelligence theory?
Intelligence: Definition, Theories and Testing 1 Defining and classifying intelligence is extremely complicated. Theories of intelligence range from having one general intelligence (g), to certain primary mental abilities, and to multiple category-specific intelligences. 2 Following the creation of the Binet-Simon scale in the early 1900s, intelligence tests, now referred to as intelligence quotient (IQ) tests, are the most widely-known and used measure for determining an individual’s intelligence. 3 Although these tests are generally reliable and valid tools, they do have their flaws as they lack cultural specificity and can evoke stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies. 4 IQ scores are typically normally distributed, meaning that 95% of the population has IQ scores between 70 and 130. However, there are some extreme examples of people with scores far exceeding 130 or far below 70.
Who developed the two factor theory of intelligence?
Charles Spearman, an English psychologist, established the two-factor theory of intelligence back in 1904 (Spearman, 1904). To arrive at this theory, Spearman used a technique known as factor analysis.
What does Gardner believe about multiple intelligences?
He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Why is emotional intelligence important?
Emotional intelligence is important in our everyday lives, seeing as we experience one emotion or another nearly every second of our lives. You may not associate emotions and intelligence with one another, but in reality, they are very related.
Why did Galton theorize that intelligence is operationalized?
Galton theorized that because quickness and other physical attributes were evolutionarily advantageous, they would also provide a good indication of general mental ability (Jensen, 1982). Thus, Galton operationalized intelligence as reaction time.
What is the most widely used measure of intelligence?
Following the creation of the Binet-Simon scale in the early 1900s, intelligence tests, now referred to as intelligence quotient (IQ) tests, are the most widely-known and used measure for determining an individual’s intelligence.
When was the Wechsler intelligence scale created?
Because of this, Wechsler created the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955, with the most up-to-date version being the WAIS-IV (Cherry, 2020). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), developed by David Wechsler, is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence ...
What is intelligence in psychology?
Intelligence is a complex thing to define. But it can be broadly thought of as the measure of a person’s ability to master a specific cognitive function , such as problem-solving, logical reasoning, and self-awareness.
What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?
This theory asserts that human intelligence can be divided into three types: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
What type of intelligence is displayed by those with great control over their physical bodies?
This type of intelligence is displayed by those with great control over their physical bodies. Many dancers, athletes, and physical therapists possess kinesthetic intelligence. These people have mastered control over the physical form and are effective physical communicators.
What is naturalistic intelligence?
Naturalistic intelligence. Naturalistic intelligence is the intelligence of the natural world. People who possess naturalistic intelligence have keen outdoor sensibilities, are born wayfinders, and have a strong connection with Mother Nature. 2.
What is intrapersonal intelligence?
Intrapersonal intelligence is the intelligence of the self. True self-awareness is rare in today’s world, and those with intrapersonal intelligence know themselves more intimately than any other. This is the intelligence of introspection and self-knowing.
What is the best description of Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence?
Howard Gardner is an American psychologist who first proposed his theory in the 1980s. He counters the standard psychological view of generalized intelligence by suggesting nine unique forms of intelligence: 1. Naturalistic intelligence. Naturalistic intelligence is the intelligence of the natural world.
How long have scientists been studying the brain?
Scientists have been studying the brain for hundreds of years, and still, they’ve only scratched the surface. We’ve yet to figure out what this remarkable mass of advanced biological material is capable of. Different psychologists have proposed competing for theories of intelligence over the years. These theories have proven to be useful in our ...
What is Spearman's theory of intelligence?
This is the basis of his famous two-factor theory of intelligence—the theory that every different intellectual activity involves a general factor, which it shares with all other intellectual activities, and a specific factor, ...
What is Spearman's theory?
Mathematically, Spearman’s theory, in brief, is that every individual measurement of every intellectual ability may be resolved into two factors, one of which is a “general factor” (g) common to all the abilities measured, and the others “specific factor” (s) peculiar to each particular ability.
What was Spearman's curious observation?
The start of Spearman’s enquiry was “a curious observation” that the cross-products of any square block of four coefficients were approximately equal. For example, from the set of coefficients
When did Spearman develop the two factor theory?
Spearman gave his two factor theory of intelligence in 1904. “No single event in the history of mental testing has proved to be such momentous importance as his famous two-factor theory” — (Guilford-Psycho-metric methods). According to Spearman the mental traits are not independent; there is a common element in all our cognitive abilities.
Which psychologists gave an alternative scheme for the organisation of factors?
Theory of Intelligence # 5. Hierarchical Theories: British psychologists like Cyril Burt (1949) and Vernon (1960) gave an alternative scheme for the organisation of factors. At the top of the hierarchy, Vernon places that ‘G’ factor or the general cognitive factor.
Who developed the two factor theory?
Spearman’s two factor theory was criticised vehemently by Thorndike. E. L. Thorndike devised a test—the C A V D (Completion, Arithmetic, Vocabulary, and Understanding of directions and discourse), as a basis of the theory that intelligence is a composite of many different abilities interconnecting in the brain.
Is fluid intelligence a product of heredity?
This is similar to Vernon’s distinction of intelligence A which is product of heredity and intelligence B, which is due to environment. Fluid intelligence, like ‘intelligence A’, depends more on heredity and crystallized ability on environment.
What is the theory of intelligence?
Others psychologists believe that instead of a single factor, intelligence is a collection of distinct abilities. In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963). Crystallized intelligence is characterized as ...
What is intelligence in psychology?
British psychologist Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals. Spearman focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique. Long before modern psychology developed, however, ancient philosophers, such as Aristotle, held a similar view (Cianciolo & Sternberg, 2004).
What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
Fluid intelligence helps you tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life, whereas crystallized intelligence helps you overcome concrete, straightforward problems (Cattell, 1963). Other theorists and psychologists believe that intelligence should be defined in more practical terms.
How does analytical intelligence work?
Sternberg says that analytical intelligence is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast. When reading a classic novel for literature class, for example, it is usually necessary to compare the motives of the main characters of the book or analyze the historical context of the story. In a science course such as anatomy, you must study the processes by which the body uses various minerals in different human systems. In developing an understanding of this topic, you are using analytical intelligence. When solving a challenging math problem, you would apply analytical intelligence to analyze different aspects of the problem and then solve it section by section.
What did Gardner call the cognitive styles?
At the same time, his ideas challenge the traditional idea of intelligence to include a wider variety of abilities, although it has been suggested that Gardner simply relabeled what other theorists called “cognitive styles” as “intelligences” (Morgan, 1996).
How many intelligences does Gardner have?
In Gardner’s theory, each person possesses at least eight intelligences. Among these eight intelligences, a person typically excels in some and falters in others (Gardner, 1983).
How does the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting illustrate practical intelligence?
During the incident, one student left her class to go get a soda in an adjacent building. She planned to return to class, but when she returned to her building after getting her soda, she saw that the door she used to leave was now chained shut from the inside. Instead of thinking about why there was a chain around the door handles, she went to her class’s window and crawled back into the room. She thus potentially exposed herself to the gunman. Thankfully, she was not shot. On the other hand, a pair of students was walking on campus when they heard gunshots nearby. One friend said, “Let’s go check it out and see what is going on.” The other student said, “No way, we need to run away from the gunshots.” They did just that. As a result, both avoided harm. The student who crawled through the window demonstrated some creative intelligence but did not use common sense. She would have low practical intelligence. The student who encouraged his friend to run away from the sound of gunshots would have much higher practical intelligence.
What is the theory of multiple intelligences?
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences 1 Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have. 2 This theory challenged the traditional notion that there is one single type of intelligence, sometimes known as “g” for general intelligence, that only focuses on cognitive abilities. 3 To broaden this notion of intelligence, Gardner introduced eight different types of intelligences consisting of: Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist. 4 Gardner notes that the linguistic and logical-mathematical modalities are most typed valued in school and society. 5 Gardner also suggests that there may other “candidate” intelligences—such as spiritual intelligence, existential intelligence, and moral intelligence—but does not believe these meet his original inclusion criteria. (Gardner, 2011).
What is the common misconception about the theory of multiple intelligences?
A common misconception about the theory of multiple intelligences is that it is synonymous with learning styles. Gardner states that learning styles refer to the way an individual is most comfortable approaching a range of tasks and materials.
Why did Gardner use multiple intelligences?
He developed this theory to challenge academic psychologists, and therefore did not present many educational suggestions. For this reason, teachers and educators were able to take the theory and apply it as they saw fit.
How many intelligences does everyone have?
Multiple intelligences theory states that everyone has all eight intelligences at varying degrees of proficiency and an individual’s learning style is unrelated to the areas in which they are the most intelligent.
What are some examples of musical intelligence?
People with musical intelligence, such as Beethoven and Ed Sheeran, have an ability to recognize and create musical pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.
What is spatial intelligence?
Spatial intelligence features the potential to recognize and manipulate the patterns of wide space (those used, for instance, by navigators and pilots) as well as the patterns of more confined areas, such as those of importance to sculptors , surgeons , chess players, graphic artists, or architects.
What is the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically?
Logical-mathematical intelligence refers to the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically.
What is intelligence in science?
Taken together, this suggests that, at its broadest, intelligence refers to the functioning of a number of related faculties and abilities that enable us to adapt and respond to environmental pressures. Because this is not beyond animals and even plants, they too can be said to be possessed of intelligence.
What is the definition of intelligence?
By the Collins English Dictionary, intelligence is ‘the ability to think, reason, and understand instead of doing things automatically or by instinct’. By the Macmillan Dictionary, it is ‘the ability to understand and think about things, and to gain and use knowledge’. In seeking to define intelligence, a good place to start might be with dementia.
What is intelligence in a hunter-gatherer society?
We Westerners tend to think of intelligence in terms of analytical skills. But in a close-knit hunter-gatherer society, intelligence might be defined more in terms of foraging skills, or hunting skills, or social skills and responsibilities. Even within a single society, the skills that are most valued change over time.
Where did the emphasis on reason and intelligence come from?
This Western emphasis on reason and intelligence has its roots in Ancient Greece with Socrates, his pupil Plato, and Plato’s pupil Aristotle.
Who fears artificial intelligence?
Today, of all people, it is the white man (that is, the white male) who most fears artificial intelligence, imagining that it will usurp his status and privilege.
When did the emphasis on language skills shift to analytical skills?
In the West, the emphasis has gradually shifted from language skills to more purely analytical skills, and it is only in 1960, well within living memory, that the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge dropped Latin as an entry requirement.
Why is thinking about intelligence as changeable and malleable, rather than stable and fixed, important?
Thinking about intelligence as changeable and malleable, rather than stable and fixed, results in greater academic achievement, especially for people whose groups bear the burden of negative stereotypes about their intelligence.
What is the meaning of IQ test?
Intelligence refers to intellectual functioning. Intelligence quotients, or IQ tests, compare your performance with other people your age who take the same test. These tests don’t measure all kinds of intelligence, however.
What is intelligence in literature?
Stern: ‘Intelligence is a general capacity of an individual consciously to adjust his thinking to new requirements’. The famous writer H.G. Wells defines it as ‘acting in novel situations’. It is general mental adaptability to new problems and condition of life.
What does degree of intelligence depend on?
Degrees of intelligence seem to depend on the facility with which the subject-matter of experience can be organised into new patterns.
What is the culmination of I.Q.?
Culmination of I.Q. or Intelligence. Growth and Distribution of Intelligence. 1. Gradual Growth of the Concept: ADVERTISEMENTS: General Intelligence has rightly been assumed to exist and psychologists have gone about the measurement of an individual’s general intelligence without waiting for the adequate definition. ...
What is intelligence in Binet's definition?
Binet’s definition “Intelligence is judgment or common sense, initiative, the ability to adapt oneself” and again “to judge, well understand well, reason well —these are the essentials of intelligence.”.
How many attributes are there in intelligence?
There are 4 attributes or aspects of intelligence viz.:
Which theory has Spearman propounded?
4. The Electic Theory or Bifactor Theory: This theory has been propounded by Spearman. Intelligence, according to his view consists of two factors — the general factor and specific factor. The general factor is symbolised by ‘g’ and the specific factor is symbolised by “s”.
Is intelligence complex?
The term intelligence is very complex in its nature. Various theories have been put forward to explain the nature of intelligence.
History of Intelligence in Psychology
- Given the intense interest in the concept of intelligence, some of the field's greatest minds have explored it from numerous angles. Following are some of the major theoriesof intelligence that have emerged in the last 100 years.
Intelligence (IQ) Testing
- Efforts to quantify intelligence took a significant leap forward when German psychologist William Stern first coined the term "intelligence quotient" (IQ) in the early 20th century. Building on this, psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed extra academic assistance. Binet was the first to introduce t…
A Word from Verywell
- Despite considerable debate, no definitive conceptualization of intelligence has emerged in the field of psychology. Today, psychologists often account for the many theoretical viewpoints when discussing intelligence and acknowledge that the debate is ongoing.
Emotional Intelligence
Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
- Raymond Cattell (1963) first proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligenceand further developed the theory with John Horn. The Cattell-Horn (1966) theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of a number of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence For example, if you are t…
Reliability and Construct Validity
- Although you may be wondering if you take an intelligence test multiple times will you improve your score and whether these tests even measure intelligence in the first place, research provides reassurance that these tests are both very reliable and have high construct validity. Reliability simply means that they are consistent over time. In other words, if you take a test at two differen…
Cultural Specificity
- There are issues with intelligence tests beyond looking at them in a vacuum. These tests were created by western psychologists who created such tools to measure euro-centric values. But it is important to recognize that the majority of the world’s population does not reside in Europe or North America, and as a result, thecultural specificityof these tests is crucial. Different cultures …
Social and Environmental Factors
- Another important part of the puzzle to consider is the social and environmental context in which an individual lives and the IQ test-related biases that develop as a result. These might help explain why some individuals have lower scores than others. For example, the threat of social exclusion can greatly decrease the expression of intelligence. A 2002 study gave participants an IQ test an…
Stereotype Threat
- Stereotype threatis a phenomenon in which people feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group. Negative stereotypes can also create anxiety that result in lower scores. In one study, Black and White college students were given part of the verbal section from the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), but in the stereotype threat condition, they told students the test diagnosed …
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Stereotype threat is closely related to the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecyin which an individual’s expectations about another person can result in the other person acting in ways that conform to that very expectation. In one experiment, students in a California elementary school were given an IQ test after which their teachers were given the names of students who would be…
Apa Style References
- Anastasi, A. (1984). 7. Aptitude and Achievement Tests: The Curious Case of the Indestructible Strawperson. Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M., & Nuss, C. K. (2002). Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(4), 817. Binet, A., Simon, T., & Simon, T. (1912). A method of measuring th…