What was John Burdon Sanderson Haldane's theory?
In 1929 the British biologist John Burdon Sanderson Haldane published a hypothesis on the origin of life on earth, which was one of the most emblematic of the interwar period. It was a scenario describing the progressive evolution of matter on the primitive earth and the emergence of life.
What is JBS Haldane known for?
J.B.S. Haldane. J.B.S. Haldane, in full John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, (born Nov. 5, 1892, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng.—died Dec. 1, 1964, Bhubaneswar, India), British geneticist, biometrician, physiologist, and popularizer of science who opened new paths of research in population genetics and evolution.
How did JBS Haldane contribute to the evolution theory?
Haldane also published many works on population genetics, again utilizing mathematics to support his ideas. He used his mathematical equations to support Charles Darwin's idea of Natural Selection. This led to Jack helping to contribute to the Modern Synthesis of the Theory of Evolution.
What are some recent developments on Haldane's principles?
Further developments on Haldane's principles. The 2:1 ratio proposed by Haldane was found to be too conservative for fast tissues (short dives) and not conservative enough for slow tissues (long dives). The ratio also seemed to vary with depth.
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What was the Oparin-Haldane theory?
The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis suggests that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers.
What are the requirements of life according to J.B.S. Haldane?
➜ According to the writer, work, freedom of speech, health and friend are the four general human needs.
What is Haldane attempt to tell through this article?
Haldane introduced the modern concept of abiogenesis in an eight-page article titled The origin of life, in The Rationalist Annual in 1929, describing the primitive ocean as a "vast chemical laboratory" containing a mixture of inorganic compounds – like a "hot dilute soup" in which organic compounds could have formed.
What is the full name of J.B.S. Haldane *?
John Burdon Sanderson HaldaneJ.B.S. Haldane, in full John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, (born Nov. 5, 1892, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng. —died Dec. 1, 1964, Bhubaneswar, India), British geneticist, biometrician, physiologist, and popularizer of science who opened new paths of research in population genetics and evolution.
How many types of laws are described by JBS Haldane?
They fall into two classes — qualitative laws such as 'All animals with feathers have beaks', and quantitative laws such as 'Mercury has 13*596 times the density of water' (at 0 C and 1 atmosphere's pressure). The first of these is a very good guide.
What is the main theme of what I require from life?
It has primarily focused on socialistic convictions demanding democratic workplace activities. This essay has discussed the various needs of working-class people who are living their lives in various circumstances while trying to make ends meet.
What does Haldane mean?
Scottish: from the Middle English and Older Scots personal name Haldan (Old Norse Halfdanr Half(f)dan Anglo-Scandinavian Healfdene literally 'half Dane'). Scottish: variant of Hadden .
When was the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis?
1924Oparin came up with the hypothesis in 1924 that Earth's atmosphere was extremely reducing in its early stages of development. This means that the atmosphere had an excess of negative charge and could cause reducing reactions by adding electrons to compounds.
Who are the proponents of Oparin-Haldane hypothesis?
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey tested the first step of the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis by investigating the formation of organic molecules from inorganic compounds. Their 1950s experiment produced a number of organic molecules, including amino acids, that are made and used by living cells to grow and replicate.
Why did Haldane came to India?
In 1957, both Haldane and his wife migrated to India to accept an invitation from Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis, Director of the Indian Statistical Institute in Calcutta.
Which book was written by JBS?
The Causes of Evolution1932Daedalus; or, Science and the Fu...Possible worlds, and other essays1927My Friend, Mr. Leakey1937On being the right size and other...The Marxist philosophy and the sci...1938J. B. S. Haldane/Books
Who wrote the scientific point of view?
This story was written by R K Narayan, an Indian writer. He has written a large number of short stories which were published in six volumes.
Where does the Haldane effect occurs?
The Haldane effect results from the simple fact that the combination of O2 with hemoglobin in the lungs causes the hemoglobin to become a stronger acid. This displaces CO2 from the blood and into the alveoli in two ways.
What important molecule was produced by Miller and Urey when they tested the hypothesis of Oparin and Haldane by experiment?
Miller and Urey provided first proof for chemical synthesis of proteins by amino acids. They simulated the primitive earth conditions as proposed by Oparin and synthesized simple organic compounds (amino acids, fatty acids sugars etc.) from a mixture of methane, hydrogen, water vapour and ammonia.
What was Haldane's theory of uniform compression?
Previous theories to Haldane worked on "uniform compression", as Paul Bert pointed in 1878 that very slow decompression could avoid the caisson disease, then Hermann von Schrötter proposed in 1895 the safe "uniform decompression" rate to be of "one atmosphere per 20 minutes".
What was Haldane's first work?
Haldane in 1907 worked on " staged decompression " – decompression using a specified relatively rapid ascent rate, interrupted by specified periods at constant depth – and proved it to be safer than " uniform decompression " at the rates then in use, and produced his decompression tables on that basis.
What animals did Haldane study?
Haldane ran his experiments on some animals, illustrating the difference between different kinds of animals such as goats, guinea-pigs, mice, rats, hens and rabbits, but his main work and results were done on goats and men.
How many half times are there in the human body?
Haldane introduced the concept of half-times to model the uptake and release of nitrogen into the blood in different body tissues, and suggested five body tissue compartments with half times of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 75 minutes.
When was Haldane commissioned?
The Admiralty Committee needed to frame definite rules for safe decompression in the shortest possible time for deep diving, and hence, Haldane was commissioned in 1905 by the UK Royal Navy for this purpose, to design decompression tables for divers ascending from deep water.
Who developed the decompression table?
They also introduced calculations for half-times starting from 5 minutes and reaching up to 240 minutes. Professor Albert Bühlmann established decompression tables for diving in high altitude in mountain lakes.
Who proposed the decompression model?
Haldane's decompression model is a mathematical model for decompression to sea level atmospheric pressure of divers breathing compressed air at ambient pressure that was proposed in 1908 by the Scottish physiologist, John Scott Haldane (2 May 1860 – 14/15 March 1936), who was also famous for intrepid self-experimentation.
How did Haldane contribute to the theory of evolution?
Haldane also published many works on population genetics, again utilizing mathematics to support his ideas. He used his mathematical equations to support Charles Darwin's idea of Natural Selection. This led to Jack helping to contribute to the Modern Synthesis of the Theory of Evolution. He was able to link Natural Selection to Gregor Mendel's genetics using mathematics. This proved to be an invaluable addition to the many pieces of evidence that helped support the Theory of Evolution. Darwin himself did not have the privilege of knowing about genetics, so a quantitative way to measure how a population evolved was a major breakthrough at the time.
What was the significance of Haldane's work on the theory of evolution?
Haldane's work brought a new understanding and renewed support of the Theory of Evolution by quantifying the theory .
What was Jack Haldane's career?
Jack Haldane excelled in the field of mathematics. He spent most of his teaching and research career interested in the mathematical side of genetics and particularly how enzymes worked. In 1925, Jack published his work with G.E. Briggs about enzymes that included the Briggs-Haldane equation.
How did Jack Haldane die?
Jack Haldane died December 1, 1964, after a bout with cancer.
Why did Jack use himself as a test subject?
He felt it wasn't fair to assume no God would interfere with the experiments he conducted, so he could not reconcile having a personal belief in any god. He often used himself as a test subject. Jack allegedly would perform dangerous experiments, such as drinking hydrochloric acid to test the effects on muscle control.
What did Haldane contribute to?
Haldane also contributed to the theory of enzyme action and to studies in human physiology. He possessed a combination of analytic powers, literary abilities, a wide range of knowledge, and a force of personality that produced numerous discoveries in several scientific fields and proved stimulating to an entire generation of research workers.
What are some of the most important works of Haldane?
Haldane’s major works include Daedalus (1924), Animal Biology (with British evolutionist Julian Huxley, 1927), The Inequality of Man (1932), The Causes of Evolution (1932), The Marxist Philosophy and the Sciences (1938), Science Advances (1947), and The Biochemistry of Genetics (1954). Selected Genetic Papers of J.B.S. Haldane, ed. by Krishna R. Dronamraju, was published in 1990.
Where did Haldane move to?
Lysenko. In 1957 Haldane moved to India, where he took citizenship and headed the government Genetics ...
Who argued that individual interests would always outweigh group interests?
Some theorists, notably the American evolutionary biologist George C. Williams, argued that individual interests would always outweigh group interests, since genes associated….
Who contributed to the downfall of mutationism?
Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane in Britain and Sewall Wright in the United States. Their work contributed to the downfall of mutationism and, most important, provided a theoretical framework for the integration of genetics into Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Yet their work had a limited impact on…
What did Haldane propose?
In 1949, Haldane proposed that genetic disorders in humans living in malaria-endemic regions provided a phenotype with immunity to blood-borne haemophiles. He noted that mutations expressed in red blood cells, such as sickle-cell anemia and various thalassemias, were prevalent only in tropical regions where malaria has been endemic. He further observed that these were favorable traits for natural selection which protected individuals from receiving malarial infection in the first place. This idea was eventually confirmed by Anthony C. Allison in 1954.
What did Haldane do to explain natural selection?
Haldane also played an important role in developing the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory, and he also revitalized natural selection as the driving force of evolution by explaining it mathematically with Mendelian genetics. He wrote a series of ten papers, titled "A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection", deriving expressions for the direction and rate of change of gene frequencies, and also analyzing the interaction of natural selection with mutation and migration. Haldane's book, The Causes of Evolution (1932), summarized these results, especially in its extensive appendix.
Which scientist demonstrated that the size of an animal determines what "bodily equipment" it has?
Haldane also was the first to demonstrate that the size of an animal determines what "bodily equipment" it has, specifically noting that in insects oxygen is simply absorbed through the skin, whereas in more complex critters like vertebrates oxygen is filtered through complex respiratory apparatuses like lungs and gills. This is called "Haldane's principle" in his honor.
Who was the spy codenamed Intelligentsia?
Haldane has been accused by authors, including Peter Wright and Chapman Pincher, of having been a Soviet spy codenamed Intelligentsia. While Haldane became critical of the Soviet regime, he continued to admire Stalin, even calling him a "great man who did great things" at one point.
Who was the first scientist to demonstrate linkage in humans?
Crow called it "the most important science article ever written in a front-line trench". He was the first to demonstrate linkage in chickens in 1921, and (with Julia Bell) in humans in 1937.
Was Haldane a socialist?
Haldane became a socialist during World War I ; supported the republicans during the Spanish Civil War; and then became an open supporter of the British Communist Party in 1937. A pragmatic dialectical-materialist Marxist, he wrote many articles for the Daily Worker. He also showed some signs of being an impossibilist, in On Being the Right Size, he wrote: "while nationalization of certain industries is an obvious possibility in the largest of states, I find it no easier to picture a completely socialized British Empire or United States than an elephant turning somersaults or a hippopotamus jumping a hedge."
Biography
Haldane was born in Oxford to physiologist John Scott Haldane and Louisa Kathleen Haldane (née Trotter), and descended from an aristocratic intellectual Scottish family His younger sister, Naomi Mitchison, became a writer.
Quotations
He is famous for the ( apocryphal) response that he gave when some theologians asked him what could be inferred about the mind of the Creator from the works of His Creation: "An inordinate fondness for beetles." This is in reference to there being over 400,000 known species of beetles in the world, and that this represents 40% of all known insect species (at the time of the statement, it was over half of all known insect species).
Overview
Scientific contributions
Following his father's footsteps, Haldane's first publication was on the mechanism of gaseous exchange by haemoglobin in The Journal of Physiology, and he subsequently worked on the chemical properties of blood as a pH buffer. He investigated several aspects of kidney functions and mechanism of excretion.
In 1904, Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire published a paper on an experiment attempting to test Mend…
Biography
Haldane was born in Oxford in 1892. His father was John Scott Haldane, a physiologist, scientist, a philosopher and a Liberal who was the grandson of evangelist James Alexander Haldane. His mother Louisa Kathleen Trotter, was a Conservative, and descended from Scottish ancestry. His only sibling, Naomi, became a writer and married Dick Mitchison, Baron Mitchison (thereby becomin…
Political views
Haldane became a socialist during the First World War, supported the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War, and then became an open supporter of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1937. A pragmatic dialectical-materialist Marxist, he wrote many articles for the Daily Worker. In On Being the Right Size, he wrote that "while nationalization of certain industries is …
Social and scientific views
Haldane was the first to have thought of the genetic basis for human cloning, and the eventual artificial breeding of superior individuals. For this he introduced the terms "clone" and "cloning", modifying the earlier "clon" which had been used in agriculture since the early 20th century (from Greek klōn, twig). He introduced the term in his speech on "Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten Thousand Years" at the Ciba Foundation Symposium on Man and his Fu…
Awards and honours
Haldane was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1932. The French Government conferred him its National Order of the Legion of Honour in 1937. In 1952, he received the Darwin Medal from the Royal Society. In 1956, he was awarded the Huxley Memorial Medal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain. He received the Feltrinelli Prize from Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in 1961. He also received an Honorary Doctorate of Science, an Honorary Fellowship at New Colle…
Quotations
• He is famous for the (possibly apocryphal) response that he gave when some theologians asked him what could be inferred about the mind of the Creator from the works of His Creation: "An inordinate fondness for beetles." or sometimes, "....stars and beetles."
• "My own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose."
Publications
• Daedalus; or, Science and the Future (1924), E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., a paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on 4 February 1923
• A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection, a series of papers beginning in 1924
• Briggs, G. E; Haldane, J. B (1925). "A note on the kinetics of enzyme action". Biochemical Journal. 19 (2): 338–339. doi:10.1042/bj0190338. PMC 1259181. PMID 16743508. (With G.E. Briggs)
Overview
Haldane's decompression model is a mathematical model for decompression to sea level atmospheric pressure of divers breathing compressed air at ambient pressure that was proposed in 1908 by the Scottish physiologist, John Scott Haldane (2 May 1860 – 14/15 March 1936), who was also famous for intrepid self-experimentation.
Previous work
Paul Bert (17 October 1833 – 11 November 1886) was a French physiologist who graduated at Paris as doctor of medicine in 1863, and doctor of science in 1866. He was appointed professor of physiology successively at Bordeaux (1866) and the Sorbonne (1869). Paul Bert was given the nickname of "Father of Aviation Medicine" after his work, La Pression barometrique (1878), a comprehensive i…
Haldane's work
The Admiralty Committee needed to frame definite rules for safe decompression in the shortest possible time for deep diving, and hence, Haldane was commissioned in 1905 by the UK Royal Navy for this purpose, to design decompression tables for divers ascending from deep water.
In 1907 Haldane made a decompression chamber to help make deep-sea diver…
Further developments on Haldane's principles
The 2:1 ratio proposed by Haldane was found to be too conservative for fast tissues (short dives) and not conservative enough for slow tissues (long dives). The ratio also seemed to vary with depth. The ascent rates used on older tables were 18 metres per minute (59 ft/min), but newer tables now use 9 metres per minute (30 ft/min).
• Haldane introduced decompression tables based on five tissue compartments with half times o…
Haldane's related work and research
Haldane had many other related researches:
• Established The Journal of Hygiene
• Manufactured a decompression device to facilitate assistance to deep divers
• Established decompression procedures for air diving to 200 feet or 65 meters for the Royal Navy in 1907, after many animal experiments
Contradicting work
Although Haldane's model remains the basis for modern decompression tables, Haldane's first decompression tables proved to be far from ideal. Haldane's equation is used by many dive tables and dive computers today, even though, a growing number of decompression models contradict its assumptions such as the
Asymmetry of saturation phenomena of inert gases (uptake and elimination), Desaturation accor…
Figures and tables from "The Prevention of Compressed-air Illness"
• page 347, Figure-1, Nitrogen Saturation
• page 363, Figure-4, Desaturation of Nitrogen with different parts of the body with half-sat in 5-10-20-40-75 minutes
• page 365, Figure-5, Desaturation of Nitrogen different body tissues