The cellular laminae, also known as Rexed laminae, are the nine layers of gray matter that make up the spinal cord. These layers are organized in two main ways: by nuclear regions (we will discuss this briefly only as a way to identify laminar regions) and by the laminae themselves.
What to expect in laminectomy and spinal fusion?
You may have spinal fusion at the same time with the laminectomy. The spinal fusion is meant to stabilize the parts of the spine that have undergone laminectomy. Typically, the fusion is done in unstable sections of your spine. These unstable sections may result to too much or abnormal movement of the vertebrae.
How serious is flattening of the spinal cord?
This means that something is putting pressure on your spinal cord and is flattening it out. It not serious unless you are having pain and numbness in your body. +1 vote! Please wait... Bone or cartilage are compressing the spinal cord at a certain segment. This can cause pain, or numbness and can sometimes be fixed surgically.
What is the lateral horn of the spinal cord?
The lateral horn of the spinal cord is the small lateral projection of grey matter located between the dorsal horn and ventral horn and contain the neuronal cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system.
Are Association nerve cells are found in the spinal cord?
Found on the inner portion of the spinal cord, is a mixture of unmyelinated association neurons, nerve cell bodies and neuroglia, forms the letter "H" in cross section central canal a canal that runs down the middle of the spinal column within the gray commissure and is filled with cerebral spinal fluid
How many laminae are in spinal cord?
10 laminaeThe gray matter of the spinal cord has been subdivided into 10 laminae (Rexed's laminae) based on the presence of neuronal cells with similar function.
What is laminae function?
The lamina plant leaf produces food as the expanded form allows it to gather and absorb photons from the sunlight which further is utilised in the process of photosynthesis for making available the essential energy and nutrition to the plants.
What are laminae in spinal cord grey matter?
In the spinal cord, laminae comprise a system of ten layers of grey matter (I-X). Similar to Brodmann areas, they are defined by their cellular structure rather than by their location.
What are laminae of Rexed?
Rexed's laminae is an architectural classification of the structure of the spinal cord, based on the cytological features of the neurons in different regions of the gray substance described by the Swedish Anatomist B. Rexed.
What is called lamina?
lamina. / (ˈlæmɪnə) / noun plural -nae (-ˌniː) or -nas. a thin plate or layer, esp of bone or mineral. botany the flat blade of a leaf, petal, or thallus.
Does the lamina grow back?
The lamina does not grow back. Instead, scar tissue grows over the bone, replacing the lamina, and protects the spinal nerves. Your surgeon can describe your particular spinal operation to you.
Which lamina is responsible for pain?
Lamina II has high concentrations of substance P and opiate receptors and is important in the modulation of sensory input. Therefore, this layer helps determine what pattern of sensations would be interpreted as painful.
Where is lamina located?
Lamina. The lamina is is the roof of the spinal canal that provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord.
What is the function of grey matter in spinal cord?
The gray matter of the spinal cord is a vital part of the central nervous system and is involved in muscle movement, sensory information like fine touch, proprioception and vibration, and more.
Where is lamina 7 located?
Lamina VII, along with Lamina IX, form the middle region between the dorsal and ventral roots, medial to the position of the lateral gray horns. This lamina is one example of a layer that changes configuration based on the level of the vertebral column observed.
What is lamina neurology?
In human nervous system: Cellular laminae. The gray matter of the spinal cord is composed of nine distinct cellular layers, or laminae, traditionally indicated by Roman numerals. Laminae I to V, forming the dorsal horns, receive sensory input. Lamina VII forms the intermediate zone at the base of all horns.…
How many laminae are present in the grey matter of the spinal cord a four B six C eight D Ten?
ten laminaeSolution : There are ten laminae in the grey matter of spinal cord.
What is a lamina calculus?
In mathematics, a planar lamina (or plane lamina) is a figure representing a thin, usually uniform, flat layer of the solid. It serves also as an idealized model of a planar cross section of a solid body in integration.
What part of the brain controls smooth muscle?
CerebellumCerebellum: The cerebellum, also known as the little brain, is responsible for smooth, coordinated voluntary movements. It subdivides into three lobes: the anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes.
What is the lamina propria and where is it located?
The lamina propria constitutes the layer of loose connective tissue and interstitial matrix located just below the epithelium. In the stomach, the lamina propria tends to be relatively inconspicuous, filling the interstitial spaces between the tubular gastric glands.
What does lamina mean in Latin?
Borrowed from Latin lāmina (“a thin piece of metal, wood, marble; a plate, leaf, layer”).
What is the lamina in anatomy?
Spine Anatomy Overview Video. The lamina is the flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal; the posterior part of the spinal ring that covers the spinal cord or nerves . Related Definitions. Spinal Canal.
What is the lamina?
The lamina is the flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal; the posterior part of the spinal ring that covers the spinal cord or nerves.
Where is the lamina I located?
Lamina I is at the apex of the dorsal horn , and contains the posterior marginal nucleus. These cells respond to thermal and other noxious stimuli, and receive axosomatic connections from lamina II. Near the apex, in lamina II, is the substan-tia gelatinosa, which is found throughout the length of the cord, and which receives touch, temperature and pain afferents, as well as inputs from descending fibers. Both I and II are rich in substance P, considered to be an excitatory neurotransmit-ter of pain impulses, in opioid receptors and the enkephalin.
What is the gray matter of the cord?
The gray matter of the cord is butterfly-shaped, with the so-called dorsal (posterior) horns forming the upper wings of the butterfly shape. These are linked by a thin gray commissure in which lies the central canal. In the thoracic and upper lumbar segments the gray matter extends on both sides to form lateral horns. The lower wings of the butterfly shape are formed by the ventral (anterior) horns of the gray matter. (The size of the gray matter is greatest at segments that innervate the most skeletal muscle. These are the cervical and lumbosacral, which innervate upper and lower limb muscles, respectively.)
What is the lamina?
The lamina is the part of the vertebra that connects the spinous process and the transverse process. There are two laminae, located on either side of the spinous process. The lamina is often the site of back surgery when you need to relieve the symptoms caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots.
Where does the spinal cord run?
The spinal cord runs through the center passageway (spinal canal, already discussed) that is made by the bony rings of the stack of vertebrae.
What is the tunnel in the spinal cord?
The spinal cord passes through a long tunnel formed by the stacked vertebrae in the center of the spinal cord, called the spinal canal. The spinal canal is constructed of the collective inside of the rings of all 24 vertebrae that make up the column.
What is the name of the hole in the spine that connects the nerves to the spinal cord?
Nerves branch off from the spinal cord and exit the spine by means of smaller holes on the sides of the bones, called neuralforamina. The neuralforamina are constructed from archways on the sides of the adjacent vertebrae that are stacked together. 3 . 3.
What are spinous and transverse processes?
Similar to articular processes discussed above, spinous and transverse processes are projections of bone that emanate off the bony ring in the back of the vertebral body. Spinous and transverse processes look a little like fingers. On each vertebra, there are two transverse processes and one spinous process.
How many vertebrae are in the spinal column?
The spinal column is made of 24 individual vertebrae that go from the skull to the sacrum.
What are the discs in the vertebrae?
In between the vertebral bodies are the intervertebral discs, which are responsible for shock absorption during movement. They do this by acting as a movable cushion between the vertebral bodies .
Which lamina receives input from large-diameter fibres innervating muscles and joints and from?
Lamina VI: Base of the dorsal horn. No nociceptive input occurs here, instead this lamina receives input from large-diameter fibres innervating muscles and joints and from muscle spindles which are sensitive to innocuous joint movement and muscle stretch to feed forward this information to the cerebellum where it can modulate muscle tone accordingly.
What are the neurons in lamina V?
This layer is home to wide dynamic range tract neurons, interneurons and propriospinal neurons.
What is the Medulla spinalis substantia grisea?
Medulla spinalis - Substantia grisea. Rexed lamina. The Rexed laminae comprise a system of ten layers of grey matter (I–X), identified in the early 1950s by Bror Rexed to label portions of the grey columns of the spinal cord.
What is the name of the area of grey matter surrounding the central canal?
Lamina X: an area of grey matter surrounding the central canal.
Where is the spinal cord located?
It is situated inside the vertebral canal of the vertebral column. During development, there’s a disproportion between spinal cord growth and vertebral column growth. The spinal cord finishes growing at the age of 4, while the vertebral column finishes growing at age 14-18.
Which spinal cord is divided into two segments?
Like the vertebral column, the spinal cord is divided into segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
How many segments are there in the spinal cord?
Like the vertebral column, the spinal cord is divided into segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Each segment of the spinal cord provides several pairs of spinal nerves, which exit from vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina. There are 8 pairs of cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, ...
What veins drain into the vertebral plexus?
Anterior and posterior spinal veins drain into radicular veins, which then empty into the (internal and external) vertebral venous plexus. This network eventually empties into the vertebral (neck) and segmental (trunk) veins. Blood supply is always an inevitable part of any anatomy study unit.
How many spinal nerves are there?
Spinal nerves. 31 pair of nerves that emerge from the segments of the spinal cord to innervate the body structures; 8 pairs of cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair of spinal nerves.
What does "scull" mean in medical terms?
You can easy remember the extent of the spinal cord with a mnemonic ' SCULL ', which stands for ' S pinal C ord U ntil L2 (LL)'.
What are the four surfaces of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord is made of gray and white matter just like other parts of the CNS. It shows four surfaces: anterior, posterior, and two lateral. They feature fissures (anterior) and sulci (anterolateral, posterolateral, and posterior).
What is the spinal cord?
Log In. The spinal cord is an important information relay and processing hub connecting the brain with the rest of the body. A transverse section of the spinal cord reveals a distinct “butterfly” pattern of dark, inner “grey” matter surrounded by the lighter colour “white matter”. The white matter contains the ascending ...
What is the grey matter of the spinal cord?
The Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord. The spinal cord is an important information relay and processing hub connecting the brain with the rest of the body. A transverse section of the spinal cord reveals a distinct “butterfly” pattern of dark, inner “grey” matter surrounded by the lighter colour “white matter”.
Which part of the brain contains motor neurons that exit the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle?
The ventral horn (also known as the anterior horn) largely contains motor neurons that exit the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle.
What is the position of the marginal zone in the spinal cord?
The prominent nuclei (groups of neuron cell bodies) in the spinal cord are the: Marginal zone (MZ, posterior marginalis) – located at the tip of the dorsal horn, and is important for relaying pain and temperature sensation to the brain.
How many columns are there in the spinal cord?
Four Columns of the Spinal Cord Grey Matter. The grey matter is divided into four main columns: the dorsal horn, the intermediate column, the lateral horn and the ventral horn:
Which part of the brain relays sensory information?
Relays sensory, including nociceptive (potentially painful), information to the brain via the contralateral and spinothalamic tracts. Receives descending information from the brain via the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts. Lamina VI. Contains many small interneurons involved in spinal reflexes.
Which nucleus relays unconscious proprioceptive information to the brain?
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke (DNC) – the most dorso-medial nuclei, the DNC relays unconscious proprioceptive information to the brain. Only found in spinal segments C8 to L3.
How does a spine surgeon remove a lamina?
The surgeon makes an incision in your back over the affected vertebrae and moves the muscles away from your spine as needed. Small instruments are used to remove the appropriate lamina. The size of the incision may vary depending on your condition and body size.
What is the difference between cervical and lumbar laminectomy?
Overview. A lumbar laminectomy involves the removal of the back portion of a vertebra in your lower back to create more room within the spinal canal. A cervical laminectomy involves the removal of the back portion of a vertebra in your neck to create more room within the spinal canal. Laminectomy is surgery that creates space by removing ...
What is cervical laminectomy?
Cervical laminectomy. A cervical laminectomy involves the removal of the back portion of a vertebra in your neck to create more room within the spinal canal. Laminectomy is surgery that creates space by removing the lamina — the back part of a vertebra that covers your spinal canal. Also known as decompression surgery, ...
Why is a laminectomy necessary?
You experience loss of bowel or bladder control. In some situations, laminectomy may be necessary as part of surgery to treat a herniated spinal disk. Your surgeon may need to remove part of the lamina to gain access to the damaged disk.
What is minimally invasive surgery?
Minimally invasive surgeries typically use smaller incisions than those used for open procedures. If laminectomy is being performed as part of surgical treatment for a herniated disk, the surgeon also removes the herniated portion of the disk and any pieces that have broken loose (diskectomy).
What is the procedure to stabilize the spine?
If one of your vertebrae has slipped over another or if you have curvature of the spine, spinal fusion may be necessary to stabilize your spine. During spinal fusion, the surgeon permanently connects two or more of your vertebrae together using bone grafts and, if necessary, metal rods and screws.
How long does it take to recover from spinal fusion?
Depending on the amount of lifting, walking and sitting your job involves, you may be able to return to work within a few weeks. If you also have spinal fusion, your recovery time will be longer.