What is the modified gingival index (MGI)?
The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) uses a visual scale to assess gingival health. 26 The MGI relies on a visual assessment of gingival changes to measure the severity of inflammation. Five categories, using a 0-4 scale, score the marginal and papillary gingival tissue based on color, texture, edema, and spontaneous bleeding (see Table 2-2 ).
Are key gingivitis indices useful in evaluating prevention and treatment outcomes?
Key gingivitis indices, including the Löe-Silness Gingival Index (LS), Lobene Modified Gingival Index (MGI), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Papillary Bleeding Index (PIBI), and the Mazza modification of the PIBI (Mazza GI), were evaluated for their relative validity and sensitivity in evaluating prevention and treatment outcomes.
What does a gingival index of 3 mean?
The Gingival Index (GI) scores each site on a 0 to 3 scale, with 0 being normal and 3 being severe inflammation characterized by edema, redness, swelling, and spontaneous bleeding4 ( Table 2-2 ). This measurement is based on the presence or absence of bleeding on gentle probing.
What is the gingival bleeding index?
Gingival bleeding index (GBI) This index was proposed by Carter and Barnes in 1974 49. The index was designed for easy estimation of gingivitis in patients. Unwaxed floss is passed into the interproximal sulci of the teeth and the presence or absence of bleeding is checked.
How is modified gingival index calculated?
The GI of the individual can be obtained by adding the values of each tooth and dividing by the number of teeth examined. The Gingival Index may be scored for all surfaces of all or selected teeth or for selected areas of all or selected teeth.
What is MGI in dentistry?
Mucogingival involvement (MGI) is when there is no remaining attached gingiva. This means that the tooth is losing stability, and has the chance of becoming more mobile which could lead to a hopeless prognosis.
What does CPI mean in dental?
Definition. Severity and degree of periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis) in an individual (or in a section of a population) are assessed, according to a WHO-recommendation, by the CPI (Community Periodontal Index) taking as its basis the three features bleeding, dental calculus, and gingival sulcus.
What is modified sulcus bleeding index?
mBI = modified sulcus bleeding index; score 0: no bleeding when a periodontal probe is passed along the gingival margin adjacent to the implant; score 1: isolated bleeding spots visible; score 2: blood forms a confluent red line on the margin; score 3: heavy or profuse bleeding.
What is the purpose of plaque index?
Clinical plaque indices are used to evaluate the level and rate of plaque formation on tooth surfaces, and to test the efficacy of oral care products for removal and prevention of plaque deposits from these surfaces.
What does the Loe and Silness index measure?
Silness-Löe Index The measurement of the state of oral hygiene by Silness-Löe plaque index is based on recording both soft debris and mineralized deposits on the following teeth: Missing teeth are not substituted. 1 A film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin and adjacent area of the tooth.
Which gingival index is non invasive?
Exceptional is the Modified Gingival Index (MGI) [8] which is completely noninvasive (i.e., exclusively visual).
How many mm is gingivitis?
A slight increase to 4mm indicates gingivitis, the inflammation of tissue related to plaque and/or calculus present in the area. Once the depth of these pockets increases to 5mm or more, the area presents with periodontal disease.
What is current medical CPI?
US Consumer Price Index: Medical Care is at a current level of 553.01, up from 549.28 last month and up from 524.84 one year ago. This is a change of 0.68% from last month and 5.37% from one year ago.
What is a CPI in medical terms?
The clinical practice improvement (CPI) model and how it is used to examine the availability of pharmaceuticals and the utilisation of ambulatory healthcare services in HMOs. Results from the Managed Care Outcomes Project (MCOP) Pharmacoeconomics.
What percent of CPI is medical care?
Medical care methodologyItemRelative importance (percent)Percentage of the Medical Care IndexMedical care8.487100%A. Medical care commodities1.52418%1. Medicinal drugs1.42217%a. Prescription drugs1.04412%16 more rows•Mar 16, 2022
What is O'Leary plaque index?
The plaque control record (O'Leary index) appears to be a commonly used oral hygiene index for assessing oral health skills. This index provides sufficient information for patient education; however, the time involved in data collection reduces its value.
What is the leading cause of gingival bleeding?
The main cause of bleeding gums is the buildup of plaque at the gum line. This will lead to a condition called gingivitis, or inflamed gums. Plaque that is not removed will harden into tartar. This will lead to increased bleeding and a more advanced form of gum and jaw bone disease known as periodontitis.
Who developed PMA index?
PMA Index (Schour and MassleV ~') One of the first quantitative gingival indices is the PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY: Volume 3, Number 4 353 Page 2 P-M-A Index developed by Schour and Massler in 1944-1947, probably derived from the index suggested by King.
How is modified plaque scored?
1:425:49The GREAT Plaque Index Score - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipSo the surfaces we're looking for is next to the gum line. So in this method. We use the fourMoreSo the surfaces we're looking for is next to the gum line. So in this method. We use the four surfaces. And they are mesial distal lingual.
What is a good plaque index score?
Total ScorePlaque Control0-3Excellent4-7Good8-11Fair12-18PoorSep 27, 2011
What is the most commonly used index to score plaque?
The most frequently referenced measure of supragingival plaque is the Plaque Index or PlI. The PlI is similar to the Gingival Index and uses an ordinal scale of 0 to 3. Similar to the GI, the PlI is scored on four sites per tooth.
What are the different dental indices?
In literature, the most frequently used gingival indices are PMA Index, Gingival Index, and the Modified Gingival Index. Various bleeding indices also exist that help to assess gingival health. Prominent among these are the Papillary Bleeding Index and the Sulcular Bleeding Index.
What is Volpe Manhold index?
The Volpe–Manhold index is a method to quantify calculus formation measurements on lingual surfaces of anterior lower teeth using a periodontal probe [13].
Which is used to assess the severity of gingival inflammation?
The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) uses a visual scale to assess gingival health.
What is preventive resin restoration?
A Preventive Resin Restoration (PRR) is a thin, resin coating applied to the chewing surface of molars, premolars and any deep grooves (called pits and fissures) of teeth. More than 75% of dental decay begins in these deep grooves. Teeth with these conditions are hard to clean and are very susceptible to decay.
Can Grade 3 Mobile tooth be saved?
The grade 2 or grade 3 mobility can be corrected by splinting the loose tooth and restricting any movement. If prognosis is poor then the loose tooth has to be extracted and replaced by dental prosthesis.
What is class 1 mobility on tooth?
Class I Tooth moves 1/2 mm buccally and 1/2 mm lingually. Class II All degrees between Class I and Class III mobility of up to 1mm in any direction. Tooth is terminally mobile. Greater than 1 mm in any direction and is depressible in the socket.
What is normal tooth mobility?
Normal, physiologic tooth mobility of about 0.25 mm is present in health. This is because the tooth is not fused to the bones of the jaws, but is connected to the sockets by the periodontal ligament. This slight mobility is to accommodate forces on the teeth during chewing without damaging them.
What is the scoring system for gingival indices?
Numerous gingival indices exist to assess inflammation. 12 The GI 13 can be adapted for pediatric use. The GI uses the following scoring system: 0 = normal gingiva; 1 = mild inflammation: slight change in color, slight edema, no bleeding on probing; 2 = moderate inflammation: redness, edema, and glazing, or bleeding on probing; 3 = severe inflammation: marked redness and edema, tendency toward spontaneous bleeding, ulceration.
How to diagnose gingivitis?
Gingivitis is diagnosed by the presence of bleeding, redness, edema, ulceration, or an increase in thickening of the gingival tissue. The most accepted index for measuring the prevalence of gingivitis is the presence, extent, or severity of bleeding.24 Several measures of bleeding have been used clinically and in research; however, no single measure for inflammation has been accepted as the standard. In epidemiological studies, several indices exist that can be used to define inflammation. The Gingival Index (GI) scores each site on a 0 to 3 scale, with 0 being normal and 3 being severe inflammation characterized by edema, redness, swelling, and spontaneous bleeding4 ( Table 2-2 ). This measurement is based on the presence or absence of bleeding on gentle probing. Four sites are scored for each tooth and can be averaged to produce a mean value for the individual tooth. The Eastman Interdental Bleeding (EIB) Index also uses bleeding as a measure of inflammation. 25 The EIB involves insertion of a wooden interdental cleaner in the interproximal space and depression of the tissues approximately 1 to 2 mm. The cleaner is inserted parallel to the occlusal plane to reduce potential trauma to the tissues. Bleeding is recorded if present after approximately 15 seconds. Both of these indices require careful drying of the teeth and gingiva before scoring.25
What is GI in periodontal examination?
A thorough examination of this age group involves both periodontal probing and use of a gingival index (GI) if inflammation is a problem. If orthodontic treatment is a consideration, it may be delayed or the treatment plan altered if the periodontal tissues are not healthy. Orthodontic treatment initiated during periods of active gingival or periodontal disease may further compromise periodontal health because fixed appliances are difficult to keep clean, and existing inflammatory conditions are exacerbated, resulting in further loss of supporting structures. The periodontal examination should address the following aspects:
What is gingiva on a radiograph?
The healthy gingiva is pink (unless pigmented in dark-skinned persons), firm, and free of swelling and redness due to inflammation. It does not bleed when a periodontal probe is passed along the gingival crevice or while brushing or flossing gently. Healthy gingiva has less than 3 mm crevice with no bone loss on radiographs. In gingivitis, the gum becomes red and the margin enlarges due to inflammation and bleeds when brushed or probed, or it may even bleed spontaneously. Teeth surfaces are scored for gingivitis on a 0 to 3 scale or for BOP on a 0 to 1 ordinal scale. The World Health Organization modified the CPI in 2013 to assess gingival bleeding and periodontal probing depth (PPD) at all teeth present and CAL at six index teeth in adults only (all first molars [second molars as substitutes], the upper right central incisor, and the lower left central incisor) ( Box 15.6) 73 using the special CPI periodontal probe.
What is the purpose of periodontal probe?
During examination of each arch, a periodontal probe is used to evaluate gingival health. Special attention should be paid to increased pocket depth, lack of attached gingiva, and bleeding upon probing.
What is the term for the attachment of the frenal fibers to the mucogingival junction?
When fibers insert within the attached gingival tissue, the frenal attachment is termed gingival. A papillary attachment is defined as fibers extending into the interdental papilla.
Does lingual movement of the same incisor cause attachment loss?
Lingual movement of the same incisor does not involve the risk of attachment loss and may even contribute to an increase in health or the amount of attached tissue. Last, the position of the frena and their height of attachment on the alveolar ridge should be determined via gentle manipulation of the lips and cheeks.
What is periodontal index?
Periodontal indices are often used for evaluation of dental implants. A comparison of natural teeth and implants for each criterion provides insight into their differences in the health–disease continuum. After one understands the basis for evaluation, these criteria may then be used to establish a health–disease implant quality scale related to patient treatment.
How to diagnose gingivitis?
Gingivitis is diagnosed by the presence of bleeding, redness, edema, ulceration, or an increase in thickening of the gingival tissue. The most accepted index for measuring the prevalence of gingivitis is the presence, extent, or severity of bleeding. 24 Several measures of bleeding have been used clinically and in research; however, no single measure for inflammation has been accepted as the standard. In epidemiological studies, several indices exist that can be used to define inflammation. The Gingival Index (GI) scores each site on a 0 to 3 scale, with 0 being normal and 3 being severe inflammation characterized by edema, redness, swelling, and spontaneous bleeding4 ( Table 2-2 ). This measurement is based on the presence or absence of bleeding on gentle probing. Four sites are scored for each tooth and can be averaged to produce a mean value for the individual tooth. The Eastman Interdental Bleeding (EIB) Index also uses bleeding as a measure of inflammation. 25 The EIB involves insertion of a wooden interdental cleaner in the interproximal space and depression of the tissues approximately 1 to 2 mm. The cleaner is inserted parallel to the occlusal plane to reduce potential trauma to the tissues. Bleeding is recorded if present after approximately 15 seconds. Both of these indices require careful drying of the teeth and gingiva before scoring. 25
What is GI in periodontal examination?
A thorough examination of this age group involves both periodontal probing and use of a gingival index (GI) if inflammation is a problem. If orthodontic treatment is a consideration, it may be delayed or the treatment plan altered if the periodontal tissues are not healthy. Orthodontic treatment initiated during periods of active gingival or periodontal disease may further compromise periodontal health because fixed appliances are difficult to keep clean, and existing inflammatory conditions are exacerbated, resulting in further loss of supporting structures. The periodontal examination should address the following aspects:
How to measure periodontal disease?
The measurement of periodontal disease is determined through a complete clinical examination and the measurement of the clinical attachment level around each tooth. The clinical attachment level (CAL) is calculated by measuring the probing pocket depth and the recession measurement from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) as a fixed reference point. Destructive periodontal disease is, then, traditionally defined clinically by increased loss of attachment as measured from the CEJ to the base of the pocket. The measure of loss of attachment is used, because longitudinal comparison over time is more reliable than other methods. Increasing pocket probing depths continue to be used to define periodontal disease. Probing depth is measured from the crest of the free gingival margin to the base of the pocket. As a record of destructive disease, this measure is less reliable than other measures, because it records both true bone loss and tissue inflammation.
What are the criteria for dental implants?
1–12 A majority of reports that include clinical criteria to evaluate an implant include mobility; radiographic assessment of bone loss; and on occasion, gingival and plaque indices. Subjective criteria of discomfort and patient satisfaction also are mentioned.
What is the term for when the fibers are inserted within the attached gingiva?
Gingival —when the fibers are inserted within the attached gingiva.
What is the MGI scale?
The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) uses a visual scale to assess gingival health. 26 The MGI relies on a visual assessment of gingival changes to measure the severity of inflammation. Five categories, using a 0-4 scale, score the marginal and papillary gingival tissue based on color, texture, edema, and spontaneous bleeding (see Table 2-2 ). Using this index, 108 sites are scored per person (52 papillary and 56 marginal sites).
How long does it take for gum disease to heal?
Gingivitis is very common and characterized by red, swollen, bleeding gums. Gingivitis heals within 10 days of professional care and with daily, thorough oral hygiene practices. If left untreated, however, its progress may lead to teeth becoming mobile or lost. Of the many medical apps currently available, none monitor gingivitis. Objective: This study aimed to present a characterization and development model of a mobile health (mHealth) app called iGAM, which focuses on periodontal health and improves the information flow between dentists and patients. Methods: A focus group discussed the potential of an app to monitor gingivitis, and 3 semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted on the use of apps for monitoring gum infections. We used a qualitative design process based on the Agile approach, which incorporated the following 5 steps: (1) user story, (2) use cases, (3) functional requirements, (4) nonfunctional requirements, and (5) Agile software development cycles. In a pilot study with 18 participants aged 18-45 years and with different levels of health literacy, participants were given a toothbrush, toothpaste, mouthwash, toothpicks, and dental floss. After installing iGAM, they were asked to photograph their gums weekly for 4 weeks. Results: All participants in the focus group believed in the potential of a mobile app to monitor gingivitis and reduce its severity. Concerns about security and privacy issues were discussed. From the interviews, 2 themes were derived: (1) "what's in it for me?" and (2) the need for a take-home message. The 5 cycles of development highlighted the importance of communication between dentists, app developers, and the pilot group. Qualitative analysis of the data from the pilot study showed difficulty with: (1) the camera, which was alleviated with the provision of mouth openers, and (2) the operation of the phone, which was alleviated by changing the app to be fully automated, with a weekly reminder and an instructions document. Final interviews showed satisfaction. Conclusions: iGAM is the first mHealth app for monitoring gingivitis using self-photography. iGAM facilitates the information flow between dentists and patients between checkups and may be useful when face-to-face consultations are not possible (such as during the COVID-19 pandemic).
How does periodontal disease affect the body?
Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting structures of the teeth (the gingiva, bone and periodontal ligament), which could lead to tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation. Chronic periodontitis predominantly affects adults, but aggressive periodontitis may occasionally occur in children. Periodontal disease initiation and propagation is through a dysbiosis of the commensal oral microbiota (dental plaque), which then interacts with the immune defences of the host, leading to inflammation and disease. This pathophysiological situation persists through bouts of activity and quiescence, until the affected tooth is extracted or the microbial biofilm is therapeutically removed and the inflammation subsides. The severity of the periodontal disease depends on environmental and host risk factors, both modifiable (for example, smoking) and non-modifiable (for example, genetic susceptibility). Prevention is achieved with daily self-performed oral hygiene and professional removal of the microbial biofilm on a quarterly or bi-Annual basis. New treatment modalities that are actively explored include antimicrobial therapy, host modulation therapy, laser therapy and tissue engineering for tissue repair and regeneration.
What is the most common oral disease?
The mouth is a window into the health of the body and signs of nutritional deficiencies can be seen in the mouth at an early stage. Dental caries still constitutes the most common oral condition worldwide. It is the net result of an ecological imbalance in the oral biofilm where metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates may result in demineralisation. Early diagnosis of disease symptoms and preventive strategies are important for disease management. Dental erosion, where loss of tooth substance is a result of exposure to acidic substances, has become a common condition. Intrinsic factors, including diet/drinks and intake habits, are common etiological causes. Periodontal diseases constitute chronic, biofilm-initiated inflammatory conditions with multifactorial origin including inherited and acquired risk factors. Preventive strategies focus on mechanisms, which may influence the amount and composition of the subgingival biofilm. Oral cancer is one of the most commonly found forms of malignancies worldwide. It is a highly complex condition where lifestyle factors, particularly smoking cessation and moderate alcohol consumption, play a major role as deterrents. Hyposalivation is of multifactorial aetiology and may influence oral health as well as various aspects of quality of life. To control oral health, it is important to increase our knowledge of oral disease aetiology and focus on oral health promotion and preventive strategies including the control of diet and nutritional risk factors.
Why is routine dental checkup important?
Abstract Background: Routine dental examinations are important for early diagnosis and treatment of dental problems among older adults in order to improve their quality of life and avoid costly future treatments . In Israel, a significant percentage of adults do not seek dental care. Methods: The study is based on a 2017 telephone survey conducted among people aged 50–75 from different population groups in Israel to examine their health beliefs and attitudes toward dental treatments. Results: The results show that among older adults the decision to undergo routine dental checkups is affected by socio-demographic status and health beliefs regarding dental health. Lower age, higher income levels, and Jewish religion predicted higher chances of frequent checkups. In addition, those who saw the benefits of routine checkups, believed that dentists were readily available, and had higher levels of health motivation were more likely to seek out routine dental care. Conclusions: According to the recent dental reform in Israel, people aged 75 and over are eligible for subsidized dental treatments. To enhance the frequency of dental checkups among older adults, it is recommended to provide this subsidized coverage for adults under age 75. In addition, planning dental health services for individuals in this age group should be based upon their accepted beliefs and values. Moreover, systematic health education through the media and health maintenance organizations should specifically target this population group to encourage them to undergo dental checkups more frequently. Keywords: Oral health, Older adults, Israel
What is the gingival index?
This index was given by Loe and Silness in 1963 44, designed to assess the severity and quality of gingival inflammation in an individual or population. The gingival inflammation is assessed on the basis of color, consistency and bleeding on probing. In this index, only gingival tissue is assessed. A blunt probe is used to assess the bleeding tendency of gingiva by running it along the soft tissue wall of the entrance of gingival sulcus. The gingiva surrounding the tooth is assessed at four sites: mesio-facial papilla, facial marginal gingiva, disto-facial papilla and lingual marginal gingiva. The lingual surface was not subdivided to minimize examiners’ variability in scoring.
When was the oral hygiene index introduced?
This index was introduced by Podshadley and Haley 34 in 1968. It is used to assess individual oral hygiene performance. It is used to assess the remaining plaque and debris after the patient performs brushing. Its primary use is as a motivational and educational tool for the patient.
What is the PMA index?
The PMA index was developed by Schour and Massler in 1944-1947 35-37. It is probably the oldest reversible index designed for scoring gingival inflammatory status. In this index, the facial surface of gingiva around a tooth is divided into three units: Mesial interdental papilla (P), Marginal gingiva (M), and Attached gingiva (A). The sum of P, M and A for a tooth is designated as the PMA score for a tooth and the sum of PMA score for all the teeth divided by the number of teeth is considered as PMA score of the person.
What portion of the gingiva is numbered by the tooth?
Papillary gingiva: Papillary portion of gingiva between the teeth is numbered by the tooth just distal to it.
What is an index in a study?
The index is defined as a numerical value describing the relative status of the population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria and methods 30. With the help of indices, various populations can be compared classified by the same criteria and methods. There are a large number of indices used for recording gingiva and periodontal status. The selection of an index for a particular study depends on its reliability and validity. Reliability of an index is its ability to produce same results when applied to an individual twice or more at a particular time. The validity of an index is its ability to measure what it is intended to measure. For example, periodontal pocket depth is not a valid indicator of attachment loss. In the case of gingival enlargement, pseudo-pockets are present but attachment loss is not there. Thus, pocket depth cannot be considered as a valid indicator of periodontal disease.
How many teeth are used for scoring?
Six teeth are used for scoring and scoring is confined to the gingival part of the facial and lingual surfaces of the index teeth. The scores are summed up for each tooth to assess plaque accumulation for each individual. The score is then divided by the maximum possible score and is then converted into a percentage.
What is the reliability of an index?
Reliability of an index is its ability to produce same results when applied to an individual twice or more at a particular time. The validity of an index is its ability to measure what it is intended to measure. For example, periodontal pocket depth is not a valid indicator of attachment loss.
How to find the GI of a tooth?
The GI of the individual can be obtained by adding the values of each tooth and dividing by the number of teeth examined.
What is the GI score?
The GI may be used for the assessment of prevalence and severity of gingivitis in populations, groups and individuals. A score from 0.1-1.0 = mild inflammation; 1.1-2.0 = moderate inflammation from, and 2.1-3.0 signifies severe inflammation.
What is gingival bleeding?
Gingival bleeding is an objective, easily assessed sign of inflammation that is associated with several periodontal diseases. Many bleeding indices have been devised; some assess bleeding as simply present or absent, whereas others use grading in an attempt to assess severity of bleeding. The choice ….
Does smoking cause gingival bleeding?
There is evidence that smokers have less, or delayed, gingival bleeding when compared with non-smokers; therefore smoking needs to be controlled for in studies of gingival bleeding. Measurement of gingival bleeding tendency should be an integral part of a comprehensive oral examination.
