What kind of drug is phenothiazine?
Phenothiazine antipsychotics are a type of antipsychotic. Antipsychotics are medicines that are used to reduce hallucinations and delusions associated with psychosis. Phenothiazine antipsychotics are thought to work by blocking the action of dopamine in the brain; however, their exact mechanism of action is unknown.
What are phenothiazines used for?
Phenothiazines are used to treat serious mental and emotional disorders, including schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Some are used also to control agitation in certain patients, severe nausea and vomiting, severe hiccups, and moderate to severe pain in some hospitalized patients.
Is Prozac a phenothiazine?
Phenothiazine antipsychotics should be used with caution with medications (for example, fluoxetine [Prozac, Sarafem, Prozac Weekly]) that reduce the activity of liver enzymes that eliminate phenothiazines because levels of phenothiazines can increase and lead to more side effects.
Is diphenhydramine a decongestant medication?
What we liked: These tablets contain diphenhydramine, an antihistamine ingredient that fights allergy symptoms, as well as phenylephrine, which reduces sinus congestion. You can take one of these tablets every 4 hours throughout the day, and reviewers note that they take effect relatively quickly.
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What is an example of a phenothiazine?
Examples of phenothiazines include: chlorpromazine (brand name: Thorazine), fluphenazine (Duraclon), mesoridazine (Serentil), perphenazine (Etrafon and Trilafon), prochlorperazine (Compazine), promazine (Robinul and Anectine), thioridazine (Mellaril), trifluoperazine (Stelazine) and triflupromazine (Robinul).
What are phenothiazines side effects?
Constipation, trouble urinating, dryness of mouth, confusion, problems with memory, dizziness or fainting, drowsiness, trembling of the hands and fingers, and problems with muscle movement, such as decreased or unusual movements, are especially likely to occur in elderly patients, who are usually more sensitive than ...
What class of drug is phenothiazine?
Heterocyclic compoundPhenothiazine / ClassificationPhenothiazines are a class of first-generation heterocyclic anti-psychotic medications, which display antagonistic activity towards dopamine receptors and recently have been shown to have potential anti-neoplastic properties.
Is phenothiazine a tranquilizer?
Phenothiazines may be classed as tranquilizers, neuroleptics or antipsychotics. Acepromazine is the drug most commonly used and is licensed for use in the dog and cat in most countries.
Is Xanax a phenothiazine?
Compazine is a phenothiazine anti-psychotic and Xanax is a benzodiazepine.
What is a serious and irreversible side effect of phenothiazines?
Phenothiazines can sometimes cause serious unwanted effects. Tardive dyskinesia or tardive dystonia (muscle movement disorders) may occur and may not go away after you stop using the medicine.
What is the best known phenothiazine?
Among the most widely used phenothiazines are chlorpromazine (marketed under Thorazine and other trade names), thioridazine (Mellaril), and trifluoperazine (Stelazine).
Is Zofran a phenothiazine?
Zofran and Compazine belong to different drug classes. Zofran is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and Compazine is a phenothiazine anti-psychotic.
What is phenothiazine made from?
The compound was originally prepared by Bernthsen in 1883 via the reaction of diphenylamine with sulfur, but more recent syntheses rely on the cyclization of 2-substituted diphenyl sulfides. Few pharmaceutically significant phenothiazines are prepared from phenothiazine, although some of them are.
Are phenothiazines antihistamines?
Phenothiazine (FEE-noe-THYE-a-zeen)-derivative antihistamines are used to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever and other types of allergy. They work by preventing the effects of a substance called histamine, which is produced by the body.
Can phenothiazine cause obesity?
Weight gain, which appears to be associated with an increase in appetite, is variable but likely to be larger initially and then plateau. Clozapine and low-potency phenothiazines are associated with the largest gains and molindone with weight loss, but the mechanism is not known.
What is the action of phenothiazines used to treat nausea and vomiting?
Phenothiazine antiemetics are a type of medicine that may be used to relieve nausea and vomiting. They work by inhibiting dopamine, muscarinic and histamine (H1) receptors generally in the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone.
What are extrapyramidal side effects?
Extrapyramidal side effects are a group of symptoms that can occur in people taking antipsychotic medications. 1 Symptoms of extrapyramidal effects include an inability to sit still, involuntary muscle contraction, tremors, stiff muscles, and involuntary facial movements.
What is the usual cause of phenothiazine intoxication?
Abstract. Of 48 cases of phenothiazine poisoning that were analyzed, 34 were attributed to suicide attempts, nine to accidental ingestion, and five to drug reactions. As outpatient treatment of schizophrenia increases, cases of over-dose with phenothiazine drugs may be expected to increase also.
Are phenothiazines antihistamines?
Phenothiazine (FEE-noe-THYE-a-zeen)-derivative antihistamines are used to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever and other types of allergy. They work by preventing the effects of a substance called histamine, which is produced by the body.
What is the best known phenothiazine?
Among the most widely used phenothiazines are chlorpromazine (marketed under Thorazine and other trade names), thioridazine (Mellaril), and trifluoperazine (Stelazine).
What is phenothiazine used for?
Some are used also to control agitation in certain patients, severe nausea and vomiting, severe hiccups, and moderate to severe pain in some hospitalized patients. Chlorpromazine is used also in the treatment of certain types of porphyria, and with other medicines in the treatment of tetanus. Phenothiazines may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.
Can phenothiazines cause unwanted effects?
Phenothiazines may cause unwanted, unattractive, and uncontrolled face or body movements that may not go away when you stop taking the medicine. They may also cause other serious unwanted effects. You and your doctor should talk about the good this medicine will do as well as the risks of using it. Also, your doctor should look for early signs of these effects at regular visits. Your doctor may be able to stop or decrease some unwanted effects, if they do occur, by changing your dose or by making other changes in your treatment.
What is phenothiazine?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Heterocyclic compound containing a ring of four carbon, one nitrogen and one sulfur atom.
When was phenothiazine first used?
Phenothiazine was introduced by DuPont as an insecticide in 1935. About 3,500,000 pounds were sold in the US in 1944. However, because it was degraded by sunlight and air, it was difficult to determine how much to use in the field, and its use waned in the 1940s with the arrival of new pesticides like DDT that were more durable. : 161–162 As of July 2015 it is not registered for pesticide use in the US, Europe, or Australia.
When was methylene blue first used?
The structure was deduced in 1885 by Heinrich August Bernthsen. Bernthsen synthesized phenothiazine in 1883. In the mid 1880s , Paul Ehrlich began to use methylene blue in his cell staining experiments that led to pioneering discoveries about different cell types. He was awarded a Nobel Prize based in part on that work. He became particularly interested in its use to stain bacteria and parasites such as Plasmodiidae – the genus that includes the malaria pathogen – and found that it could be stained with methylene blue. He thought methylene blue could possibly be used in the treatment of malaria, tested it clinically, and by the 1890s methylene blue was being used for that purpose.
What are the three groups of phenothiazine?
Phenothiazine antipsychotics are classified into three groups that differ with respect to the substituent on nitrogen: the aliphatic compounds (bearing acyclic groups), the "piperidines" (bearing piperidine -derived groups), and the piperazine (bearing piperazine -derived substituents).
What are the side effects of phenothiazines?
These drugs have antipsychotic and, often, antiemetic properties, although they may also cause severe side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (including akathisia and tardive dyskinesia ), hyperprolactinaemia, and the rare but potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome, as well as substantial weight gain. Use of phenothiazines has been associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, but no causal relationship has been established.
What was the name of the drug that was made in the 1940s?
This work led to promethazine which had no activity against infective organisms, but did have good antihistamine activity, with a strong sedative effect.
When was thiabendazole introduced?
It was introduced as anthelminthic in livestock in 1940 and is considered, with thiabendazole, to be the first modern anthelminthic. The first instances of resistance were noted in 1961. Uses for this purpose in the US are still described but it has "virtually disappeared from the market.".
What is phenothiazines used for?
Phenothiazines are a group of nitrogen and sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, labeled as the first-generation typical antipsychotic medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, control nausea and vomiting, and other psychotic disorders with delusional manifestations. Phenothiazines were synthesized in 1883 and served as the first commercial antipsychotic therapy in the USA during the 1950s. [1][2][3]
How much improvement does phenothiazines show?
Approximately 10% to 30% of patients taking phenothiazines don't display improvement in their symptoms after several rounds of administration, while 30% to 60% showcase partial or not sufficient improvement in their symptoms following usage. It is crucial to monitor these patients for the efficacy of the medications and to undertake a different form of treatment if the results are not satisfactory. [4]
How to treat phenothiazine overdose?
Treatment methods for phenothiazine overdoses included administering ipecac, gastric lavage, intravenous diphenhydramine, and intravenous hydration to reverse extrapyramidal symptoms and absorption. No fatalities occurred, and 50% of the patients were discharged following 24 hours, while the other 50% stayed for an average duration of 3.4 days. Potentially serious complications were present in 71% of the patients who stayed longer than 24 hours; however, all of those patients recovered. [18]
Why was Thioridazine discontinued?
Thioridazine - The branded version was discontinued because of cardiac adverse events. Generic versions are still available in the USA, but it is seldom used. [10][10]
What are the different groups of phenothiazines?
As antipsychotics, phenothiazines fall into three different groups: aliphatic compounds, piperidines, and piperazines. Examples of specific agents in each class follow:
Can phenothiazines be used in combination with clozapine?
In cases of schizophrenia that are resistant to therapy, clinicians can use phenothiazines in combination along with second-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine. However, this combination therapy exposes the patient to multiple antipsychotic medications and may increase the risk of serious side effects, so this approach is preferable in later stages of treatment. Patients who undertook pharmacological therapy as an avenue of treatment showcased an 18% to 32% relapse, while patients that did not elect to incorporate pharmacological therapy showcased 60% to 80% relapse in their symptoms. Phenothiazines produce the most optimal results when combined with non-pharmacological psychotherapeutic therapy, such as narrative, meta-cognitive, and mindfulness therapy. [4]
Does phenothiazines inhibit DNA replication?
Also, recent studies have investigated the anti-cancer properties of phenothiazines in glioblastoma as it produced an arrest in the G1 cycle of cancer cells, pointing to a reduction in cyclins stimulating DNA replication along with an increase in Cycline inhibiting compounds. [5]
Overview
Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(C6H4)2NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compounds. Derivatives of phenothiazine are highly bioactive and have widespread use and rich history. The derivatives chlorpromazine and promethazine revolutionized the fields of psychiatry and allergy treatment, respectively. An earlier derivative, met…
Uses
Phenothiazine itself is only of theoretical interest, but its derivatives revolutionized psychiatry, other fields of medicine, and pest management. Other derivatives have been studied for possible use in advanced batteries and fuel cells.
In 1876, methylene blue, a derivative of phenothiazine, was synthesized by Heinrich Caro at BASF. The structure was deduced in 1885 by Heinrich August Bernthsen. Bernthsen synthesized pheno…
Trade names
Like many commercially significant compounds, phenothiazine has numerous trade names, including AFI-Tiazin, Agrazine, Antiverm, Biverm, Dibenzothiazine, Orimon, Lethelmin, Souframine, Nemazene, Vermitin, Padophene, Fenoverm, Fentiazine, Contaverm, Fenothiazine, Phenovarm, Ieeno, ENT 38, Helmetina, Helmetine, Penthazine, XL-50, Wurm-thional, Phenegic, Phenovis, Phenoxur, and Reconox.
Former uses
Phenothiazine was formerly used as an insecticide and as a drug to treat infections with parasitic worms (anthelminthic) in livestock and people, but its use for those purposes has been superseded by other chemicals.
Phenothiazine was introduced by DuPont as an insecticide in 1935. About 3,500,000 pounds were sold in the US in 1944. However, because it was degraded by sunlight and air, it was difficult to d…
Structure and synthesis
The central C4SN ring is folded in phenothiazines.
The compound was originally prepared by Bernthsen in 1883 via the reaction of diphenylamine with sulfur, but more recent syntheses rely on the cyclization of 2-substituted diphenyl sulfides. Few pharmaceutically significant phenothiazines are prepared from phenothiazine, although some of them are.
External links
• MSDS Archived 2009-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
• Hendricks, Christensen, J.B., and Kristiansen, Jette E. Sonderborg, Denmark. "Antibakterielle Eigenschaften der Phenothiazine: Eine Behandlungsoption für die Zukunft?" Chemotherapie Journal. 13.5. (2004): 203–205. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesesellschaft mbH. 21 August 2005. (PDF).