See more
What did Pope Gregory VIII do?
Becoming Pope after a long diplomatic career as Apostolic Chancellor, he was notable in his brief reign for reconciling the Papacy with the estranged Holy Roman Empire and for initiating the Third Crusade.
What reforms did Pope Gregory VII make?
Gregorian Reform, eleventh-century religious reform movement associated with its most forceful advocate, Pope Gregory VII (reigned 1073–85). Although long associated with church-state conflict, the reform's main concerns were the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.
What is Pope Gregory the Great most known for?
540 – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was Bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregorian Mission, to convert the then largely pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity.
Why was Pope Gregory VII known as a reformer?
One of the great reforming popes, Gregory is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, which pitted him against emperor Henry IV. This resulted in the break-up of the German empire, not reunited until the nineteenth century and in the triumph of papal over secular power.
Who led the Great Schism?
Patriarch of Constantinople Michael CerulariusOn July 16, 1054, Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated, starting the “Great Schism” that created the two largest denominations in Christianity—the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths.
What was the conflict between pope Gregory and Henry?
The conflict between Henry IV and Gregory VII concerned the question of who got to appoint local church officials. Henry believed that, as king, he had the right to appoint the bishops of the German church. This was known as lay investiture.
How did Pope Gregory the Great strengthen the papacy?
How did Gregory the Great strengthen the papacy? He took control of Rome and surrounding territories, which gave the papacy a source of political power. He established a rule for monasticism that provided a model for monks and nuns throughout Europe.
Who was the first historical pope?
St. PeterAccording to the Annuario Pontificio, the papal annual, there have been more than 260 popes since St. Peter, traditionally considered the first pope.
What happened to Pope Gregory VII?
Pope Gregory VII died in 1085 in exile at Salerno, Italy. While this may not have been the most glorious end for the pope, his legacy was pretty far reaching. He had fundamentally altered the power of the papacy, reasserted the power of the pope, and successfully reformed the Church.
Who did Gregory VII excommunicate twice?
Gregory ended up excommunicating Henry IV twice and making him stand outside in the snow, barefoot, for three days until allowing him back into the Church.
Who initiated the reform movement?
Martin Luther, a German teacher and a monk, brought about the Protestant Reformation when he challenged the Catholic Church's teachings starting in 1517. The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s.
What happened to Pope Gregory VII?
Pope Gregory VII died in 1085 in exile at Salerno, Italy. While this may not have been the most glorious end for the pope, his legacy was pretty far reaching. He had fundamentally altered the power of the papacy, reasserted the power of the pope, and successfully reformed the Church.
What were the causes and consequences of the Gregorian reform?
What were the causes and consequences of the Gregorian reform? -The cause of Gregorian reform is that there is an issue who would be the leadership of the church. In Gregorian view, the reforms he advocated and the upheavals he precipitated were necessary to free the church from the evil rulers of the world.
Who did Gregory VII excommunicate twice?
Gregory ended up excommunicating Henry IV twice and making him stand outside in the snow, barefoot, for three days until allowing him back into the Church.
When did Pope Gregory VII die?
Pope Gregory VII died in exile in Salerno on 25 May 1085. Centuries after his death, he was beatified by Pope Gregory XIII in 1584 and canonized in 1728 by Pope Benedict XIII.
Who succeeded Pope Gregory VII?
By the time Pope Alexander II became the head of the church, Hildebrand had consolidated his position as a very powerful religious figure. Pope Alexander II died in 1073 and Hildebrand succeeded him as Pope Gregory VII. Image Credit. https://quotesgram.com/pope-gregory-vii-quotes/.
Why did Hildebrand take the name Gregory?
As the pope he became deeply involved in the reform of the Church. He was of the belief that Church was founded by God and is thus a divine institution. It was his conviction that as the pope and the head of the Church, he was the vice-regent of God on earth.
What did the Pope claim about disobedience to God?
He went on claim that disobedience to him implied disobedience to God: or, in other words, a defection from Christianity. The pope’s convictions led him to conflict with the rulers of the European kingdoms as his insistence on the elimination of secular influence threatened the very existence of the kingdoms.
Who was the Pope in 1049?
Bruno of Toul became Pope Leo IX in 1049 and named Hildebrand as deacon and papal administrator. This marked the beginning of his long and successful religious career. For the next 24 years Hildebrand served Pope Leo IX and his four successors. During this period he went on legatine missions in Italy, France, and Germany, and played a vital role in the formulation and implementation of papal policy.
Who was the first Pope to depose a crowned ruler?
Pope Gregory VII was the pope from 1073 to 1085. Counted amongst the greatest of medieval popes, he was beatified by Pope Gregory XIII in 1584 and canonized in 1728 by Pope Benedict XIII. He is best remembered for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy and the reforms he proposed which later became known as the Gregorian Reforms. Following his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, he was successful in deposing Henry, becoming the first pope to depose a crowned ruler. This revolutionary act affirmed the primacy of papal authority and led to the establishment of the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. Born as Hildebrand Bonizi into a family of humble origins, he became interested in religion at a young age and received his education from his uncle who was abbot of a monastery on the Aventine Hill. He went on to become the deacon and papal administrator during the papacy of Pope Leo IX and greatly strengthened his position within the church over the following years. By the time Pope Alexander II became the head of the church, Hildebrand had consolidated his position as a very powerful religious figure. Pope Alexander II died in 1073 and Hildebrand succeeded him as Pope Gregory VII.
Who was the Pope when Alexander II died?
Hildebrand rose to such a significant position in the papal administration that there was no doubt that he would one day succeed Pope Alexander II. When Alexander II died in 1073, Roman citizens and clergy raised Hildebrand to the papacy. Hildebrand took the name Gregory in memory of Gregory I.
What was Gregory VII's main focus?
The main focus of the ecclesiastico-political projects of Gregory VII is to be found in his relationship with the Holy Roman Empire. Since the death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, the strength of the German monarchy had been seriously weakened, and his son Henry IV had to contend with great internal difficulties.
How did Gregory VII influence the Roman Empire?
The relationship of Gregory VII to other European states was strongly influenced by his German policy, since the Holy Roman Empire, by taking up most of his energies, often forced him to show to other rulers the very moderation which he withheld from the German king. The attitude of the Normans brought him a rude awakening. The great concessions made to them under Nicholas II were not only powerless to stem their advance into central Italy, but failed to secure even the expected protection for the papacy. When Gregory VII was hard pressed by Henry IV, Robert Guiscard left him to his fate, and only intervened when he himself was threatened with German arms. Then, on the capture of Rome, he abandoned the city to his troops, and the popular indignation evoked by his act brought about Gregory's exile.
Why did Leo send Hildebrand to France?
Leo sent Hildebrand as his legate to Tours in France in the wake of the controversy created by Berengar of Tours. At Leo's death, the new pope, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, while Victor's successor Stephen IX sent him and Anselm of Lucca to Germany to obtain recognition from Empress Agnes.
What was Gregory VII's first attempt at foreign policy?
Gregory VII's first attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with the Normans of Robert Guiscard; in the end the two parties did not meet. After a failed call for a crusade to the princes of northern Europe, and after obtaining the support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI of Benevento and Richard I of Capua, Gregory VII was able to excommunicate Robert in 1074. In the same year Gregory VII summoned a council in the Lateran palace, which condemned simony and confirmed celibacy for the Church's clergy. These decrees were further stressed, under menace of excommunication, the next year (24–28 February). In particular, Gregory decreed in this second council that only the Pope could appoint or depose bishops or move them from see to see, an act which was later to cause the Investiture Controversy.
What was the Pope's decision to excommunicate Henry IV?
On the following day, 22 February 1076, Pope Gregory VII pronounced a sentence of excommunication against Henry IV with all due solemnity, divested him of his royal dignity and absolved his subjects from the oaths they had sworn to him. This sentence purported to eject a ruler from the Church and to strip him of his crown. Whether it would produce this effect, or would be an idle threat, depended not so much on Gregory VII as on Henry's subjects, and, above all, on the German princes. Contemporary evidence suggests that the excommunication of Henry made a profound impression both in Germany and Italy.
Why was Pope Gregory VII despised?
Hailed as one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms proved successful, Gregory VII was, during his own reign, despised by some for his expansive use of papal powers. Because this pope was such a prominent champion of papal supremacy, his memory was evoked on many occasions in later generations, both positively and negatively, ...
Where was Pope Gregory born?
Gregory was born as Ildebrando di Sovana in Sovana, in the county of Grosseto, now southern Tuscany, central Italy. The historian Johann Georg Estor made the claim that he was the son of a blacksmith. As a youth he was sent to study in Rome at the monastery of St. Mary on the Aventine, where, according to some unconfirmed sources, his uncle was abbot of a monastery on the Aventine Hill. Among his masters were the erudite Lawrence, archbishop of Amalfi, and Johannes Gratianus, the future Pope Gregory VI. When the latter was deposed by Holy Roman Emperor Henry III and exiled to Germany, Hildebrand followed him to Cologne.
Who was Gregory VIII?
You are probably looking for the Gregory VIII of 1187. He had been a professor of law at Bologna, where canon law was brought into being by Irnerius and his students. Alberto de Morra was 77 at his election. He was the one who had reconciled Henry II of England back into the good graces of the church after the murder of Thomas Becket (on 29 Dec. 1170).
What is Gregory XIII known for?
On the plus side, Gregory XIII is known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar , which remains the internationally accepted calendar.
Where was the papacy in 1309?
Fairly long back story. From 1309 to 1377, the Papacy had been at Avignon in France, where it reached legendary depths of corruption. Finally Romans rioted and demanded a Roman Pope. So they elected Urban VI, who started out a fairly benign reformer but went off the rails.
Who was the first pope to depose a crowned ruler?
Gregory VII was the first pope to depose a crowned ruler, Emperor Henry IV (1056–1105/06). With this revolutionary act, Gregory translated his personal religious and mystical convictions regarding the role of the papacy into direct action in the world at large.
Who was the archdeacon of Rome before the Pope?
Before he was elected pope, he was Hildebrand, archdeacon of Rome. The position of Roman archdeacon was special at this time: it was equivalent to the chief financial minister of the papacy and the city of Rome. For Hildebrand to reach this position implied administrative intelligence, and his time as archdeacon only honed his skills, and especially gave him an inside look as to how both Rome and the Church worked. Once Hildebrand became pope, he put it all to use.
Who wrote a book about the 14th century?
In her wonderful book about the 14th Century, A Distant Mirror, Barbara Tuchman describes all this and you can just see her gaping like a goldfish, trying to find words for it. Finally she whimpers “Perhaps by this point the 14th Century was not quite sane.” And puts her head down on the table.
Was Clement VII a doortop?
As a Pope, Clement VII was a moderately effective doorstop, apart from the whole atrocity thing.
Overview
Pope Gregory VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; c. 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.
One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV that affirmed the primacy of papal aut…
Early life
Gregory was born as Ildebrando di Sovana in Sovana, in the county of Grosseto, now southern Tuscany, central Italy. The historian Johann Georg Estor made the claim that he was the son of a blacksmith. As a youth he was sent to study in Rome at the monastery of St. Mary on the Aventine, where, according to some unconfirmed sources, his uncle was abbot of a monastery on the Aventine Hill. Among his masters were the erudite Lawrence, archbishop of Amalfi, and Johanne…
Election to the papacy
Pope Gregory VII was one of the few popes elected by acclamation. On the death of Alexander II on 21 April 1073, as the obsequies were being performed in the Lateran Basilica, there arose a loud outcry from the clergy and people: "Let Hildebrand be pope!", "Blessed Peter has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!" Hildebrand immediately fled, and hid himself for some time, thereby making it clear that he had refused the uncanonical election in the Liberian Basilica. He was final…
Start of conflict with the Emperor
The main focus of the ecclesiastico-political projects of Gregory VII is to be found in his relationship with the Holy Roman Empire. Since the death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, the strength of the German monarchy had been seriously weakened, and his son Henry IV had to contend with great internal difficulties. This state of affairs was of material assistance to Gregory VII. His advantage was further enhanced by the fact that in 1073 Henry IV was only twenty-three …
Papal policy to the rest of Europe
In 1076, Gregory appointed Dol Euen, a monk of Saint-Melaine of Rennes, as bishop of Dol, rejecting both the incumbent, Iuthael, who had the support of William the Conqueror, who had recently been conducting military operations in north-eastern Brittany, and Gilduin, the candidate of the nobles in Dol opposing William. Gregory rejected Iuthael because he was notorious for simony and Guilden as too young. Gregory also bestowed on Dol Euen the pallium of a metropoli…
Internal policy and reforms
His lifework was based on his conviction that the Church was founded by God and entrusted with the task of embracing all mankind in a single society in which divine will is the only law; that, in its capacity as a divine institution, it is supreme over all human structures, especially the secular state; and that the pope, in his role as head of the Church, is the vice-regent of God on earth, so that disobedience to him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, a defection from Chris…
Doctrine of the Eucharist
Gregory VII was seen by Pope Paul VI as instrumental in affirming the tenet that Christ is present in the Blessed Sacrament. Gregory's demand that Berengarius perform a confession of this belief was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic 1965 encyclical Mysterium fidei:
I believe in my heart and openly profess that the bread and wine that are placed on the altar are, through the mystery of the sacred prayer and the words of the Redeemer, substantially changed …
Death
Pope Gregory VII died in exile in Salerno; the epitaph on his sarcophagus in the city's Cathedral says: "I have loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore, I die in exile."