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The Electron Transport Chain Steps Simplified
- The Electron Transport Chain makes energy. 34 ATP are made from the products of 1 molecule of glucose. ...
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. While the electron transport chain’s main function is to produce ATP, another important byproduct is water.
- Summary of the Electron Transport Chain. ...
What product is made by the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
What byproduct is created during the electron transport chain?
Electron Transport Chain Products. During the course of the electron transport chain, only two things are really created. First, water is created as the electron transport chain deposits spent electrons into new water molecules. These water molecules can be reabsorbed by the body for use elsewhere or can be dispelled in the urine. Second, while ...
What is the end result of the electron transport chain?
What is the end result of the electron transport chain? The end products of the electron transport chain are water and ATP. A number of intermediate compounds of the citric acid cycle can be diverted into the anabolism of other biochemical molecules, such as nonessential amino acids, sugars, and lipids.
What are the products and reactants of the electron transport chain?
- Reactants and products of ETC. Electron Transport reactants: Hydrogen ions, oxygen, NADH, FADH2 Products:Water and ATP ( 2 e- + 2 H+ 1/2 O2= H20)
- Complex I. NADH dehydrogenase.
- Complex II.
- Complex III.
- Complex IV.
- Role of Oxygen in ETC.
- Substrate Level Phosphorylation.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation.
What is the product of the electron transport chain?
The end products of the ETC or electron transport chain are the formation of ATP and the formation of water by the reduction of O2.
What 3 things are produced in the electron transport chain?
Some cells of your body have a shuttle system that delivers electrons to the transport chain via FADH 2start subscript, 2, end subscript. In this case, only 3 ATP are produced for the two NADH of glycolysis....ATP yield.StageDirect products (net)Ultimate ATP yield (net)6 NADH15 ATP2 FADH 23 ATPTotal30-32 ATP4 more rows
Is any ATP produced in the electron transport chain?
Yes, maximum ATP produced during aerobic respiration is by the electron transport chain. The process is called oxidative phosphorylation.
What is carried and what is produced by the electron transport chain?
The respiration reaction sequence is also known as the electron transport chain. The process of forming ATP from the electron transport chain is known as oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons carried by NADH + H+ and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen via a series of electron carriers, and ATPs are formed.
What does the electron transport chain ETC do quizlet?
The electron transport chain is a process that moves hydrogen ions across a membrane to produce large amounts of ATP. The final step in transferring the energy of sunlight and glucose to the usable energy of ATP takes place during the electron transport chain.
What are the reactants and products of electron transport chain?
Quiz: What are the initial reactants which start the electron transport chain?Answer 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons start the chain. Oxygen and ADP are also reactants.What are the final products of the chain?Answer 3 ATP and a water molecule are products.
How many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain quizlet?
How many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain? 36 ATP are generated in the electron transport chain.
How many ATP does NADH and FADH2 produce?
The oxidation of one molecule of NADH thus leads to the synthesis of three molecules of ATP, whereas the oxidation of FADH2, which enters the electron transport chain at complex II, yields only two ATP molecules.
What happens in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?
The electron transport chain is the last stage of the respiration pathway. It is the stage that produces the most ATP molecules. The electron transport chain is a collection of carrier proteins found on the inner membrane of mitochondria. NADH release the hydrogen ions and electrons into the transport chain.
What is produced by electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?
The electrons passing through the electron transport chain gradually lose energy until eventually they are donated to oxygen gas which accepts two protons (H+) and is converted into water. The end products of the electron transport chain are water and roughly 30-34 molecules of ATP.
How many NADH are produced in the electron transport chain?
The Electron Transport Chain The ten NADH that enter the electron transport originate from each of the earlier processes of respiration: two from glycolysis, two from the transformation of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, and six from the citric acid cycle. The two FADH2 originate in the citric acid cycle.
How many FADH2 are produced in the electron transport chain?
2.5 ATP/NADH and 1.5 ATP/FADH2 are produced in the electron transport chain. Some resources will say 3 ATP/NADH and 2 ATP/FADH2, but these values are generally less accepted now.
What are the 4 steps of the electron transport chain?
The complete cellular process consists of four pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
What are the components of the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain is also called the Cytochrome oxidase system or as the Respiratory chain. The components of the chain include FMN, Fe–S centers, coenzyme Q, and a series of cytochromes (b, c1, c, and aa3).
Which process produces both NADH and FADH2?
The process that produces both NADH and FADH2 is the citric acid cycle, the second step in aerobic cellular respiration.
How many FADH2 are produced in the electron transport chain?
2.5 ATP/NADH and 1.5 ATP/FADH2 are produced in the electron transport chain. Some resources will say 3 ATP/NADH and 2 ATP/FADH2, but these values are generally less accepted now.
What is the chain of electron transport?
The electron transport chain ( ETC; respiratory chain) is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a membrane. The electron transport chain is built up of peptides, enzymes, and other molecules.
How does the electron transport chain work?
Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ M ). It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H + through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and passes them to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone; labeled Q), which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase; labeled II). Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc 1 complex; labeled III), which passes them to cytochrome c (cyt c ). Cyt c passes electrons to complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase; labeled IV), which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water.
Why is the electron transport chain in bacteria more complicated?
In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea) the situation is more complicated, because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors. The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is:
Which electron donor directs electrons into Q?
Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex II is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1, but unlike complex 1, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway.
What happens to electrons when they are passed to oxygen?
Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain.
What is the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain?
The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain is an exergonic process. The energy from the redox reactions create an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In aerobic respiration, the flow of electrons terminates with molecular oxygen being the final electron acceptor.
Why is oxygen used as an electron acceptor?
In aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes if oxygen is available, it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor, because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy.
What is the electron transport chain?
In cellular biology, the electron transport chain is one of the steps in your cell's processes that make energy from the foods you eat. It is the third step of aerobic cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the term for how your body's cells make energy from food consumed. The electron transport chain is where most ...
How many protein complexes are in the electron transport chain?
Protein Complexes in the Chain. There are four protein complexes that are part of the electron transport chain that functions to pass electrons down the chain. A fifth protein complex serves to transport hydrogen ions back into the matrix. These complexes are embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane.
How many ATP molecules does NADH generate?
This yields about three ATP molecules. Because FADH 2 enters the chain at a later stage (Complex II), only six H + ions are transferred to the intermembrane space. This accounts for about two ATP molecules. A total of 32 ATP molecules are generated in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
How does ATP synthase work?
ATP synthase moves H + ions that were pumped out of the matrix by the electron transport chain back into the matrix. The energy from the influx of protons into the matrix is used to generate ATP by the phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate) of ADP. The movement of ions across the selectively permeable mitochondrial membrane and down their electrochemical gradient is called chemiosmosis.
What is the third step of aerobic cellular respiration?
This movement of protons provides the energy for the production of ATP. The electron transport chain is the third step of aerobic cellular respiration.
How are electrons passed from a protein complex to a protein complex?
Electrons are passed along the chain from protein complex to protein complex until they are donated to oxygen. During the passage of electrons, protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space. The accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient ...
What is the main source of energy for many cellular processes including muscle contraction and cell division?
ATP is the main source of energy for many cellular processes including muscle contraction and cell division . Energy is released during cell metabolism when ATP is hydrolyzed. This happens when electrons are passed along the chain from protein complex to protein complex until they are donated to oxygen forming water.
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
The basic function of the electron transport chain is to move protons into the intermembrane space. ATP synthase, which is not part of the process, is also located on the mitochondrial inner membrane. This complex will use the electrochemical gradient of the protons to essentially extract energy from the pressure of the protons wanting to cross ...
Where do electron carriers go in the electron transport chain?
These carriers are then transported to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where they can interact with the proteins of the electron transport chain. These carriers dump their electrons and stored energy in complexes I and II. These protein units relieve the electron carriers of excess hydrogen atoms. The electrons stay with the proteins, while the hydrogen atoms are left in the matrix. The electrons from these bonds pass through complexes I and II, through coenzyme Q. This specialized protein functions solely in passing electrons from these complexes to complex III.
How are water molecules created in the electron transport chain?
First, water is created as the electron transport chain deposits spent electrons into new water molecules. These water molecules can be reabsorbed by the body for use elsewhere or can be dispelled in the urine.
How do electron carriers get their energy?
Electron carriers get their energy (and electrons) from reactions during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. These reactions release energy from molecules like glucose by breaking the molecules in smaller pieces and storing the excess energy in the bonds of the recyclable electron carriers.
Why does the electron transport chain stop?
This can happen from two basic scenarios. The electron transport chain can stop because it does not have a source of electrons, or it can stop because it can no longer pass electrons on. The first scenario would be caused by something like starvation.
Which step in oxidative phosphorylation is the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain is a crucial step in oxidative phosphorylation in which electrons are transferred from electron carriers, into the proteins of the electron transport chain which then deposit the electrons onto oxygen atoms and consequently transport protons across the mitochondrial membrane.
What is the acceptor of oxygen?
In the case of aerobicorganisms, this acceptor is oxygen. Found in the form of dissolved gas in the blood, complex IV donates the electrons to two free hydrogens and one oxygen atom. The complex catalyzes the reaction, creating water. This allows the electron transport chain to release the electrons, freeing up a new spot in complex IV. This spot is filled by electrons from complex III, and so on all the way back up the electron transport chain.
Which molecule receives electrons from several different carriers?
Q (Ubiquinone/ ubiquinol): Ubiquinone (the oxidized form of the molecule) receives electrons from several different carriers; from I, II, Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ETF. It is now the reduced form (ubiquinol) which passes its electron off to III. III (Ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidioreductase): An integral protein ...
How are hydrogen ions transported?
As electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another hydrogen ions are transported into the intermembrane space at three specific points in the chain. The transportation of hydrogen ions creates a greater concentration of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix which can then be used to drive ATP Synthase ...
How are electrons passed from NADH to oxygen?
These electrons are passed from NADH or [FADH 2] to membrane bound electron carriers which are then passed on to other electron carriers until they are finally given to oxygen resulting in the production of water . As electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another hydrogen ions are transported into the intermembrane space ...
What is the name of the protein that receives electrons from ubiquinol?
III (Ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidioreductase): An integral protein that receives electrons from ubiquinol which are then passed on to Cytochrome c
What is the ETF?
ETF (Electron-transferring flavoprotein) Dehydrogenase: This peripheral protein located on the matrix side of the inner membrane is a part the B-oxidation cycle. Electrons from acyl-CoA are donated to an electron-transfer flavoprotien which are then transferred to ETF (Electron-transferring flavoprotein) Dehydrogenase in the form of [FADH2]. ETF dehydrogenase then passes those electrons from [FADH2] to ubiquinone and on through the ETC.
What is the name of the enzyme that receives electrons from succinate?
II (Succinate-ubiquinone oxidioreductase aka succinate dehydrogenase from the TCA cycle): A peripheral protein that receives electrons from succinate (an intermediate metabolite of the TCA cycle) to yield fumarate and [FADH2]. From succinate the electrons are received by [FAD] (a prosthetic group of the protein) which then become [FADH2]. The electrons are then passed off to ubiquinone.
What is the protein responsible for ADP phosphorolation?
The energy from the transfer of protons is used to change ADP into ATP though phosphorolation. ATP synthase is the protein responsible for ADP phosphorolation.
Which stage of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain is the third stage of cellular respiration. Four protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane form the electron transport chain. These complexes exist in a descending order of energy.
What are electron carriers used for?
Finally, in the electron transport chain, the electron carriers were used to donate electrons and protons that turned oxygen molecules into water and created the remainder of the 32 ATP molecules - all from one glucose molecule. Lesson Summary.
How many ATP molecules are produced in cellular respiration?
Let's bring all this back to our formula for cellular respiration in order to summarize the reactants and products from the process as a whole. One glucose molecule was broken down in glycolysis to net two ATP molecules and electron carriers. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle produced two more ATP molecules, more electron carriers, and six molecules of carbon dioxide. Finally, in the electron transport chain, the electron carriers were used to donate electrons and protons that turned oxygen molecules into water and created the remainder of the 32 ATP molecules - all from one glucose molecule.
How does ATP synthase work?
Pumping all these protons outside across the inner membrane of the mitochondria creates a high concentration of protons between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and, therefore, a concentration gradient of protons. In the last step of the electron transport chain, an enzyme called ATP synthase is used. This is a channel protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The protons flow through this pump at max speed, back into the mitochondrial matrix; this causes part of the enzyme to spin in circles like a whirling dervish. This spinning motion provides the final dance and song number of cellular respiration. ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP, creating the last 28 molecules of ATP. How's that for a final act?
What proteins are oxidized?
NADH + H+ and FADH2 become oxidized, donating electrons to the first and second protein complex respectively. These complex proteins now become electron carriers themselves and are now reduced. They become oxidized as they pass these electrons down the electron transport chain.
What is the last stair in the electron transport chain?
The last 'stair' of the electron transport chain is oxygen. You were wondering when we were going to use that, right? A single oxygen molecule accepts two electrons and two protons from the final protein complex. This produces a molecule of water. Why do all of us need oxygen? To complete cellular respiration!
What is the process that converts food into chemical energy?
You can think of the steps of cellular respiration as the opening acts to the main event. We've been doing a dance of cellular respiration for a few lessons now, building up to the finale. Remember that cellular respiration is the process that converts food into chemical energy.
How does the electron transport chain work?
In the electron transport chain (ETC), the electrons go through a chain of proteins that increases its reduction potential and causes a release in energy. Most of this energy is dissipated as heat or utilized to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and create a proton gradient. This gradient increases the acidity in the intermembrane space and creates an electrical difference with a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside. The ETC proteins in a general order are complex I, complex II, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, and complex IV.
What is the effect of an uncoupling agent on the electron transport chain?
An uncoupling agent dissociates the electron transport chain from phosphorylation by ATP-synthase, preventing the formation of ATP. Disruption of the phospholipid bilayer of membranes causes a fluid-like and disorganized state, which allows protons to flow through more freely. This proton leak weakens the electrochemical gradient, while also transferring protons without the use of ATP-synthase such that no ATP is produced.
What is the process of making sugar?
Photosynthesis is a metabolic process that converts light energy into chemical energy to build sugars. In the light-dependent reactions, light energy and water are used to make ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (O2). The proton gradient used to make the ATP forms via an electron transport chain. In the light-independent reactions, sugar is made from the ATP and NADPH from the previous reactions.
What are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation has two parts: the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis. The ETC is a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy. The energy released forms a proton gradient, which is used in chemiosmosis to make a large amount of ATP by the protein ATP-synthase.
What are the parts of aerobic respiration?
Aerobic cellular respiration is made up of three parts: glycolysis, the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In glycolysis, glucose metabolizes into two molecules of pyruvate, with an output of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Each pyruvate oxidizes into acetyl CoA and an additional molecule of NADH and carbon dioxide (CO2). The acetyl CoA is then used in the citric acid cycle, which is a chain of chemical reactions that produce CO2, NADH, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), and ATP. In the final step, the three NADH and one FADH2 amassed from the previous steps are used in oxidative phosphorylation, to make water and ATP.
What is electron transport chain?
Electron Transport Chain is a series of compounds where it makes use of electrons from electron carrier to develop a chemical gradient. It could be used to power oxidative phosphorylation. The molecules present in the chain comprises enzymes that are protein complex or proteins, peptides and much more. Large amounts of ATP could be produced ...
When electrons are passed from one component to another until the end of the chain, the electrons reduce molecular?
When electrons are passed from one component to another until the end of the chain the electrons reduce molecular oxygen thus producing water. The requirement of oxygen in the final phase could be witnessed in the chemical reaction that involves the requirement of both oxygen and glucose.
How is ATP produced?
Large amounts of ATP could be produced through a highly efficient method termed oxidative phosphorylation. ATP is a fundamental unit of metabolic process. The electrons are transferred from electron donor to the electron acceptor leading to the production of ATP. It is one of the vital phases in the electron transport chain.
Which heme group is responsible for holding oxygen molecule between copper and iron until the oxygen content is reduced completely?
There are two heme groups where each of them is present in cytochromes c and a3. The cytochromes are responsible for holding oxygen molecule between copper and iron until the oxygen content is reduced completely. In this phase, the reduced oxygen picks two hydrogen ions from the surrounding environment to make water.
Which complex is responsible for pumping protons across the membrane?
Complex 3 is responsible for pumping protons across the membrane. It also passes electrons to the cytochrome c where it is transported to the 4th complex of enzymes and proteins. Here, Q is the electron donor and Cytochrome C is the electron acceptor. Complex 4- Cytochrome c oxidase: The 4th complex is comprised of cytochrome c, a and a3.
How are the first and second complexes connected?
The first and the second complexes are connected to a third complex through compound ubiquinone (Q). The Q molecule is soluble in water and moves freely in the hydrophobic core of the membrane. In this phase, an electron is delivered directly to the electron protein chain.
Which stage of the respiration pathway produces the most ATP molecules?
Electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is the last stage of the respiration pathway and is the stage that produces the most ATP molecules. The electron transport chain is a collection of proteins found on the inner membrane of mitochondria.
How does NADH release hydrogen ions?
NADH release the hydrogen ions and electrons into the transport chain. The electrons transfer their energy to the proteins in the membrane providing the energy for hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The flow of the ions back across the membrane synthesises ATP by a protein called ATP synthase.
What is the final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor?
Oxygen is the final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor. The oxygen combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons to form water. In total, 38 ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose.
What is the term for the breakdown of glucose and other respiratory substrates to make energy carrying molecules called?
Cellular respiration refers to the breakdown of glucose and other respiratory substrates to make energy carrying molecules called ATP.
Overview
Mitochondrial electron transport chains
Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from reactions of oxygen with products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. At the inner mitochondrial membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which provides the energy driving the process as it is reduced to water. The electron transport ch…
Bacterial electron transport chains
In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O2 where Complexes I, III and IV are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor for this process is molecular oxygen.
In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) the situation is more complicated, because there are severa…
Photosynthetic
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from an electron donor such as NADH to an acceptor such as O2 through an electron transport chain, releasing energy. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to create a high-energy electron donor which can subsequently reduce oxidized components and couple to ATP synthesis via proton translocation by the electron transport chain.
See also
• Charge-transfer complex
• CoRR hypothesis
• Electron equivalent
• Hydrogen hypothesis
• Respirasome
Further reading
• Fenchel T, King GM, Blackburn TH (September 2006). Bacterial Biogeochemistry: The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling (2nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-103455-9.
• Lengeler JW (January 1999). Drews G; Schlegel HG (eds.). Biology of the Prokaryotes. Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05357-5.
External links
• Electron+Transport+Chain+Complex+Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Khan Academy, video lecture
How Energy Is Made
The First Steps of Cellular Respiration
- The first step of cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasmand involves the splitting of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of the chemical compound pyruvate. In all, two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH (high energy, electron carrying molecule) are generated. The second step, called the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, is when pyruvate is tr…
Protein Complexes in The Chain
- There are four protein complexes that are part of the electron transport chain that functions to pass electrons down the chain. A fifth protein complex serves to transport hydrogen ionsback into the matrix. These complexes are embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Complex I
- NADH transfers two electrons to Complex I resulting in four H+ ions being pumped across the inner membrane. NADH is oxidized to NAD+, which is recycled back into the Krebs cycle. Electrons are transferred from Complex I to a carrier molecule ubiquinone (Q), which is reduced to ubiquinol (QH2). Ubiquinol carries the electrons to Complex III.
Complex II
- FADH2 transfers electrons to Complex II and the electrons are passed along to ubiquinone (Q). Q is reduced to ubiquinol (QH2), which carries the electrons to Complex III. No H+ions are transported to the intermembrane space in this process.
Complex III
- The passage of electrons to Complex III drives the transport of four more H+ions across the inner membrane. QH2 is oxidized and electrons are passed to another electron carrier protein cytochrome C.
Complex IV
- Cytochrome C passes electrons to the final protein complex in the chain, Complex IV. Two H+ ions are pumped across the inner membrane. The electrons are then passed from Complex IV to an oxygen (O2) molecule, causing the molecule to split. The resulting oxygen atoms quickly grab H+ions to form two molecules of water.
ATP Synthase
- ATP synthase moves H+ ions that were pumped out of the matrix by the electron transport chain back into the matrix. The energy from the influx of protonsinto the matrix is used to generate ATP by the phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate) of ADP. The movement of ions across the selectively permeable mitochondrial membrane and down their electrochemical gradient is calle…
Sources
- "Electron Transport in the Energy Cycle of the Cell." HyperPhysics, hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/etrans.html.
- Lodish, Harvey, et al. "Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation." Molecular Cell Biology. 4th Edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2000, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21528/.