Psychosocial Development of Middle Childhood
- Self-esteem development during middle childhood. Self-esteem is based on how children perceive themselves in the areas that are important to them. ...
- Psychosocial development and parent-child relationship. The desire for independence and growing individuality move children into the world that is a little distant from that of their parents.
- Co-regulation. ...
What are the cognitive changes in middle childhood?
The mental (cognitive) changes children undergo during the middle childhood era are often more pronounced and noticeable than their physical changes. Children's ability to consciously, thoughtfully and pro-actively choose to pursue goals (instead of simply reacting to the environment) appears during this developmental period.
What is self esteem in middle childhood?
Self-esteem development during middle childhood. Self-esteem is based on how children perceive themselves in the areas that are important to them. Healthy self-esteem is built on positive self-concept, which gets pronounced during middle childhood years. From age 6 to10 are the early school years, when children establish their own identity.
What factors affect personality development in childhood?
Individual or Personal Factors Affecting Personality Development
- a) Heredity. Heredity is something that passes from generation to generation. ...
- b) Physique. You may be a short person, you may be a tall person, like that each people have different physical appearances.
- c) Biological Factors. ...
- d) Nervous System. ...
- e) Intelligence. ...
What is the physical development of middle childhood?
Physical development in middle childhood is characterized by considerable variations in growth patterns. These variations may be due to gender, ethnic origin, genetics, hormones, nutrition, environment, or disease. While children of this age group follow the same basic developmental patterns, they do not necessarily mature at the same rate.
What stage of psychosocial development is middle childhood?
During middle childhood between the ages of about six and eleven, children enter the psychosocial stage known as industry versus inferiority. 1 As children engage in social interaction with friends and academic activities at school, they begin to develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their work and abilities.
What is psychosocial in child development?
Psychosocial development is just a fancy phrase that refers to how a person's individual needs (psycho) mesh with the needs or demands of society (social). According to Erikson, a person passes through eight developmental stages that build on each other. At each stage we face a crisis.
What does Erikson say about middle childhood?
Third, Erikson (1959) characterized middle childhood as a time of “industry versus inferiority” when the child's attention is focused on acquiring new competencies and skills and learning how to get along with others, including peers and adults across a variety of contexts.
What is the main concept of psychosocial development?
Psychosocial theories address patterned changes in ego development, including self-understanding, identity formation, social relationships, and worldview across the life span. According to the psychosocial theories, development is a product of the ongoing interactions between individuals and their social environments.
What is psychosocial development examples?
Psychosocial development involves changes not only in children's overt behavior but also in their social cognition. For example, they become able to take the perspective of others and to understand that other people's behavior is based on their knowledge and desires.
What is the importance of psychosocial development?
Support. One of the strengths of psychosocial theory is that it provides a broad framework from which to view development throughout the entire lifespan. It also allows us to emphasize the social nature of human beings and the important influence that social relationships have on development.
What is the developmental task of middle childhood?
Middle childhood is a stage where children move into expanding roles and environments. Children begin to spend more time away from their family and spend more time in school and other activities. As they experience more of the world around them, children begin to develop their own identity.
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.
What would you list as signs of psychosocial maturation over the middle childhood years?
Signs of psychosocial maturation between Ages 6 and 11 : -Children try to conform to peers in clothes, language, and so on.... Child's interpretation of events. ... Support of family and community. Personal strengths such as creativity and intelligence. Avoidance of parentification.
Which of the following is the psychosocial crisis of middle childhood?
StagesApproximate AgeVirtuesPsychosocial crisisToddlerhood 1–2 yearsWillAutonomy vs. Shame/DoubtEarly childhood 3–6 yearsPurposeInitiative vs. GuiltMiddle Childhood 7–10 yearsCompetenceIndustry vs. InferiorityAdolescence 11–19 yearsFidelityIdentity vs. Role Confusion4 more rows
What does psychosocial mean?
Definition of psychosocial 1 : involving both psychological and social aspects psychosocial adjustment in marriage. 2 : relating social conditions to mental health psychosocial medicine.
What does psychosocial mean?
Definition of psychosocial 1 : involving both psychological and social aspects psychosocial adjustment in marriage. 2 : relating social conditions to mental health psychosocial medicine.
What are the aspects of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentStagePsychosocial CrisisBasic Virtue1.Trust vs. MistrustHope2.Autonomy vs. ShameWill3.Initiative vs. GuiltPurpose4.Industry vs. InferiorityCompetency4 more rows
What are psychosocial aspects?
A psychosocial approach to human behavior involves the relation between intrapersonal psychological and environmental aspects. Psychosocial characteristics is commonly described as an individual's psychological development in relation to his/her social and cultural environment.
What is the middle and late childhood?
According to Erikson, children in middle and late childhood are very busy or industrious (Erikson, 1982). They are constantly doing, planning, playing, getting together with friends, and achieving. This is a very active time, and a time when they are gaining a sense of how they measure up when compared with peers. Erikson believed that if these industrious children can be successful in their endeavors, they will get a sense of confidence for future challenges. If not, a sense of inferiority can be particularly haunting during middle and late childhood.
Why are friendships important in middle and late childhood?
Friendships take on new importance as judges of one’s worth, competence, and attractiveness in middle and late childhood. Friendships provide the opportunity for learning social skills, such as how to communicate with others and how to negotiate differences. Children get ideas from one another about how to perform certain tasks, how to gain popularity, what to wear or say, and how to act. This society of children marks a transition from a life focused on the family to a life concerned with peers. During middle and late childhood, peers increasingly play an important role. For example, peers play a key role in a child’s self-esteem at this age as any parent who has tried to console a rejected child will tell you. No matter how complimentary and encouraging the parent may be, being rejected by friends can only be remedied by renewed acceptance. Children’s conceptualization of what makes someone a “friend” changes from a more egocentric understanding to one based on mutual trust and commitment. Both Bigelow (1977) and Selman (1980) believe that these changes are linked to advances in cognitive development.
How many stages of moral development did Kohlberg have?
Kohlberg’s six stages are generally organized into three levels of moral reasons. To study moral development, Kohlberg posed moral dilemmas to children, teenagers, and adults, such as the following: A man’s wife is dying of cancer and there is only one drug that can save her.
What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
Explain Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. Describe the importance of peers, the stages of friendships, peer acceptance, and the consequences of peer acceptance. Describe bullying, cyberbullying and the consequences of bullying. Identify the types of families where children reside.
What are the stages of friendship?
Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) outline three stages to children’s conceptualization of friendship. In stage one, reward-cost, friendship focuses on mutual activities. Children in early, middle, and late childhood all emphasize similar interests as the main characteristics of a good friend.
How does parenting style affect children?
Parenting Styles: As discussed in the previous chapter, parenting styles affect the relationship parents have with their children. During middle and late childhood, children spend less time with parents and more time with peers, and consequently parents may have to modify their approach to parenting to accommodate the child’s growing independence. The authoritative style, which incorporates reason and engaging in joint decision-making whenever possible may be the most effective approach (Berk, 2007). However, Asian-American, African-American, and Mexican-American parents are more likely than European-Americans to use an authoritarian style of parenting. This authoritarian style of parenting that uses strict discipline and focuses on obedience is also tempered with acceptance and warmth on the part of the parents. Children raised in this manner tend to be confident, successful and happy (Chao, 2001; Stewart & Bond, 2002).
How do children get ideas from one another?
Children get ideas from one another about how to perform certain tasks, how to gain popularity, what to wear or say, and how to act. This society of children marks a transition from a life focused on the family to a life concerned with peers. During middle and late childhood, peers increasingly play an important role.
What is the age of middle childhood?
Rather, these years universally mark a distinctive period between major developmental transition points. Children between the ages of 6 and 12 are in the age period commonly referred to as middle childhood. As an age group, 6- to 12-year-olds are less obviously set apart than infants, adolescents, and even preschool children are in most Western ...
How many years are there in middle childhood?
Development During Middle Childhood: The Years From Six to Twelve.
How many children are in the labor force in 1982?
Not surprisingly, children ages 6-13 are more likely to have mothers in the labor force than children who are under 6. In 1982, approximately 14,835,000 children ages 6-13 had mothers in the labor force; this number represents 58 percent of children in this age group.
How many children live with two parents?
Most school-age children (about 80 percent overall) live with two parents, according to Census Bureau estimates and estimates from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. There are sizable racial variations, however. Table 1-8shows that, while 83 percent of white school-age children lived with two parents in 1981, only 51 percent of comparably aged black children lived with two parents. Further differences emerge between the races among children living with only their mothers: 75 percent of white children who lived with their mothers in single-parent families did so because their parents were divorced, compared with 26 percent of black children. In contrast, one-third of black children lived with their mothers alone because they were single and never married and one-third because their parents were separated. According to Census Bureau estimates, approximately 72 percent of Hispanic children live with two parents (Bureau of the Census, 1981), a figure similar to that for white children.
How many white children live in single family dwellings?
To further underscore the disparate environments of black and white children (Tables 1-4and 1-5), 84 percent of white children live in single-family dwellings, and their families typically own the place in which they live. Black children are much less likely (61 percent) than white children to live in single-family dwellings and much more likely to live in an apartment, project, or two-family dwelling. Two-thirds of white children live in dwellings with six or more rooms, while two-thirds of black children live in dwellings with no more than five rooms.
What age group is 6-12?
Children between the ages of 6 and 12 are in the age period commonly referred to as middle childhood. As an age group, 6- to 12-year-olds are less obviously set apart than infants, adolescents, and even preschool children are in most Western societies. Nevertheless, the implicit grouping of ages 6-12 appears to be neither an idiosyncratic invention ...
Why are children ages 6-12 segregated?
Today and for most of this century, the ages of 6-12 have continued to be set apart from younger ages because they correspond to the first 6 of the 12 compulsory school years. The segregation of children ages 6-12 in elementary schools provides a distinctive basis for the social definition of children and a social structure that constrains and channels development during this period.
What did Erikson believe about personality development?
Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality developed in a series of stages. Unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, however, Erikson's theory described the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Erikson was interested in how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth ...
Which psychoanalyst influenced Erikson's theory?
While his theory was impacted by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud' s work, Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development . Let's take a closer look at the background and different stages that make up Erikson's psychosocial theory.
What did Erikson believe about the development of ego identity?
While Erikson believed that each stage of psychosocial development was important, he placed a particular emphasis on the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction and becomes a central focus during the identity versus confusion stage of psychosocial development.
What is the purpose of each stage of Erikson's theory?
In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. 2
What is identity psychology?
When psychologists talk about identity, they are referring to all of the beliefs, ideals, and values that help shape and guide a person's behavior. Completing this stage successfully leads to fidelity, which Erikson described as an ability to live by society's standards and expectations.
How did Erikson's theory differ from many others?
Erikson's theory differed from many others because it addressed development throughout the entire lifespan, including old age. Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
How to help your child develop his sense of right and wrong?
Be involved with your child’s school. Go to school events; meet your child’s teachers. Encourage your child to join school and community groups, such as a sports team, or to be a volunteer for a charity . Help your child develop his own sense of right and wrong.
How to help a child with behavior?
Make clear rules and stick to them. Talk with your child about what you expect from her (behavior) when no adults are present. If you provide reasons for rules, it will help her to know what to do in most situations.
Why is it important for children to feel good about themselves?
Children who feel good about themselves are more able to resist negative peer pressure and make better choices for themselves. This is an important time for children to gain a sense of responsibility along with their growing independence. Also, physical changes of puberty might be showing by now, especially for girls.
How to help a child feel better about himself?
Use discipline to guide and protect your child, instead of punishment to make him feel badly about himself.
Why is it important to have healthy friendships with your child?
Healthy friendships are very important to your child’s development, but peer pressure can become strong during this time.
What is Psychosocial Development?
What is psychosocial development? Psychosocial development is development on a social realm. Psychosocial development is how one develops their mind, maturity level, and emotions over the course of one’s life. The rate of development depends on different factors such as biological processes as well as environmental factors. A man named Erik Erikson who was a psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood successes and failures were responsible for influencing later developmental stages developed
What stage of Erikson's psychosocial stage is the middle child in?
In middle childhood (aged 6-12), the child will experience the Industry vs. Inferiority stage. This is the fourth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stage. With the previous three…show more content…
What are the two theories of human development?
The two main psychoanalytic theories are Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. They are the two names that one cannot miss while talking about psychology. Sigmund Freud is called the father of psychology while Erik Erikson’s ideas have become the
What is Erikson's theory of development?
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory on Child Development Erik Erikson, a well known developmental theorist, developed his theory about stages of human development from birth to death by using Freud 's work as a starting point. According to Erikson, personality develops in a series of stages.
What are the stages of psychosocial dilemmas?
In Dr. Eric Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas he stated that conflict between personal impulse and the social world. Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery. Being able to master the dilemma during each stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development creates a sense of success and well development
What is human development?
Human development can be defined as growth and change over time that enables an individual to adapt more effectively in their environment (Reference this). The major domains of development include physical, cognitive, emotional and moral. The aim of this paper is to analyse the influences on lifespan development from the time of conception through to 18 years of age. This can be achieved by understanding the domains of development and relating the theories of lifespan development to real life examples
What are the developmental milestones of middle childhood?
Developmental Milestones. Middle childhood brings many changes in a child’s life. By this time, children can dress themselves, catch a ball more easily using only their hands, and tie their shoes. Having independence from family becomes more important now. Events such as starting school bring children this age into regular contact with ...
What skills do children develop in middle school?
Physical, social, and mental skills develop quickly at this time. This is a critical time for children to develop confidence in all areas of life, such as through friends, schoolwork, and sports. Here is some information on how children develop during middle childhood:
How to help your child do well in school?
Get involved with your child’s school. Meet the teachers and staff and get to understand their learning goals and how you and the school can work together to help your child do well.
How to help your child develop a sense of responsibility?
Help your child develop a sense of responsibility—ask him to help with household tasks, such as setting the table. Talk with your child about school, friends, and things she looks forward to in the future. Talk with your child about respecting others. Encourage him to help people in need.
When to supervise a child?
Supervise your child when he’s engaged in risky activities, such as climbing.
Why is child safety important?
Child Safety First. More physical ability and more independence can put children at risk for injuries from falls and other accidents. Motor vehicle crashes are the most common cause of death from unintentional injury among children this age. Protect your child properly in the car.
How does child care affect development?
Overall results indicated that children cared for by their mothers did not develop differently than those who were cared for by others. Parents and family characteristics were stronger predictors of child development than child care facilities. Specifically, greater cognitive, language and social competence were demonstrated when parents were more educated, had higher incomes, and provided emotionally supportive and cognitively enriched home environments. When comparing higher quality child care with lower quality child care differences were noted. Higher quality care, as measured by adult-to-child ratios, group size, and caregivers’ educational and training levels, resulted in higher cognitive performance, better language comprehension and production, and higher levels of school readiness. Lower quality care predicted more behavioral problems and poorer cognitive, language, and school readiness.
How early can a child learn digital media?
For instance, it is often not until 24 months of age that children can learn new words from live-video chatting (Kirkorian, Choi, & Pempek, 2016). Between the ages of 2 and 5 the AAP (2016) suggests that children should be limited to no more than one hour per day of high quality programs that are co- viewed with a caregiver to help children to understand what they are viewing. The AAP also strongly suggest that parents should avoid using mobile media to soothe their children. The concern is that using media as a strategy to distract or soothe the child may make it difficult for parents to limit the child’s use of the devices and may inhibit children’s ability to self-regulate their own emotions.
What age group engages in non-social play?
Younger children engage in non-social play more than those older; by age five associative and cooperative play are the most common forms of play (Dyer & Moneta, 2006).
How does gender matter for children?
How much does gender matter for children: Starting at birth, children learn the social meanings of gender from adults and their culture. Gender roles and expectations are especially portrayed in children’s toys, books, commercials, video games, movies, television shows and music (Khorr, 2017). Therefore, when children make choices regarding their gender identification, expression, and behavior that may be contrary to gender stereotypes, it is important that they feel supported by the caring adults in their lives. This support allows children to feel valued, resilient, and develop a secure sense of self (American Academy of Pediatricians, 2015).
How do children learn gender roles?
In addition, social learning theory states that children learn many of their gender roles by modeling the behavior of adults and older children and, in doing so, develop ideas about what behaviors are appropriate for each gender. Cognitive social learning theory also emphasizes reinforcement, punishment, and imitation, but adds cognitive processes. These processes include attention, self- regulation, and self-efficacy. Once children learn the significance of gender, they regulate their own behavior based on internalized gender norms (Bussey & Bandura, 1999).
Why do young children have a positive self image?
Young children tend to have a generally positive self- image. This optimism is often the result of a lack of social comparison when making self-evaluations (Ruble, Boggiano, Feldman, & Loeble, 1980), and with comparison between what the child once could do to what they can do now (Kemple, 1995).
Why do siblings have conflict?
While parents want positive interactions between their children, conflicts are going to arise, and some confrontations can be the impetus for growth in children’s social and cognitive skills. The sources of conflict between siblings often depend on their respective ages. Dunn and Munn (1987) revealed that over half of all sibling conflicts in early childhood were disputes about property rights. By middle childhood this starts shifting toward control over social situation, such as what games to play, disagreements about facts or opinions, or rude behavior (Howe, Rinaldi, Jennings, & Petrakos, 2002). Researchers have also found that the strategies children use to deal with conflict change with age, but this is also tempered by the nature of the conflict. Abuhatoum and Howe (2013) found that coercive strategies (e.g., threats) were preferred when the dispute centered on property rights, while reasoning was more likely to be used by older siblings and in disputes regarding control over the social situation. However, younger siblings also use reasoning, frequently bringing up the concern of legitimacy (e.g., “You’re not the boss”) when in conflict with an older sibling. This is a very common strategy used by younger siblings and is possibly an adaptive strategy in order for younger siblings to assert their autonomy (Abuhatoum & Howe, 2013). A number of researchers have found that children who can use non-coercive strategies are more likely to have a successful resolution, whereby a compromise is reached and neither child feels slighted (Ram & Ross, 2008; Abuhatoum & Howe, 2013). Not surprisingly, friendly relationships with siblings often lead to more positive interactions with peers. The reverse is also true. A child can also learn to get along with a sibling, with, as the song says, “a little help from my friends” (Kramer & Gottman, 1992).
Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority
Self-Understanding
- Self-concept refers to beliefs about general personal identity (Seiffert, 2011). These beliefs include personal attributes, such as one’s age, physical characteristics, behaviors, and competencies. Children in middle and late childhood have a more realistic sense of self than do those in early childhood, and they better understand their strengths a...
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
- Kohlberg (1963) built on the work of Piaget and was interested in finding out how our moral reasoning changes as we get older. He wanted to find out how people decide what is right and what is wrong. Just as Piaget believed that children’s cognitive development follows specific patterns, Kohlberg (1984) argued that we learn our moral values through active thinking and rea…
Friends and Peers
- As toddlers, children may begin to show a preference for certain playmates (Ross & Lollis, 1989). However, peer interactions at this age often involve more parallel play rather than intentional social interactions (Pettit, Clawson, Dodge, & Bates, 1996). By age four, many children use the word “friend” when referring to certain children and do so with a fair degree of stability (Hartup, 1…
Bullying
- According to Stopbullying.gov (2016), a federal government website managed by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, bullying is defined as unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. Further, the aggressive behavior happens more than once or has the potential to be repeated. There are diff…
Family Life
- Family Tasks:One of the ways to assess the quality of family life is to consider the tasks of families. Berger (2014) lists five family functions: 1. Providing food, clothing and shelter 2. Encouraging learning 3. Developing self-esteem 4. Nurturing friendships with peers 5. Providing harmony and stability Notice that in addition to providing food, shelter, and clothing, families are …
References
- Aiken, L. R. (1994). Psychological testing and assessment (8th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Alloway, T. P. (2009). Working memory, but not IQ, predicts subsequent learning in children with learning difficulties. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 92-98. Alloway, T. P., Bibile, V., & Lau, G. (2013). Computerized working memory training: Can lead to …
Attribution
- Adapted from Chapter 5 from Lifespan Development: A Psychological Perspective Second Edition by Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0unported license.