What is fetal ketonuria?
Ketonuria may instead be a marker of maternal pathology that causes both an adverse fetal environment and elevated urinary ketone levels. Any pathology resulting in a decrease in glucose availability will lead to an increase in ketone levels.
What does fetal malpresentation mean?
What does Malpresentation of fetus mean? Definition: Presenting of the fetus to the lower pole of the uterus during childbirth in a position other than cephalic (head end of the body). Malpresentations strictly include breech and shoulder presentation (transverse lie), but can also incorporate face and brow presentations.
What does mild pelviectasis mean?
What is mild Pelviectasis? Mild dilatation of this renal pelvis, also called pyelectasis or pelviectasis is defined as a measurement between 4mm and 10mm in the second trimester. The most common cause of urinary tract obstruction is a narrowing where the ureter meets the kidney: ureteropelvic obstruction or UPJ obstruction.
What does fetal hypoxia mean?
What is the meaning of fetal hypoxia? Fetal hypoxia (FH) (also known as intrauterine hypoxia (IH)) occurs when the fetus is deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen. How long can a fetus survive hypoxia?
What Are the Long-term Effects of Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis?
Ultrasound follow-up after birth and other tests can identify those babies for whom fetal pyelectasis/pelviectasis is part of a serious problem. When these tests show no problem in the urinary system, the babies do very well.
What is the term for a fetal pyelectasis?
Fetal pyelectasis or pelviectasis typically consists of a mild enlargement of the central area, or “pelvis, ” of the kidney. (This is not to be confused with fetal hydronephrosis, which is an extreme ballooning of the kidney.) The increase in size may be the result of urine not being able to flow freely from the kidney to the bladder, which is known as ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO); this causes the pelvis of the kidney to stretch from pressure. Urine can also back up from the bladder into the kidneys; this is known as reflux. In the absence of an active kidney infection, reflux does not cause pain, problems with urination or any other symptoms.
What is the ultrasound done after birth?
Often the ultrasound examinations are continued after birth, and sometimes other tests such as a voiding cystourethrogram (VCU) or a renal scan, are done to follow the system's development and health.
What is the Lurie Children's Research?
Research. Research is underway at Lurie Children’s to evaluate the long-term implications of fetal pelviectasis/pyelectasis when no problem is identified — an area not previously studied.
What does SERP mean in medical terms?
SERP means that the renal pelvis can be seen with the new, highly accurate sonograms. The term is used to describe the finding, which is not necessarily a problem, so that all caregivers can more easily understand its significance.
Why does urine increase in size?
The increase in size may be the result of urine not being able to flow freely from the kidney to the bladder, which is known as ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO); this causes the pelvis of the kidney to stretch from pressure. Urine can also back up from the bladder into the kidneys; this is known as reflux.
Why do doctors do periodic sonograms?
To address this situation — that is, finding out if the small increase in size is the result of a problem or just a normal finding in a given baby — many doctors do periodic sonograms to observe the size of the kidney pelvis, the length of the kidney , the size of the bladder and the appearance of the kidney tissue itself.
What is pyelectasis?
If your prenatal ultrasound detects pyelectasis, you’ll need additional prenatal monitoring. Typically, the fluid in your baby’s kidneys will resolve by your third trimester of pregnancy.
What is a blockage of urine between the kidneys and the ureter?
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: A blockage of urine between the kidneys and the ureter. Vesicoureteral reflux: An abnormal flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys. Pyelectasis can indicate Down syndrome on an ultrasound; however, most babies with pyelectasis do not have Down syndrome.
What is the care for pyelectasis at Rush?
You and your baby may receive the following care for pyelectasis: Monitoring: You’ll need additional ultrasounds and tests during your pregnancy to examine and monitor your baby’s kidneys and urinary tract.
What is Rush Fetal and Neonatal Medicine Center?
Prenatal care for babies with pyelectasis: The Rush Fetal and Neonatal Medicine Center offers prenatal testing and diagnosis for pyelectasis during your pregnancy. The center’s specialized team will provide you with support, evaluation and treatment during your pregnancy and after your child is born.
When does pyelectasis resolve?
Typically, the fluid in your baby’s kidneys will resolve by your third trimester of pregnancy. In some babies, pyelectasis can persist as hydronephrosis, a condition in which urine may drain too slowly the kidneys. If that happens, your baby might need surgery at birth.
What is the risk of developing a pyelectasis in a fetus?
A fetus with severe pyelectasis or hydronephrosis is at increased risk of developing problems such as low amniotic fluid and kidney disease.
What causes pyelectasis in the kidney?
The most common causes of severe pyelectasis or hydronephrosis are a blockage of the ureter where it joins the kidney (uretero-pelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis)_ [1 in figure] and backward flow of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteric reflux) [2 in figure].
What is the upper part of the ureter called?
The upper part of the ureter that funnels urine formed by the kidneys to the lower ureter is called the renal pelvis. Enlargement of the renal pelvis from 4 to 10 millimeters in diameter is called fetal pyelectasis or renal pelvic dilatation (RPD). .
How much pyelectasis is detected in a fetus?
The likelihood of an underlying abnormality correlates with the severity of the hydronephrosis. Pyelectasis is detected in 0.6%–4.5% of fetuses in the second trimester, and is seen more commonly in male fetuses. Most mild cases resolve before birth or within a few months after delivery.and may be due to an immature ureter or folds ...
When to do ultrasound for pyelectasis?
Repeat ultrasound at 32 weeks is recommended to evaluate for persistence or worsening of pyelectasis .
Does isolated pyelectasis increase chromosome abnormality?
The severity of isolated pyelectasis does not appear to increase the risk for chromosome abnormality . A detailed ultrasound of the fetus is recommended to look for fetal abnormalities or other ultrasound markers associated with Down syndrome .
What is Chudleigh PM?
4. Chudleigh PM, The association of aneuploidy and mild fetal pyelectasis in an unselected population: the results of a multicenter study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001 ;17:197-202.
What causes pyelectasis in the kidney?
The most common causes of severe pyelectasis or hydronephrosis are a blockage of the ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder) where it joins the kidney [ 1 in figure] and backward flow of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteric reflux) [2 in figure].
How often is pyelectasis detected in a fetus?
Pyelectasis is detected in 0.6%–4.5% of fetuses in the second trimester, and is seen more commonly in male fetuses. Most mild cases resolve before birth or within a few months after delivery. A fetus with severe pyelectasis or hydronephrosis is at increased risk of developing problems such as low amniotic fluid and kidney disease. In addition pyelectasis has a weak association with chromosome abnormalities, in particular Down syndrome . The severity of isolated pyelectasis does not appear to increase the risk for chromosome abnormality .
What is the upper part of the ureter called?
The upper part of the ureter that funnels urine formed by the kidneys to the lower ureter and bladder is called the renal pelvis. Enlargement of the renal pelvis from 4 to 10 millimeters in diameter is called fetal pyelectasis or renal pelvic dilatation (RPD). .
When to do ultrasound for pyelectasis?
Repeat ultrasound at 32 weeks is recommended to evaluate for persistence or worsening of pyelectasis .
Does isolated pyelectasis increase chromosome abnormality?
The severity of isolated pyelectasis does not appear to increase the risk for chromosome abnormality . A detailed ultrasound of the fetus is recommended to look for fetal abnormalities or other ultrasound markers associated with Down syndrome .
What is fetal pyelectasis?
Fetal pyelectasis refers to the prominence of the renal pelvis in utero that is a relatively common finding, which in the majority of cases resolves spontaneously.
When does pyelectasis resolve?
The vast majority of cases (~96%) with mild pyelectasis in the second trimester resolve, either during pregnancy or in the early postpartum period. The risk of postnatal renal pathology is increased with:
Can maternal hydration cause fetal pyelectasis?
Fetal pyelectasis can also be affected by maternal hydration, i.e. physiological fetal pyelectasis 5.
Is fetal pyelectasis present?
According to the Society of Fetal Urology (SFU) consensus 15, fetal pyelectasis is considered present if the anterior to posterior diameter of the renal pelvis measures:
Is pyelectasis a physiological condition?
Pyelectasis can result from a number of factors. In the majority of cases, it is physiological and resolves spontaneously. However, it may also herald the presence or evolution of renal tract pathology, such as: fetal PUJ obstruction. fetal VUJ obstruction.
Does trisomy 21 increase aneuploidies?
trisomy 21: isolated fetal renal pyelectasis is not considered to increase the risk of aneuploidies, however, in combination with other soft markers, the risk will increase 14 (see antenatal features of Down syndrome)
What is Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis & What Does It Indicate?
Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis is a medical condition where there is dilation or enlargement of the central part or pelvis of the kidney of the fetus. This enlargement is due to collection of urine in the kidney where it is not able to pass from the kidney to the bladder resulting in stretching of the kidney in its middle part. This is a comparatively common ultrasound finding in pregnancy and is thrice more commonly seen in male fetuses. It could also be that the fetal kidneys are larger than usual and are actually completely normal. Periodic ultrasounds are done to monitor the kidney pelvis of the fetus. Majority of the times, the Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis in the fetus resolves on its own without any harmful effects on the baby. The implication of pyelectasis in fetuses is not quite clear; but according to studies, Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis is thought to be an indication for obstruction; however, in most of the fetuses, pyelectasis resolves spontaneously. In some cases, Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis appears and disappears multiple times throughout the pregnancy. According to studies, 6 mm of pyelectasis is considered severe enough to warrant investigations.
How to diagnose fetal pelviectasis?
Diagnosis of fetal pelviectasis or pyelectasis is done by ultrasound during the pregnancy. Routine ultrasound examination during the 20th week of pregnancy consists of evaluation of the fetal kidneys as part of the prenatal care. Upon the diagnosis of Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis, close follow-ups are needed; however, treatment is not necessarily needed as frequently Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis disappears on its own without having any negative impact on the baby. However, infants who have persistent Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis are at an increased risk for developing urological problems, especially if the urine fails to drain and accumulatees in the kidneys all through the pregnancy. Ultrasound when done after the baby is born can show the babies which have continued fetal pelviectasis or pyelectasis and need treatment. In cases of fetal pelviectasis/pyelectasis where the increase in the size of the kidney is due to obstructed urine flow, then surgery is needed to correct the obstruction after the baby is born. If the ultrasound shows no problem in the baby’s urinary system, then there is nothing to worry about and the baby continues to develop normally.
What is the ultrasound of a baby with Down syndrome?
Fetal Pelviectasis or Pyelectasis is also considered an ultrasound “marker” for Down Syndrome, which means that it increases the risk of the baby having Down syndrome. Down syndrome can develop in fetus in any pregnancy, but the risk increases with maternal age. Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis, when seen on ultrasound increases the risk for Down syndrome in the baby by about 1.5 times more than the risk associated with mother’s increased age.
What is a pelviectasis ultrasound?
Fetal Pelviectasis or Pyelectasis is also considered an ultrasound “marker” for Down Syndrome, which means that it increases the risk of the baby having Down syndrome. Down syndrome can develop in fetus in any pregnancy, but the risk increases with maternal age. Fetal Pyelectasis or Pelviectasis, when seen on ultrasound increases ...
What is fetal pyelectasis/hydronephrosis?
To understand this condition, it is helpful to understand how the urinary tract works. In simple terms, the kidneys filter the blood and remove waste products that are then taken out of the body in the urine. The urine collects in the pelvis, which empties into a tube (the ureter) and then drains into the bladder. From the bladder, the urine drains out of the body through the urethra.
How does hydronephrosis affect my pregnancy?
Doctors usually diagnose hydronephrosis during a routine ultrasound. If your doctor suspects that your baby has hydronephrosis, he or she will refer you for a follow-up ultrasound that can examine your baby’s anatomy in more detail.
What happens after surgery?
Rarely, surgery to fix an obstruction or reflux is required for mild hydronephrosis.
Will I be able to help care for my baby?
Yes. Your baby will more than likely go to the newborn nursery and be treated there if hydronephrosis is his or her only problem. The urologist/nephrologist may see him or her in the hospital if you deliver at Froedtert & The Medical College of Wisconsin Froedtert Hospital Campus. If you do not deliver at Froedtert or the urologist/nephrologist does not see your baby before you go home, please call to set up a follow-up appointment soon after you take your baby home.
When can my baby go home?
Most babies that were diagnosed with hydronephrosis before birth will go home with their mothers after delivery. Follow-up is done on an outpatient basis. If your baby does require surgery, it will be done later in life.
What is my baby's long-term prognosis?
Long-term prognosis is excellent for most babies with hydronephrosis. Even if your baby has only one working kidney, he or she can live a full life with few limits on activity.
What causes hydronephrosis?
Hydronephrosis can be the result of: 1 A blockage, which can occur in a variety of places along the urinary tract 2 Reflux or backward flow of the urine 3 Immaturity, which allows more stretching of the pelvis than normal 4 An extra ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder) 5 Multicystic kidney (a birth defect in which the kidney does not function)