what is sci level

Full Answer

What is the most common level of SCI?

SCI typically affects the cervical level of the spinal cord (50%) with the single most common level affected being C5 (1). Other injuries include the thoracic level (35%) and lumbar region (11%).

What is an SCI patient?

Definition. A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the tight bundle of cells and nerves that sends and receives signals from the brain to and from the rest of the body. SCI can be caused by direct injury to the spinal cord itself or from damage to the tissue and bones (vertebrae) that surround the spinal cord.

How do you classify SCI?

Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can be classified based on function (how much feeling and movement you have) or on where the damage occurred. When a nerve in the spinal cord is injured, the nerve location and number are often used to describe how much damage there is.

What does SCI stand for in medical terms?

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is due to a traumatic injury that bruises, partially tears, or completely tears the spinal cord. SCI is a common cause of permanent disability and death in children and adults.

Can SCI patients walk again?

There is potential to walk again after SCI because the spinal cord has the ability to reorganize itself and make adaptive changes called neuroplasticity. With an effective rehabilitation plan and consistency, individuals may be able to promote neuroplasticity to optimize their mobility.

How is SCI caused?

SCIs result from damage to the vertebrae, ligaments, or disks of the spinal column or to the spinal cord itself. A traumatic SCI may stem from a sudden blow to the spine that fractures, dislocates, crushes, or compresses one or more vertebrae. Car crashes are the leading cause of SCI among people younger than 65.

What are examples of SCI?

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What are the 5 levels of the spinal cord?

As mentioned above, our vertebrae are numbered and divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.

Is a SCI a disability?

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an injury to the spinal cord that results in temporary or permanent changes in the spinal cord's normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function. People who sustain a spinal cord injury often have permanent and profound neurologic deficits and accompanying disability.

Is SCI short for science?

There is one common abbreviation of science: sci. If you want to make it plural, simply add on an “ 's.”

What does SCI stand for in business?

Regulation Systems Compliance and Integrity (Regulation SCI) is a set of rules created by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission to monitor the security and capabilities of U.S. securities markets' technological infrastructure.

What is SCI journal abbreviation?

The abbreviation of the journal title "Journal of science" is "J. Sci.". It is the recommended abbreviation to be used for abstracting, indexing and referencing purposes and meets all criteria of the ISO 4 standard for abbreviating names of scientific journals.

Can SCI be cured?

A spinal cord injury cannot be cured, but treatment can help prevent additional injuries and irreversible damage. A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to any part of the spinal cord – the bundle of nerves that carries signals from the brain to the rest of the body.

What is the prognosis for SCI?

Most patients who suffer a traumatic SCI experience most of their nerve function recovery during the first 6 months after their injury, though some nerve health can return up to 5 years later.

What is the difference between TBI and SCI?

SCI: spinal cord injury, TBI: traumatic brain injury.

What is dermatome in anatomy?

A dermatome is a patch of skin that is innervated by a given spinal cord level. Figure 2 is taken from the ASIA classification manual, obtainable from the ASIA web site. Each dermatome has a specific point recommended for testing and shown in the figure. After injury, the dermatomes can expand or contract, depending on plasticity of the spinal cord .

What is the C3 through C8?

However, the C3 through C8 segments of the spinal cords are situated between C3 through C7 bony vertebral levels. Likewise, in the thoracic spinal cord, the first two thoracic cord segments roughly match first two thoracic vertebral levels. However, T3 through T12 cord segments are situated between T3 to T8.

What is the tip of the spinal cord called?

In human, the spinal cord ends at L2 vertebral level. The tip of the spinal cord is called the conus. Below the conus, there is a spray of spinal roots that is frequently called the cauda equina or horse’s tail. Injuries to T12 and L1 vertebra damage the lumbar cord. Injuries to L2 frequently damage the conus.

How many vertebrae are there in the spinal cord?

Vertebral segments. There are 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic (chest), 5 lumbar (back), and 5 sacral (tail) vertebrae. The spinal cord sends roots that exit the spinal canal between vertebral bodies. Spinal cord segmental levels are defined by their roots but are not always situated at the corresponding vertebral levels. For example, the C8 cord segment is situated in the C7 vertebra while the T12 cord is situated in the T8 vertebra. The lumbar cord is situated between T9 and T11 vertebrae. The sacral cord is situated between the T12 to L2 vertebrae, as shown in figure 1 Spinal Roots. The spinal roots for C1 exit the spinal column at the atlanto-occiput junction. The spinal roots for C2 exit the spinal column at the atlanto-axis. The C3 roots exit between C2 and C3. The C8 root exits between C7 and T1. The first thoracic root or T1 exits the spinal cord between T1 and T2 vertebral bodies. The T12 root exits the spinal cord between T1 and L1. The L1 root exits the spinal cord between L1 and L2 bodies. The L5 root exits the cord between L1 and S1 bodies.

What is the difference between vertebral and spinal cord?

Vertebral vs. Cord Segmental Levels. The spinal cord is situated within the spine. The spine consists of a series of vertebral segments. The spinal cord itself has “neurological” segmental levels which are defined by the spinal roots that enter and exist the spinal column between each of the vertebral segments.

What is the cervical cord?

The Cervical Cord. The first and second cervical segments are special because they hold and pivot the head . The back of the head is called the Occiput. The first cervical vertebra, upon which the head is perched is sometimes called Atlas, after the Greek mythological figure who held up earth. The second cervical vertebra is called the Axis, upon which Atlas pivots. The interface between the occiput and the atlas is called the atlanto-occiput junction. The interface between the first and second vertebra is called the atlanto-axis junction. The C3-4 cord contains the phrenic nucleus. The cervical cord innervates the deltoids (C4), biceps (C4-5), wrist extensors (C6), triceps (C7), wrist extensors (C8), and hand muscles (C8-T1).

What are the thoracic vertebral segments?

The Thoracic Cord. The thoracic vertebral segments are defined by those that have a rib. These vertebral segments are also very special because they form the back wall of the pulmonary cavity and the ribs. The spinal roots form the intercostal (between the ribs) nerves that run on the bottom side of the ribs and connect to the intercostal muscles and associated dermatomes.

What scale is used to assess spinal cord injury?

Some years ago, spinal cord injuries were assessed on the Frankel scale which was originally designed at Stokes Manville in the 1930s. Today, the degree of impairment in a spinal cord injury is usually assessed according to the scale designed by the American Spinal Cord Injury Association—the ASIA scale. The ASIA scale is very complete and it gives doctors a better idea of what type of impairment an individual patient is suffering from, but it is still more than a bit confusing to both patients and medical personnel.

What is the tail of the spinal cord?

The tail (sacral) cord is located between the last chest (thoracic) vertebra and the second back (lumbar) vertebra. The spinal cord is responsible for relaying the nerve messages that control the voluntary and involuntary movement of the muscles, including those of the diaphragm, bowels, and bladder.

How does the spinal cord communicate with the rest of the body?

It relays these messages to the rest of the body via spinal roots that branch out from the cord. The spinal roots are nerves that go through the spine’s bone canal and come out at the vertebral segments of the spinal cord. Bodily functions can be disrupted by an injury to the spinal cord.

What does "complete spinal cord injury" mean?

For many years, a complete spinal cord injury was thought of as meaning no conscious sensations or voluntary muscle use below the site of the injury; however, this does not take into account that partial preservation of function below the injury site is rather common. This definition of a complete injury also failed to take into account the fact that may people have lateral preservation (function on one side).

What is the name of the first vertebra in the neck?

For example: C1 (cervical) refers to the first vertebra in the neck. T1 (thoracic) refers to the first vertebra in the chest area.

How many vertebrae are there in the spinal cord?

The spine is divided into seven neck (cervical) vertebrae, twelve chest (thoracic) vertebra, five back (lumbar) vertebrae, and five tail (sacral) vertebrae.

Which vertebral segment controls the intercostal muscles?

The thoracic vertebral segments compose the rear wall of the ribs and pulmonary cavity. In this area, the spinal roots compose the between the ribs nerves (intercostal nerves) which control the intercostal muscles. The Lumbosacral Cord. The spinal cord does not travel the entire length of the spine.

Types of Spinal Cord Injury

Since most spinal cord injuries are trauma-based, there are different ways injuries happen and different types of spinal cord injury. Some of the most common causes of spinal cord injury include motor vehicle accidents, falls, gunshot wounds, sports injuries or surgical complications.

Levels of Spinal Cord Injury

There are four sections of the spinal cord that impact the level of spinal cord injury: cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral. Each section of the spine protects different groups of nerves that control the body. The types and severity of spinal cord injuries can depend on the section of the spine that is injured.

More Information About Types and Levels of Spinal Cord Injuries

Our video series uses simple language and images of real people who have sustained a spinal cord injury, as well as insight from medical experts and advocates.

What is SCI cover sheet?

An SCI cover sheet from 1967. SCI is divided into control systems, which are further subdivided into compartments and sub-compartments. These systems and compartments are usually identified by a classified codeword. Several such codewords have been declassified.

What is SCI in intelligence?

Sensitive compartmented information ( SCI) is a type of United States classified information concerning or derived from sensitive intelligence sources, methods, or analytical processes. All SCI must be handled within formal access control systems established by the Director of National Intelligence.

What happens when you terminate an SCI?

Upon termination from a particular compartment, the employee again signs the nondisclosure agreement.

Why are top secret clearances written together?

Because the same investigation is used to grant Top Secret security clearances, the two are often written together as TS//SCI. Eligibility alone does not confer access to any specific SCI material; it is simply a qualification. One must receive explicit permission to access an SCI control system or compartment.

When was the STLW codeword revealed?

STELLARWIND (STLW) This codeword was revealed on June 27, 2013, when The Guardian published a draft report from the NSA Inspector General about the electronic surveillance program STELLARWIND. This program was started by President George W. Bush shortly after the 9/11 attacks.

What is TK in space?

TK covers space-based IMINT ( Imagery intelligence ), SIGINT ( Signals intelligence ), and MASINT ( Measurement and signature intelligence) collection platforms; related processing and analysis techniques; and research, design, and operation of these platforms (but see Reserve below). The original TALENT compartment was created in the mid-1950s for the U-2. In 1960, it was broadened to cover all national aerial reconnaissance (to later include SR-71 sourced imagery) and the KEYHOLE compartment was created for satellite intelligence. TALENT KEYHOLE is now a top-level control system; KEYHOLE is no longer a distinct compartment. Known compartments include RUFF ( IMINT satellites), ZARF ( ELINT satellites), and CHESS (U-2). The KEYHOLE series KH-1 through KH-4b were part of the new TALENT-KEYHOLE designation.

Where are SCI markings placed?

SCI control system markings are placed immediately after the classification level markings in a banner line or portion marking. Sometimes, especially on older documents, they are stamped. The following banner line and portion marking describe a top secret document containing information from the notional SI-GAMMA 1234 subcompartment, the notional SI-MANSION compartment, and the notional TALENT KEYHOLE-LANTERN compartment:

What is SCI in intelligence?

SCI encompasses all things intelligence-related such as intelligence sources, intelligence methods, or intelligence analytical processes. SCI is handled according to requirements which the Director of Central Intelligence establishes (DCID 6/1 1.1.18).

What is needed to access SCI?

To access SCI or be “read in,” a candidate requires a formal “need-to-know” and be at the appropriate classification level. If those are established, there are other basic SCI criteria a candidate requires for eligibility: US citizenship; characteristics of sound judgement, reliability, and US loyalty; incorruptible character and not prone to external leverage and/or conspiring to overthrow the US Government ( ICD 704 E ).

What was John Holst's career path?

John Holst’s career path is as nonsensical and mad as the March Hare. In a series of what John thought were very trusting decisions, the United States Air Force let him babysit nuclear weapons, develop future officers, and then operate multi-billion dollar space systems.

Who is responsible for debriefing?

When there’s no longer a need for SCI access, the Cognizant Security Authority is responsible for debriefing the affected individual. Once debriefed, the individual must sign a Security Debriefing Acknowledgement form.

Does a top secret clearance mean you have a TS/SCI?

The question frequently arises among security cleared applicants – does possessing a Top Secret security clearance mean you have a TS/SCI security clearance? It does not . As the definition of SCI states, there is a requirement that the individual has a need to obtain the information and is read into the program. It is possible to undergo the Single Scope Background Investigation (SSBI) required to access Top Secret information without being read into an SCI program.

Why do you need a polygraph test?

They use this step to verify information or determine your fit for working with national security issues. Some employers may not require this step, but agencies like the CIA require candidates at all levels to complete a polygraph test before considering them for employment.

What do you need to know about TS/SCI?

Everything You Need To Know About TS/SCI Clearance. To access classified information, individuals must prove they are willing and able to keep it secret. Those who have shown that they can keep sensitive information secure may receive top secret or sensitive compartmented information (TS/SCI) clearance. TS/SCI clearance can help you increase your ...

What is SF 86?

While some companies have their own process of vetting someone for TS/SCI clearance, many agencies ask you to complete Personnel Security Questionnaire (SF-86) and provide extensive information on your personal history. Most times, you must inform them of any international travel you have made in your lifetime and up to 10 years of information detailing your address and work history. Companies that offer you a position that requires TS/SCI clearance may add that the job that is contingent upon successfully receiving this clearance.

How to get a TS/SCI?

How to get TS/SCI clearance. To receive a TS/SCI clearance, follow these steps: 1. Gain sponsorship. An ordinary citizen cannot request TS/SCI clearance on their own. A sponsor must request this type of clearance on your behalf. Often, government agencies such as the FBI or CIA require some level of security clearance for the people they employ. ...

What type of data does someone with a TS/SCI clearance access?

Often, the type of data that someone with a TS/SCI clearance might access involves national security. To keep citizens safe, the agencies who grant TS/SCI clearance only provide it to trustworthy people who need this level of clearance for their work. There are different levels of security clearance, ranging from confidential to top secret.

Why do they ask for a polygraph?

Polygraph examiners may also ask if you have secrets or financial troubles that could make you vulnerable to outside influences who may use that information against you.

What is the highest level of security clearance?

There are different levels of security clearance, ranging from confidential to top secret. TS/SCI is one of the highest levels of security clearance, meaning that anyone who has this level of clearance has access to highly sensitive information.

What does SCI stand for in security?

Everyone has heard of a SECRET clearance or a TOP SECRET one, but many don’t realize there are clearances that are considered higher than TOP SECRET. Some call them “TOP SECRET +” or they refer to their acronyms, which are well-known in the community. SCI stands for Sensitive Compartmented Information and SAP stands for Special Access Program. Security clearance levels come with different investigations and different challenges.

What is a secret SAP?

Designated Secret SAPs are Special Access Programs (SAPs) where access to Secret level information in the program can only be granted to a person with at least a favorably adjudicated Tier 5 investigation (Tier 5 was formerly known as an SSBI). Tier 5 investigations are normally only required for access to Top Secret information. A somewhat related example is Restricted Data--RD (atomic energy information). Within the Department of Energy access to Secret RD requires a "Q" clearance, and a "Q" clearance requires a Tier 5 investigation. RD is a SAP. There are SAPs that involve plans/operations, logistics (R&D), and intelligence (e.g. Sensitive Compartmented Information).

What is Tier 5 investigation?

Tier 5 investigations are normally only required for access to Top Secret information. A somewhat related example is Restricted Data--RD (atomic energy information). Within the Department of Energy access to Secret RD requires a "Q" clearance, and a "Q" clearance requires a Tier 5 investigation. RD is a SAP.

What is spear phishing?

Spear phishing and data mining campaigns remain on of the main ways cyber criminals target American intellectual property. The more information you have access to based on your clearance level, the more likely you are to be a target. Unless someone has a reason to know you have a certain type of clearance, then don’t tell them.

Can you tell someone you have a security clearance?

While I’m not a security clearance expert, as someone who’s spent almost my entire career with one, I know that if you do have an SCI or SAP clearance, you should not tell that information to just anyone. For one thing, just having a clearance makes you a target for espionage, but if the wrong person or group finds out you have a high level clearance like SCI or SAP then you are even more of an attractive target for someone wanting to get our country’s secrets. Spear phishing and data mining campaigns remain on of the main ways cyber criminals target American intellectual property. The more information you have access to based on your clearance level, the more likely you are to be a target.

Is WNINTEL a separate classification?

WNINTEL is a caveat or protective marking. It is not a separate classification or clearance. It means "Warning Notice--Intelligence Sources and Methods Involved."

Is SAP clearance good?

Possessing a SAP clearance is a valuable asset – increasing your earning potential as well as your job prospects. But along with the value of a higher-level security clearance comes higher responsibility, inside and outside the office.

Vertebral vs. Cord Segmental Levels

Sensory Versus Motor Levels

• A dermatome is a patch of skin that is innervated by a given spinal cord level. Figure 2 is taken from the ASIA classification manual, obtainable from the ASIA web site. Each dermatome has a specific point recommended for testing and shown in the figure. After injury, the dermatomes can expand or contract, depending on plasticity of the spinal cord...

See more on travisroyfoundation.org

Complete Versus Incomplete Injury

Classification of Spinal Cord Injury Severity

Conclusion