Standardization is a technique used in comparing indicators from two or more populations. The goal of the standardization procedure is to control for compositional differences between these groups that may influence the indicator that is being examined.
What is meant by Standardisation?
Standardization is the process of developing, promoting and possibly mandating standards-based and compatible technologies and processes within a given industry. Standards for technologies can mandate the quality and consistency of technologies and ensure their compatibility, interoperability and safety.
Why do demographers use standardization?
Demographers and other social scientists have traditionally used the technique of direct standardization to eliminate the compositional effects (of age and sex, for example) from the overall rates (say, crude death rates) in two or more populations.
How do you standardize population data?
Procedure for direct standardization Multiply the age-specific mortality rates of the other population under study to the number of persons in each age group of the standard population. By this way, you will get the expected deaths for each age group of each population.
What is the difference between direct and indirect standardization?
Direct standardization is used when the number of events or the mortality rates in each age group within the population, is known, whereas indirect standardization is used when the number of events or the mortality rates in each age group within the population is not known.
What is the importance of standardisation?
Standardization brings innovation and spreads knowledge Standardization also brings innovation, first because it provides structured methods and reliable data that save time in the innovation process and, second, because it makes it easier to disseminate groundbreaking ideas and knowledge about leading edge techniques.
What are the types of standardization?
Standards can also be classified according to their degree of formality, depending on who initiates the standardisation process.Formal standards. ... Informal standards. ... Proprietary standards.
What is another word for standardization?
What is another word for standardization?uniformityevennessregularitysamenesssimilaritylevelnessinvariabilityconsistencymonotonyconstancy41 more rows
Which is correct standardisation or standardization?
Standardization and standardisation are both English terms. In the United States, there is a preference for "standardization" over "standardisation" (98 to 2). In the United Kingdom, there is a 70 to 30 preference for "standardisation" over "standardization".
What is standardized birth rate?
The younger a population, the faster that population grows because the birth rate is higher and the death rate is lower (Fig. 13-1). When birth rate is expressed per age group, it is called the standardized birth rate, as opposed to the crude birth rate of the total population.
What is an example of standardization?
The goal of standardization is to enforce a level of consistency or uniformity to certain practices or operations within the selected environment. An example of standardization would be the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to which all companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges must adhere.
How do you calculate standardization?
Typically, to standardize variables, you calculate the mean and standard deviation for a variable. Then, for each observed value of the variable, you subtract the mean and divide by the standard deviation.
What is standardization of a solution?
Standardization is the process of determining the exact concentration (molarity) of a solution. Titration is one type of analytical procedure often used in standardization. In a titration, an exact volume of one substance is reacted with a known amount of another substance.
How does standardization make comparisons easier?
Here comes the role of standardization as it allows us to compare the scores with different metrics directly and make a statement about them. It means you are 2 standard deviations above the average grade. It means you are 0.3 standard deviations above the average grade.
What is standardization in epidemiology?
The process of standardization (or adjustment) of rates is a classic epidemiological method that removes the confounding effect of variables that we know — or think — differ in populations we wish to compare.
What is the standardization of society?
In the context of social criticism and social science, standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds and improving efficiency to handle people, their interactions, cases, and so forth.
How do you calculate Standardisation?
Typically, to standardize variables, you calculate the mean and standard deviation for a variable. Then, for each observed value of the variable, you subtract the mean and divide by the standard deviation.
STANDARDIZATION
Standardization is a technique used in comparing indicators from two or more populations. The goal of the standardization procedure is to control for compositional differences between these groups that may influence the indicator that is being examined.
STANDARDIZATION (OF RATES)
Standardization (or adjustment) of rates is used to enable the valid comparison of groups (e.g., those studied in different places or times) that differ regarding an important health determinant (most commonly age).
standardize
stand·ard·ize / ˈstandərˌdīz / • v. [tr.] cause (something) to conform to a standard: Jones's effort to standardize oriental spelling. ∎ [intr.] (standardize on) adopt (something) as one's standard: we could standardize on U.S. equipment. ∎ determine the properties of by comparison with a standard. DERIVATIVES: stand·ard·iz·a·ble adj.
standardization
standardization In order to facilitate comparisons between different groups, data are standardized to some common basis. The simplest method is converting frequency counts into percentages, so that all values are shown to the common base of 100, or into decimal fractions of the total sum treated as unity (1.00).
standardization
standardization 1. The establishment of an international, national, or industrial agreement concerning the specification or production of components – electrical, electronic, or software – or equipment in general, or of procedures for the use or testing of equipment or software. 2.
What is age specific rate?
Age-specific rates (i.e.., x cases in a specific age group/ (population at-risk in same age group) are also useful in summarizing health status of a population.
What is the crude rate of a male population?
From a standard population it is known that the crude rate is 1.5/1000, male rate is 2.2/1000, and female rate is 0.9/1000.
What data is required for indirect standardization?
The data required for indirect standardization is the crude rate for the study population; the population distribution for the study population and group-specific rates for the standard population.
What is indirect standardization?
Indirect standardization also produces a weighted average, through the production of a summary disease rate for the study population which would be expected if the disease experience of the study population were identical to that of a standard population.
What are the necessary data for direct standardization?
The necessary data for direct standardization are the group-specific disease rates for the study population and the population distribution from the standard population.
What is standardized rate?
A reference population is used as the standard population. The standardized rate is the sum of weighted group-specific rates, with weights derived from the standard population. The weights sum to 1.0. A standardized rate is essentially a weighted average of the age-specific rates.
Why is standardization important?
Standardization is also helpful when comparing rates of one population over time , such as monitoring a disease in a population over many years. A standardized rate is a measure of disease frequency that facilitates comparisons of populations with a different distribution of one or more potential confounding variables.
What is the ratio of the observed number of deaths to the expected number of deaths called?
The ratio of the observed number of deaths to the expected number of deaths is called: “Standardized mortality ratio” or SMR
What are the two methods of calculating standardized rates?
There are two methods for calculating standardized rates, namely direct and indirect standardization. For the example purpose, let us concentrate on the standardization methods based on age-standardized rates.
What is direct age adjustment?
In direct age-adjustment, a common age-structured population is used as standard. This population may actually exist (e.g., United States population, 1999) or may be fictitious (e.g., two populations may be combined to create a standard). In indirect age-adjustment, a common set of age-specific rates is applied to the populations whose rates are to be standardized. The simplest and most useful form of indirect adjustment is the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) (5).
Is standardization difficult?
Standardization methods are not difficult but sometimes the health personnel have some confusion about selecting which method and how to calculate and apply the particular method. It is sincerely hoped that this article may at least contribute to public health medicine by improving the understanding of standardization methods in comparing two or more different populations, which have difference(s) in some characteristic(s).
Is the risk of death higher in population A or population B?
The risk of death is in fact higher in population A than population B after adjusting for differences by age. Common practice is to compare (SMR) in indirect method.
How does standardization affect consumers?
Also, standardization may limit producers from providing more value to consumers than their competitors, because they are constrained by the standards.
What is the goal of standardization?
The goal of standardization is to ensure uniformity to certain practices within the industry. Standardization focuses on the product creation process, operations of businesses, technology in use, and how specific compulsory processes are instituted or carried out.
Why is standardization important in the trading industry?
Standardization in the trading industry is set by the exchanges on which the security is traded. This provides greater liquidity for investors. It also makes the trading process the same for all investors.
What is standardization in business?
What is Standardization? Standardization is the process of creating protocols to guide the creation of a good or service based on the consensus of all the relevant parties in the industry. The standards ensure that goods or services produced in a specific industry come with consistent quality and are equivalent to other comparable products ...
What is GAAP accounting?
GAAP GAAP, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, is a recognized set of rules and procedures that govern corporate accounting and financial. that companies must follow when preparing or reporting their annual financial statements.
Why is it important to standardize products?
Standardizing products that are available in various states, countries, or continents ensures that customers receive the same product or service regardless of where they buy it . This applies to big brands that customers are already very familiar with, where any change in the product would likely be noticed immediately.
How many shares does an investor hold in a futures contract?
that an investor holds represents 100 shares of the underlying stock. In the futures trading market, the size of the futures contract depends on the type of asset that is being traded. Futures contracts are available on different types of assets, such as commodities, currencies, and stock exchange indexes.
How to measure population change?
This is calculated by taking one population size minus the population size in an earlier census. The best way of measuring population change is using the intercensal percentage change. The intercensal percentage change is the absolute change in population between the censuses divided by the population size in the earlier census. Next, multiply this a hundredfold to receive a percentage. When this statistic is achieved, the population growth between two or more nations that differ in size, can be accurately measured and examined.
What are the problems that demographers can be called upon to assist business organizations?
Problems in which demographers may be called upon to assist business organizations are when determining the best prospective location in an area of a branch store or service outlet, predicting the demand for a new product, and to analyze certain dynamics of a company's workforce. Choosing a new location for a branch of a bank, choosing the area in which to start a new supermarket, consulting a bank loan officer that a particular location would be a beneficial site to start a car wash, and determining what shopping area would be best to buy and be redeveloped in metropolis area are types of problems in which demographers can be called upon.
Why do organizations have interests about the number and characteristics of their clients?
These organizations have interests about the number and characteristics of their clients so they can maximize the sale of their products, their outlook on their influence, or the ends of their power, services, and beneficial works.
What is population ecology?
A basic definition of population ecology is a study of the distribution and abundance of organisms. As it relates to organizations and demography, organizations go through various liabilities to their continued survival. Hospitals, like all other large and complex organizations are impacted in the environment they work. For example, a study was done on the closure of acute care hospitals in Florida between a particular time. The study examined effect size, age, and niche density of these particular hospitals. A population theory says that organizational outcomes are mostly determined by environmental factors. Among several factors of the theory, there are four that apply to the hospital closure example: size, age, density of niches in which organizations operate, and density of niches in which organizations are established.
When is indirect standardization used?
Indirect standardization is used when a population is small enough that the number of events (births, deaths, etc.) are also small. In this case, methods must be used to produce a standardized mortality rate (SMR) or standardized incidence rate (SIR).
Why is Demography Important?
Demography is significant in understanding historic population trends . An understanding of these trends helps in preparation of future developments and policies such as the design of cities, preparation for elections, and disaster management policies. Demography also helps nations to plan for the food supply, housing, employment opportunities, educational facilities, and health facilities for their citizens. Population studies further helps governments understand the short-term and long-term implications of the changes in the human population. It also assists in understanding the socio-economic challenges faced by populations such as crime, prostitution, polluted air and water, juvenile delinquency, drugs and substance abuse, and environmental pollution. Besides, the recent influx in the world’s population resulting in the over-stretching of the natural resources calls for a better understanding of the world population. For these reasons, demography is a field that attracts universal attention as it affects human life.
What is the measure of life expectancy?
The life expectancy is a measure that interests many people. It refers to the number of years that a human being can live in relation to the current mortality rates. Another measure of demography is the total fertility rate which refers to the number of live births per woman in their reproductive life.
What is the term for the study of population trends?
Demography tracks population trends over time. Demography is a branch of social sciences that deals with the population of humans, changes in the population, and their interactions with the environment, political factors, as well as socio-economic factors.
What is the meaning of demography?
The word “demography” is derived from two Greek words “Demos” and “Graphy” which mean “people” and “science” respectively. Thus, the literal meaning of the word is the “science of people.”. A synonym of demography is population studies.
What is population density?
On the other hand, population density is the measurement of the size of a population per total land area occupied by the people. These terms are often used in discussions regarding populations that go in governments, private institutions, and world agencies such as the United Nations.
What is standardized measure?
Standardized measures describe a hypothetical state of affairs, which is a function of the standard population chosen. For direct age-standardization, the total U.S. population from the previous census is especially common. Since rates standardized to the same external standard are comparable, the selection of a commonly used standard has advantages when comparing rates across different studies. Sometimes investigators compute directly standardized rates based upon one of their own study populations as the standard or by combining two or more study populations to create a standard. But rates standardized to a specific study population are not as readily compared to rates from other studies.
What is indirect standardization?
Indirect standardization can be thought of as taking the observed number of deaths or events in the study population and comparing that number to an "expected" number of deaths, i.e., the number of deaths that would be expected in the study population if its mortality experience (its stratum-specific rates) were the same as for the standard population. The ratio of observed to expected deaths is termed the Standardized Mortality Ratio (or Standardized Morbidity Ratio if disease, rather than death, is the outcome), abbreviated SMR, and it, rather than standardized rates, is the usual product of the indirect standardization procedure.
Why do we use standardized rates?
First, summary indices from two or more populations are more easily compared than multiple strata of specific rates. This becomes especially important when comparing rates from several populations or when each population has a large number of strata. Second, small numbers in some strata may lead to unstable specific rates. When sample populations are so small that their strata contain mostly unstable rates and zeroes, the direct standardization procedure may not be appropriate and an alternate procedure (see below) becomes desirable.
Is a population heterogeneous?
Epidemiologists are always mindful of population diversity. Virtually every large population is heterogeneous in regard to sociodemographic (e.g., age, gender, education, religion), geographic, genetic, occupational, dietary, medical history, and innumerable other personal attributes and environmental factors related to health. A population can be viewed as a composite of diverse subgroups (ultimately, subgroups of size one, i.e., individuals, but epidemiologic measures break down at that point). Any overall measure or statistic reflects the value of that measure for each of the subgroups comprising the population.
Is standardized rate meaningful?
Even though standardized rates can be computed, they are not always meaningful. Use of the same set of weights to average the stratum-specific rates guarantees comparability, but for the comparisons to be meaningful there must also be large enough numbers in all important strata ("important" means those constituting substantial weight in the standardization procedure). Otherwise the stratum-specific rate estimates will be too unstable (i.e., imprecise), and weighting them may only amplify that instability. For example, a rate of 0.10 based on two cases becomes only half as large, 0.05, if two more cases are found. Although the difference between these two rates is small, if they happened to fall in a stratum for which the standard population had a particularly large proportion, then this small difference would be magnified (relative to the other rates) in the standardized rate. There are various rules of thumb for what constitutes "large enough", such as at least 10 or 20 events (e.g., deaths, cases) and a denominator of at least 100, though a specific situation might call for substantially larger numbers.
