What diseases are caused by Salmonella?
- Salmonella Paratyphi infection ( Salmonella enterica serotypes Paratyphi A, B [tartrate negative], and C [ S. Paratyphi])
- Salmonella Typhi infection ( Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi)
- Typhoid fever
What are common sources of Salmonella?
Common sources of salmonella infections. Most salmonella infections result from eating contaminated foods, such as: Raw meat or poultry – During the butchering process, raw meat and poultry can potentially come in contact with animal feces. Seafood – If harvested from contaminated water, fish and shellfish may harbor salmonella.
What is the cure for Salmonella?
The first-line treatment for salmonella infections are fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. Third-generation cephalosporins are also effective, and often they are the first antibiotic given if a salmonella infection is suspected but not confirmed. What should you do if you have salmonella?
What does Salmonella taste like?
You don't actually eat salmonella. When you eat tainted food, it released pheromones which attract the salmonella to come and give you food poisoning. Thus, no one will ever know what it tastes like, looks like, or when it will come for you. It is like a sneaky ninja bacteria.
See more
What is Salmonella common name?
Most types of Salmonella cause an illness called salmonellosis, which is the focus of this website. Some other types of Salmonella cause typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever.
What is the most common type of Salmonella?
Salmonella Enteritidis, one of the most common serotypes of Salmonella reported worldwide, often linked to eggs. If a fertile egg is contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis, it infects the new chick.
Is Salmonella enterica common?
Overview. Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food.
Which disease is also called as Salmonella enterica serotype?
Salmonella enterica serotype typhi is a gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for typhoid fever and has been a burden on developing nations for generations.
What are the three types of Salmonella enterica?
Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, and C are quite different organisms. Although Salmonella Paratyphi A is in a different serogroup than Salmonella Typhi, because of a minor difference in lipopolysaccharide sugars, they are genetically very closely related.
What are the three types of Salmonella?
Some infectious disease texts recognize three clinical forms of salmonellosis: (1) gastroenteritis, (2) septicemia, and (3) enteric fevers. This chapter focuses on the two extremes of the clinical spectrum—gastroenteritis and enteric fever.
Is Salmonella enterica typhoid?
Human infections by the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica represent major disease burdens worldwide. This highly ubiquitous species consists of more than 2600 different serovars that can be divided into typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars.
Is Salmonella enterica the same as Salmonella?
The gram-negative bacterial genus Salmonella is divided in two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. Only the Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica is of clinical relevance for humans and is further classified into more than 2,600 serovars.
How did Salmonella enterica get its name?
The genus “Salmonella” was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon, who was a veterinary pathologist who ran the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) microorganism research program in the 1800s. Together with Theobald Smith, Salmon found Salmonella in hogs that succumbed to the disease known as hog cholera.
Where is Salmonella enterica found in the body?
When Salmonella bacteria are ingested, they pass through a person's stomach and colonize the small and large intestine. There, the bacteria invade the intestinal mucosa and proliferate. The bacteria can invade the lymphoid tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and spread to the bloodstream.
Where is Salmonella enterica found?
SOURCES/SPECIMENS: All Salmonella enterica subspecies (with the exception of serotype Typhi) are found in blood, urine, feces, food and feed and environmental materials. Serotype Typhi is found in blood, urine, feces and bile.
How is Salmonella enterica diagnosed?
Diagnosing Salmonella infection requires testing a specimen (sample), such as stool (poop) or blood. Testing can help guide treatment decisions. Infection is diagnosed when a laboratory test detects Salmonella bacteria in stool, body tissue, or fluids.
Why is Salmonella most common?
The most common way to get salmonella is from undercooked food or improper food prep, for instance: Eating uncooked or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood or eggs. Eating contaminated fruits and vegetables. Drinking contaminated water or unpasteurized milk.
Which type of Salmonella is primary infection for humans?
Approximately 99% of the Salmonella strains that cause infection in humans or other mammals belong to the Salmonella enterica species.
Which type of Salmonella is primarily infectious for human?
This group features Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, the two most important serotypes of Salmonella transmitted from animals to humans in most parts of the world.
Where is Salmonella typhi most commonly found?
Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are most common in parts of the world where water and food may be unsafe and sanitation is poor. Travelers to South Asia, especially Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, should take precautions to prevent infection.
What is the virulence factor of Salmonella enterica?
The SpvB virulence factor is important for intracellular growth of Salmonella enterica. (a) An ADP-ribosyltransferase, SpvB, is crucial for the intracellular growth of Salmonella enterica in macrophages and host infection. Strains without SpvB are less virulent. During infection, the bacterium replicates inside macrophages in a special membrane ...
How is Salmonella enterica transmitted?
Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi ( S. Typhi) and Salmonella enterica sv. Paratyphi are transmitted through drinking water and cause typhoid fever in humans. This systemic infection involves organs other than the gastrointestinal tract and is rare in Europe, but widespread in other parts of the world where water sanitation is less efficient. In sub-Saharan Africa and Asia in particular, the prevalence of typhoidal salmonellosis is high; infection is acquired via the fecal–oral route. The annual frequency has been estimated to be around 27 million new cases of typhoid fever worldwide ( Crump et al., 2004 ). The symptoms associated with typhoid fever include hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen) and fever of 39–40 °C ( Parry et al., 2002 ). Further intestinal complications can arise, like hemorrhagic necrosis of the Peyer's Patches in the distal ileum, causing tissue perforation, peritonitis, septicemia, and death ( Everest et al., 2001 ).
How many people are affected by Salmonella serovar?
Salmonella enterica serovars represent a major public health burden worldwide, causing over 1 billion human infections annually and being responsible for significant morbidity and mortality ( Coburn et al., 2007 ). The disease manifestation varies depending upon the infectious S. enterica serovar and the host susceptibility, with localized gastrointestinal disease (nontyphoidal) and systemic enteric fever (typhoidal) being the most common syndromes in humans. The emergence of multidrug resistant strains limits the possibilities of effective treatment and new antimicrobial targets are required. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S. enterica sv. Typhimurium) is broadly host adapted and a major cause of food-associated nontyphoidal gastrointestinal disease, with asymptomatic carriage in farm animals presenting a common reservoir for transmission to humans. The majority of these infections are self-limited with the bacteria remaining localized to the intestine, although in a proportion of cases, most notably of the immunocompromised, infants and the elderly, the infection can become systemic and life threatening. Furthermore, S. enterica sv. Typhimurium infections in mice cause a severe systemic disease which shares many of the features of human typhoid fever, caused by the human host restricted serovar Typhi, and thus have been extensively studied as a model for systemic salmonellosis.
How big is Salmonella?
Salmonella enterica is a Gram-negative rod-shaped enterobacterium. The size of the rods ranges from 0.7–1.5 μm to 2.2–5.0 μm; Salmonella produces colonies of approximately 2–4 mm in diameter. They have peritrichous flagella, although they are sometimes nonmotile. They are facultative anaerobic chemoorganotrophs.
Is Salmonella enterica an aerobic organism?
Salmonella enterica is a motile, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic, nonspore-forming, gram-negative bacillus and is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. The genus Salmonella contains two species, S. bongori which infects mainly poikilotherms and rarely, humans, and S. enterica which includes approximately 2500 serovars and are a major cause of food-borne illness in humans. Salmonella are properly designated using their serovar (which was often formerly a species name), so, for example, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (aka S. Typhimurium) and serovar Enteritidis ( S. Enteritidis). The organism is associated with enteric disease and abortions. The most common serovars in animals (as reported to the CDC) are S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Agona, S. Heidelberg; S. Dublin and S. Abortusovis have been implicated with bovine and ovine abortions ( Center for Food Security and Public Safety, 2005 ).
Where is Salmonella found in macrophages?
For an infection to occur, the intracellular growth of Salmonella in macrophages is crucial. The bacteria are located in a special membrane compartment , the so-called Salmonella -containing vacuole (SCV). 21 Following replication, Salmonella escapes from the SCV and induces cell death among infected macrophages.
Can salmonella grow in a refrigerator?
Salmonella will not normally grow at refrigerator temperatures; the temperature range of growth is 7–45 °C. Salmonella normally survives freezing. Optimum pH for growth is 6.5–7.5, but salmonellae can proliferate in the range of pH 4.5–9.5.
What is the name of the type and only species of Salmonella?
14. Le Minor L, Popoff M Y. Request for an opinion. Designation of Salmonella entericasp. nov., nom. rev., as the type and only species of the genus Salmonella. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1987;37:465–468. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Where are antigenic formulae for salmonella?
The antigenic formulae of Salmonellaserotypes are defined and maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonellaat the Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (WHO Collaborating Centre), and new serotypes are listed in annual updates of the Kauffmann-White scheme (18, 19).
What is the CDC's name for serotypes?
CDC uses names for serotypes in subspecies I (for example, serotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Typhi, and Choleraesuis) and uses antigenic formulas for unnamed serotypes described after 1966 in subspecies II, IV, and VI and in S. bongori(see discussion below).
What changes did the CDC make to the reporting system for Salmonella?
The major changes that CDC made and that result in a difference from the 1984 reporting system are (i) capitalization of the serotype name, (ii) inclusion of subspecies VI and S. bongori, and (iii) adoption of the type species name S. enterica.
How many cases of salmonella are serotyped?
In approximately 35,000 of these cases, Salmonellaisolates are serotyped by public health laboratories and the results are electronically transmitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This information is used by local and state health departments and CDC to monitor local, regional, and national trends in human salmonellosis ...
What is the division of foodborne and diarrheal diseases?
Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
When did the ASM adopt the Salmonellanomenclature?
In 1999 , at the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Publications Board Meeting, a proposal that relevant ASM journals adopt the Salmonellanomenclature currently used at CDC was unanimously endorsed by the board, with plans to update 2000 ASM Instructions to the Authors (20). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
How many people die from Salmonella every year?
CDC estimates Salmonella bacteria cause about 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year. Food is the source for most of these illnesses. Most people who get ill from Salmonella have diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps.
Can Salmonella cause diarrhea?
Some people’s illness may be so severe that they need to be hospitalized. This website focuses on the types of Salmonella that most commonly cause diarrheal illness. Other types of Salmonella – Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi – cause typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.
What are the two species of Salmonella?
Currently, the two recognized species are S. enterica, and S. bongori. In 2005, a third species, Salmonella subterranean, was proposed, but according to the World Health Organization, the bacterium reported does not belong in the genus Salmonella.
What is the family of Salmonella?
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,600 serotypes. Salmonella was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon ...
What is typhoidal fever?
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella invading the bloodstream (the typhoidal form), or in addition spreads throughout the body, invades organs, and secretes endotoxins (the septic form). This can lead to life-threatening hypovolemic shock and septic shock, and requires intensive care including antibiotics.
How long does it take for salmonella to die from heat?
The bacteria are not destroyed by freezing, but UV light and heat accelerate their destruction. They perish after being heated to 55 °C (131 °F) for 90 min, or to 60 °C (140 °F) for 12 min, although if inoculated in high fat, high liquid substances like peanut butter, they gain heat resistance and can survive up to 90 °C (194 °F) for 30 min. To protect against Salmonella infection, heating food to an internal temperature of 75 °C (167 °F) is recommended.
What are the different types of Salmonella?
After host specificity was recognized to not exist for many species, new strains received species names according to the location at which the new strain was isolated. Later, molecular findings led to the hypothesis that Salmonella consisted of only one species, S. enterica , and the serotypes were classified into six groups, two of which are medically relevant. As this now-formalized nomenclature is not in harmony with the traditional usage familiar to specialists in microbiology and infectologists, the traditional nomenclature is still common. Currently, the two recognized species are S. enterica, and S. bongori. In 2005, a third species, Salmonella subterranean, was proposed, but according to the World Health Organization, the bacterium reported does not belong in the genus Salmonella. The six main recognised subspecies are: enterica (serotype I), salamae (serotype II), arizonae (IIIa ), diarizonae (IIIb), houtenae (IV), and indica (VI). The former serotype V was bongori, which is now considered its own species.
How long does salmonella live in the bathroom?
Salmonella species lead predominantly host-associated lifestyles, but the bacteria were found to be able to persist in a bathroom setting for weeks following contamination, and are frequently isolated from water sources, which act as bacterial reservoirs and may help to facilitate transmission between hosts. Salmonella is notorious for its ability to survive desiccation and can persist for years in dry environments and foods.
How big is a Salmonella cell?
Salmonella species are non- spore -forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with cell diameters between about 0.7 and 1.5 μm, lengths from 2 to 5 μm, and peritrichous flagella (all around the cell body). They are chemotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources.
Who is more likely to get Salmonella?
Older adults, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness from Salmonella infection. More information about Salmonella, and steps people can take to reduce their risk of infection with Salmonella in general, can be found on the CDC Salmonella Web Page and the CDC Vital Signs Web Page. ...
How long does it take for a person to recover from a Salmonella infection?
Most persons infected with Salmonella bacteria develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment.
Can diarrhea cause death?
However, in some persons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. Salmonella infection may spread from the intestin es to the bloodstream and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotic s.
Is salmonella over?
This outbreak appears to be over. However, Salmonella is an important cause of human illness in the United States. More information about Salmonella, and steps people can take to reduce their risk of infection, can be found on the CDC Salmonella Web Page and the CDC Vital Signs Web Page. Most persons infected with Salmonella bacteria develop ...
How do you get salmonella?
Most people are infected with salmonella by eating foods that have been contaminated by feces. Commonly infected foods include: Raw meat, poultry and seafood. Feces may get onto raw meat and poultry during the butchering process. Seafood may be contaminated if harvested from contaminated water.
How long does salmonella last?
Signs and symptoms of salmonella infection generally last two to seven days. Diarrhea may last up to 10 days, although it may take several months before bowels return to normal. A few varieties of salmonella bacteria result in typhoid fever, a sometimes deadly disease that is more common in developing countries.
What is the name of the disease that affects the intestinal tract?
Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through feces. Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. Typically, people with salmonella infection have no symptoms.
What are the factors that increase the risk of salmonella?
Factors that may increase your risk of salmonella infection include activities that may bring you into closer contact with salmonella bacteria and health problems that may weaken your resistance to infection in general.
How long does it take for salmonella to go away?
Typically, people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Others develop diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps within eight to 72 hours. Most healthy people recover within a few days without specific treatment.
What is the purpose of the Salmonella Action Plan?
The plan's purpose is to cut the number of salmonella infections in the United States.
What is the name of the disease that can be found in the bloodstream?
If salmonella infection enters your bloodstream (bacteremia), it can infect tissues throughout your body, including: The tissues surrounding your brain and spinal cord (meningitis) The lining of your heart or valves (endocarditis) Your bones or bone marrow (osteomyelitis)
What is the most common cause of Salmonella?
Most human infections with Salmonella result from the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever; paratyphoid fever is caused by S. paratyphi, S. schottmuelleri, and S. hirschfeldii, which are considered variants of S. enteritidis. Britannica Quiz. Medical Conditions and Discoveries Quiz.
What is the digestive system disease?
digestive system disease: Bacterial infections. Species of Salmonella that cause typhoid and paratyphoid remain endemic scourges in tropical countries and, together with Shigella, are occasional causes of epidemics in institutions, especially among the elderly.
What is the name of the disease that can cause blood poisoning in humans?
S. choleraesuis, from swine, can cause severe blood poisoningin humans; S. gallinarumcauses fowl typhoid; and S. arizonaehas been isolated from reptiles in the southwestern United States.
