The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) is today’s most often used scale for measuring anxiety in the field of sport psychology, and it is the one which measures also the situational anxiety. The studies on anxiety can be measured by physiological, behavioral, and cognitive procedures.
What is competitive state anxiety?
Competitive state anxiety occurs when the demands of the sport are greater than that athletes perceived abilities. While a bit of anxiety before a game gives us the push we need to tackle challenges, uncontrolled anxiety can wreak havoc on your performance in the ring.
What is pre competitive state anxiety?
The pre-competitive anxiety was defined as an unpleasant emotion, characterized by unclear but persistent feeling of uneasiness and fear before an event. Basically it is the body's reaction to stress.
What is the Sport anxiety Scale?
The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2; Smith et al., 2006) is a 15-item questionnaire that assesses the competitive trait anxiety experienced by athletes before or during competition. The scale includes three factors: somatic anxiety, worry and concentration disruption.
How many number of statements are there in state trait anxiety inventory?
The STAI-T scale consists of 20 statements that ask people to describe how they generally feel. The STAI-S scale also consists of 20 statements, but the instructions require subjects to indicate how they feel at a particular moment in time.
How do you get rid of pre game anxiety?
Coping With Pre-Competition NervousnessVisualization.Goal Setting.Relaxation Techniques.Cognitive Restructuring.Develop Self-Confidence.Distract Yourself.Focus on What You Can Control.
How do you get over nerves before a game?
Fortunately, there are a number of tricks you can employ to keep your pre-game jitters under control.Develop a Game Day Routine. ... Engage in Positive Visualization. ... Calm Yourself Down with Deep Breathing. ... Listen to Music. ... Don't Interpret Nervous Feelings as a Bad Thing. ... About Rocky Top Sports World.
How is anxiety measured?
The most common measure used to assess anxiety in treatment outcome studies is the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A),7 8 which is a primary measure for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and is often used to assess general anxiety symptoms across conditions.
How do you score Csai-2?
To score the CSAI-2, take all the scores for each item at face value with the exception of item 14, where you "reverse" the score. For example, if you circled 3, count that as 2 points (1 = 4; 2 = 3; 3 = 2; 4 = 1).
How do we measure anxiety in sports performance?
The SAS- 2 is a multidimensional measure of sport performance anxiety which assesses both cognitive (in terms of worry and concentration disruption in competition) and somatic trait anxiety (physical reactions of anxiety).
How do you read STAI results?
The total score ranges from 0–63. The following guidelines are recommended for the interpretation of scores: 0–9, normal or no anxiety; 10–18, mild to moderate anxiety; 19–29, moderate to severe anxiety; and 30–63, severe anxiety.
What does STAI measure?
Construct: Adult anxiety Description of Measure: The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a commonly used measure of trait and state anxiety (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983). It can be used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety and to distinguish it from depressive syndromes.
How long does the STAI take?
approximately 10-20 minutesThe STAI includes a 40 question response taking approximately 10-20 minutes for completion and the test is given in tens of different languages worldwide. This test is split into the S-Anxiety scale and the T-Anxiety scale, each having 20 items.
What does performance anxiety feel like?
A person may develop sweaty hands, a racing pulse, nausea, and a trembling voice. They may feel an overwhelming desire to leave the situation. Performance anxiety is often a self-fulfilling prophecy. The body's fight-of-flight response can distract a person and affect their performance.
How does competitive anxiety affect performance?
When feeling overwhelming fear, the athlete may be unable to move, talk or act at all. Pre-competitive anxiety also develops as an inability to concentrate before an upcoming event or competition. The athlete is unable to concentrate on the task at hand and therefore cannot give their performance full attention.
What is state anxiety in psychology?
State anxiety can be defined as a transitory emotional state consisting of feelings of apprehension, nervousness, and physiological sequelae such as an increased heart rate or respiration (Spielberger 1979). From: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001.
What is trait and state anxiety in sport?
Trait anxiety is a personality characteristic that remains relatively stable over time, while state anxiety is activated in response to certain situations, such as an athletic Page 5 ANXIETY AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE 5 competition.
How many participants were in the CSAI-2?
The data from participants ( n =18) who indicated that they were unable to complete the task with any degree of accuracy were removed from the analysis leaving 170 participants in total (anxious group, n =83; excited group, n =87).
What is a CSAI 2?
The CSAI-2 (d) consists of 27 items and measures the intensity of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so), with intensity scores ranging from 9–36 for each subscale. The three intensity subscales have all shown adequate internal consistency with alphas between 0.79 and 0.90 ( Martens et al., 1990 ). The direction scale for each item required participants to rate whether they perceived the intensity of their feeling to be facilitative or debilitative to performance on a 7-point scale ranging from −3 (very debilitative) to +3 (very facilitative). Thus, possible direction scores ranged from −27 to +27 for each of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence. Internal consistency analyses for this scale have yielded coefficients of between 0.80 and 0.89 for cognitive anxiety and 0.72 and 0.86 for somatic anxiety ( Jones & Hanton, 2001 ).
What is somatic anxiety?
(1990, p. 121) as the “…physiological and affective elements of the anxiety experience that develop directly from autonomic arousal”. However, Kerr (1997) suggested that such a definition is problematic given that an increase in physiological arousal may accompany other emotions, such as excitement or anger. Therefore, if items in the somatic anxiety subscale describe symptoms of physiological arousal a high score may not necessarily reflect anxiety. Indeed, Schachter (1964) has proposed that emotion is the product of an individual’s cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal, and similar levels of arousal may accompany different emotions. For example, an individual with a racing heart and butterflies in their stomach may interpret that arousal as excitement if they are about to play in an important tournament, but may interpret the same symptoms as fear if they were about to do a parachute jump for the first time. Similarly, research on reversal theory ( Apter, 1982) by Kerr and colleagues (see Kerr, 1997 for a review) suggests that under different metamotivational states (frames of mind) an individual could interpret their arousal levels differently. For example, in a telic state high arousal will be interpreted as anxiety and low arousal as relaxation, while in a paratelic state high arousal will be interpreted as excitement and low arousal as boredom.
What is the difference between excited and anxious?
All participants were asked to take 1 min to recall and focus on the thoughts and feelings typically experienced when they were either extremely anxious (anxious group) or extremely excited (excited group). In general, anxiety is considered to reflect uncertainty regarding goal attainment and coping ( Lazarus, 2000) and is typified by feelings of apprehension and tension along with activation or arousal of the autonomic nervous system ( Spielberger, 1966 ). Excitement was chosen as the contrasting emotion as it is typically considered to be positive ( Jones & Hanton, 2001 ), reflects positive goal attainment and coping ( Burton & Naylor, 1997 ), is also associated with arousal and activation of the autonomic nervous system ( Kerr, 1997 ), and is often cited as being ‘facilitative anxiety’ ( Burton and Naylor, 1997, Jones, 1995 ). After recalling and focussing on the relevant thoughts and feelings participants were asked to complete the CSAI-2 (d) as if they were highly anxious (anxious group) or excited (excited group) 30 min prior to competing in the most important competition of the season. This time frame was used because in competitive anxiety research the CSAI-2 (d) is typically completed within 1 h of competition. In line with recommendations by Martens et al. (1990) instructions accompanying the CSAI-2 (d) emphasised the need for honesty and assured participants that they could not give any ‘wrong’ answers. The instructional set and directions for completing the CSAI-2 (d) given to the participants in each condition are reported in full in Appendix A.
What does it mean to respond on a 4th item?
In addition please indicate in Section 2 whether you regard this thought/feeling as negative (debilitative) or positive (facilitative) in relation to performance in your sport. N.B. if you have scored 1 (Not at all) on the fourth item then you respond on this scale as if you had no self-doubts. If you respond 4 (very much so) to item 4 then you respond on this scale as if you had a great deal of self-doubt.
What to imagine when you are excited about a competition?
We would like you to imagine that you are about to compete in the most important competition of the season. (It does not matter if this is an individual or team sport, or at what level you compete). We would also like you to imagine that you are feeling extremely excited about the upcoming competition. Please spend about 1 min recalling and focussing on the thoughts and feelings you typically experience when you are highly excited.
What does it mean to respond to a 4 on a self doubt scale?
if you have scored ‘1’ (Not at all) on the fourth item then you respond on this scale as if you had no self-doubts. If you respond ‘4’ (very much so) to item 4 then you respond on this scale as if you had a great deal of self-doubt.
What is CSAI 2?
Martens et al. (1990) develops the CSAI-2 to be a sport-specific measure of the competitive state anxiety subcomponents of somatic and cognitive anxiety. Thus CSAI-2 measures the separate components of state somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence (Gant and Cox, 2004). Athletes are asked to indicate "how you feel right now" for each item on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from "not at all" to "very much so. Each of the three subscales has 9 items, which are summed to get a score representing the level of intensity the athlete is feeling for each component of anxiety, and for the self-confidence about performing. The direction scale for each item required participants to rate whether they perceived the intensity of their feeling to be facilitative or debilitative for performances on a 7-point scale ranging from -3 (too much debilitative) to +3 (too much facilitative). Thus, possible direction scores ranged from -27 to +27 for each of the cognitive anxiety, the somatic anxiety, and the self-confidence.
What is anxiety dysphonia?
Anxiety, dysphonia, somatic signs refer to a state of uneasiness that can be accompanied by tension symptoms. As a result, situations that cause failure, misfortune and danger may be seen in individuals (Corman 2003). The anxiety occurs in individuals prior to the competition due to the concerns related to the competition (Alexander 2009).
How long before a competition can you take CSAI 2?
The time when the CSAI–2 was administered relative to the competition, from 24 hours prior to just 15 minutes, may also affect how well it predicts performance. An assessment of anxiety 24 hours before a competition may not yield the same information about one's anxiety state as when administered just 15 minutes prior to competition. With different studies using different times of assessment, different correlations with performance might well emerge (Craft et al., 2003). The participants in this study were asked to complete the questionnaires of CSAI-2 related to cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence before a competition (31 to 59 minutes ago).
Why are pre-competition studies important?
Pre-competition studies on the emotional state are important and valuable. Because the information obtained in these studies can be used to establish the relationship between the judokas and the competition and evaluate their situation during the competition.
