Plant physiology
Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (biochemistry of plants), cell biol…
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What is the definition of the term 'plant physiology'?
· Plant physiology is a branch of study in Botany dealing with the physiological processes or functions of plants. As plants evolved on land they required methods to survive with the separation of carbon dioxide and water. Plant physiology gives an account of the different parts of the plant and their functioning.
What is a plant physiology?
The meaning of PLANT PHYSIOLOGY is a branch of botany that deals with plant functions.
What is another word for Plant Physiology?
· Plant Physiology is the study of how plants work, starting with internal processes that happen rapidly like photosynthesis and molecular interactions, the processes determining shape and structure of plants (including microgravity of space), and the large scale role of plants in the ecology of Earth.
What does plant physiological processes mean?
Plant physiology is the study of plant function and behaviour, encompassing all the dynamic processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction, defence, and communication that account for plants being alive (Salisbury & Ross, 1992; Baluška et al., 2006; Scott, 2008). Considering that most of these processes take place at the level of cells, tissues, and organs, there is, because …
What is plant physiology?
Plant physiology is the study of plant function and behaviour, encompassing all the dynamic processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction, defence, and communication that account for plants being alive (Salisbury & Ross, 1992; Baluška et al., 2006; Scott, 2008).
What is plant physiology short answer?
Ans. It is a physiological process in which plants, in the presence of high oxygen concentration, light and low CO2 concentration, take up oxygen and give off CO2, because of the oxidation of organic compounds produced by CO2fixatiort.
What is plant physiology called?
Major subdisciplines of plant physiology include phytochemistry (the study of the biochemistry of plants) and phytopathology (the study of disease in plants). The scope of plant physiology as a discipline may be divided into several major areas of research.
What is plant physiology and its importance?
Plant physiology studies the ways in which plants absorb minerals and water, grow and develop, and flower and bear fruit. It also deals with mineral nutrition and photosynthesis, respiration, and biosynthesis and the accumulation of substances which together enable plants to grow and reproduce themselves.
What is plant physiology class 10?
Plant physiology is a branch of study in Botany dealing with the physiological processes or functions of plants. Precisely, it is a descriptive study of variation and structure of plants at the molecular and cellular level, resulting in ecological, physiological and biochemistry related aspects of plant exploration.
What is botany and plant physiology?
Botany is the study of plants. An understanding of basic botany, plant physiology and the environmental factors that affect plant growth can help one gain practical knowledge of horticulture.
Who is father of plant physiology?
Julius Sachs (1868): The father of plant physiology 2018 Apr;105(4):656-666.
What is the study of physiology?
Physiology is the study of animal (including human) function and can be investigated at the level of cells, tissues, organ systems and the whole body. The underlying goal is to explain the fundamental mechanisms that operate in a living organism and how they interact.
What is plant physiology in agriculture?
Plant physiology is a study of Vital phenomena in plant. It is the science concerned with Processes and functions, the responses of plants to environment and the growth and development that results from the responses.
What is the importance of plant physiology in agriculture?
Physiology is the study of all the processes happening in living organisms, such as respiration, excretion and in the case of plants, photosynthesis, transpiration etc. Crop physiology studies different physiological processes that determine plant growth, development, and economic production.
Why is plant physiology important?
Plant Physiology is being used to develop Sustainable, Closed Ecology systems to provide life support for space travel and planetary habitats.
What is the study of how plants work?
Plant Physiology is the study of how plants work, starting with internal processes that happen rapidly like photosynthesis and molecular interactions, the processes determining shape and structure of plants (including microgravity of space), and the large scale role of plants in the ecology of Earth.
What is plant physiology?
Plant physiology is the study of plant function and behaviour, encompassing all the dynamic processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction, defence, and communication that account for plants being alive (Salisbury & Ross, 1992; Baluška et al., 2006; Scott, 2008 ). Considering that most of these processes take place at the level of cells, tissues, and organs, there is, because of the close association between structure and function in plants, also a close association between plant physiology and plant anatomy. Moreover, within the living cell, much of the metabolic activity is at the molecular level; therefore, a full understanding of a plant’s physiology requires an essential background in chemistry and physics.
What are the abiotic factors of plants?
The most important abiotic factors for plants are light, carbon dioxide, water, temperature, nutrients, and salinity. Their actions are interrelated in a functional network involving all major processes of plant physiology in the ecological performance of plants (Figure 3 ).
How does heat tolerance affect plants?
Impacts on plant physiology and mechanisms of heat tolerance in plants were reviewed by Bita and Gerats (2013). High temperature will affect photosynthesis, respiration, water relations, and membrane stability, leading to the production of ROS. Heat tolerance mechanisms include maintenance of membrane stability, scavenging of ROS, production of antioxidants and compatible solutes to favor osmotic adjustment, and induction of MAPK and CDPK signaling cascades, transcriptional activation as well as chaperone expression to aid in protein refolding.
What is the role of small RNA in plant physiology?
Plant physiology is the first and foremost line of defense and medium of interaction with the environmental and climatic conditions. The control and regulatory system for physiological development is dependent on a number of cellular processes. Plant small RNAs possess a very essential place in the network of these systems by providing a reliable and dependable, yet flexible, control system capable of modulating physiological development and transitions. smRNAs regulate gene expressions by target cleavage of mRNA, chromatin modification, and reduction of translational efficiency, ensuring coordinated, balanced, and organized development of physiology. Small RNAs are involved in almost all the developmental pathways including vegetative growth, reproductive growth, phase transitions, and seed development and germination.
How does light affect photosynthesis?
Light drives photosynthetic CO 2 fixation and also photorespiration and excess light can lead to overenergization of the photosynthetic apparatus and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Light is heating up the leaves. Light may also have a signaling function. Day length (photoperiod) may have developmental consequences. Particularly, red and blue light can function as effectors in signaling networks ( Figure 2) and in this way, light can also lead to the developmental formation of sun and shade leaves. Light affects the movements of stomatal guard cells, opening and closing of stomatal pores in leaves which regulate gas exchange, that is, CO 2 uptake and loss of water vapor by transpiration. This affects CO 2 assimilation and also transpirational cooling of leaves. Temperature has important effects on metabolism. Heat, cold, and freezing are important stressors. Transpiration and the xylem flow of water affect uptake and distribution of nutrients. Nutrients and light interact, for example, in the formation of sun and shade plants, where the shade plants generally have a higher demand of nitrogen. CO 2 assimilation and nutrients interact in the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur and in carbon/nitrogen signaling functions in the whole plant. Salinity is one of the outstanding ecological challenges worldwide and, in particular, is a great problem in irrigation agriculture. Salinity affects plant–water relations due to osmotic consequences and has adverse effects on ion nutrient balances, and especially the sodium ions of NaCl have adverse effects if accumulated in plant cells and not sequestered by transport across the tonoplast into the central cell vacuole. These are but a few of the possible interactions and the reader may discover others by moving around in a scheme like that of Figure 3.
What are the major subdisciplines of plant physiology?
Major subdisciplines of plant physiology include phytochemistry (the study of the biochemistry of plants) and phytopathology (the study of disease in plants). The scope of plant physiology as a discipline may be divided into several major ...
What are the areas of study in plant physiology?
Five key areas of study within plant physiology. First, the study of phytochemistry (plant chemistry) is included within the domain of plant physiology. To function and survive, plants produce a wide array of chemical compounds not found in other organisms. Photosynthesis requires a large array of pigments, enzymes, and other compounds to function.
What is the subdiscipline of botany?
Subdiscipline of botany. A germination rate experiment. Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry ( biochemistry of plants), cell biology, genetics, ...
How do plants regulate their internal functions?
Like animals, plants produce chemicals called hormones which are produced in one part of the plant to signal cells in another part of the plant to respond. Many flowering plants bloom at the appropriate time because of light-sensitive compounds that respond to the length of the night, a phenomenon known as photoperiodism. The ripening of fruit and loss of leaves in the winter are controlled in part by the production of the gas ethylene by the plant.
What are the nutrients that plants need to survive?
Further information: Plant nutrition. Plants require some nutrients, such as carbon and nitrogen, in large quantities to survive. Some nutrients are termed macronutrients, where the prefix macro- (large) refers to the quantity needed, not the size of the nutrient particles themselves.
What is the chemical compound that plants use to produce nutrients?
Plant cells also contain chlorophyll, a chemical compound that interacts with light in a way that enables plants to manufacture their own nutrients rather than consuming other living things as animals do. Thirdly, plant physiology deals with interactions between cells, tissues, and organs within a plant.
Why do plants shed flowers?
In some cases, a plant can simply shed infected leaves or flowers to prevent the spread of disease, in a process called abscission. Most animals do not have this option as a means of controlling disease. Plant diseases organisms themselves also differ from those causing disease in animals because plants cannot usually spread infection through casual physical contact. Plant pathogens tend to spread via spores or are carried by animal vectors .
What is plant physiology?
Plant physiology is a branch of study in Botany dealing with the physiological processes or functions of plants. Precisely, it is a descriptive study of variation and structure of plants at the molecular and cellular level, resulting in ecological, physiological and biochemistry related aspects of plant exploration.
What is the role of physiology in terrestrial plants?
Plant physiology deals with different plant structures and their functioning. It enables analysing processes in plants, namely – photosynthesis, mineral nutrition, respiration, transportation, ...
Why is photosynthesis important?
Photosynthesis is important since it is the primary source of food for all living entities on earth and it releases oxygen in the atmosphere which we inhale to breathe. It takes place in chloroplasts through light and dark reactions using 4 pigments- Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, Xanthophyll, carotenoids.
What is the result of cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration results in the release of energy used for the synthesis of ATP which involves glycolysis. Aerobic respiration leads to complete oxidation of organic substances in the presence of oxygen, which is common in higher organisms.
How is the growth rate determined?
The growth rate can be determined quantitatively in 2 ways – absolute growth rate and relative growth rate. The growth of plants is controlled by plant growth regulators. Plants also produce compounds such as phytochromes that are light sensitive and stimulate the growth of the plant in response to environmental signals.
What are the processes that plants carry out?
Macro and micronutrients present in plants carry out essential processes such as cell-membrane permeability, osmotic concentration of cell sap and its maintenance, enzyme activity and so on. Inadequate supply of essential elements can lead to critical concentration in plants.
What is the transport system of plants?
Plants have a distinct vascular system (xylem and phloem) which helps in transporting nutrients and water from roots to all the parts of the plant through translocation. Transport of water and nutrients in rooted plants is unidirectional or multi-directional.
Why is plant physiology important?
By revealing the dependence of the life processes on environmental conditions, plant physiology serves as the theoretical basis for increasing the total productivity of plants, improving their nutritional value, and raising the quality of their tissues and organs for use in industry.
What is the branch of plant science that aims to understand how plants live and function?
Plant physiology. That branch of plant sciences that aims to understand how plants live and function. Its ultimate objective is to explain all life processes of plants by a minimal number of comprehensive principles founded in chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Plant physiology seeks to understand all the aspects and manifestations of plant life.
How do plants regulate energy?
Current status and achievements. One of the most important advances in plant physiology was the elucidation of the subtle processes that regulate energy metabolism in green plants. Photosynthesis and respiration were found to be two related aspects of the same function—the metabolism of nutrients and energy. It was learned that the biochemical processes involved in respiration are the source of the intermediate substances used by cells to synthesize the main structural and physiologically active constituents of protoplasm. Under certain conditions, respiration fulfills the functions of photosynthesis. When photosynthesis does not take place, plants can assimilate nutrients only as a result of the oxidation-reduction changes that occur during respiration.
How do plants get energy?
Photosynthesis enables green plants to obtain nutrition from inorganic compounds lacking in significant supplies of readily mobilizable free energy. In the course of photosynthesis, plants energize the mineral compounds they absorb and convert; thus they synthesize high-energy organic matter and provide a source of food and energy for all other forms of life on earth. This is the fundamental trait distinguishing green plants from animals and other organisms lacking chlorophyll, such as fungi and bacteria, which require ready organic compounds to survive.
When was the term "metabolism" first used?
Plant physiology and biochemistry also became very closely related. The term “metabolism” was first applied to plants by the Russian botanist A. S. Famintsyn (1883) . Intensive research was undertaken in ...
What are the levels of plant physiological research?
The main organizational levels are the molecular or subcellular, the cellular, the organismal or whole-plant, and the population level. Work at the molecular level is aimed at understanding metabolic processes and their regulation, and also the localization of molecules in particular structures of the cell but with little if any consideration of other processes and other structures of the same cell. Work at the cellular level often deals with the same processes but is concerned with their integration in the cell as a whole. Research at the organismal level is concerned with the function of the plant as a whole and its different organs, and with the relationships between the latter.
When was plant physiology first discovered?
The first experiments dealing with the formation of plant tissues were conducted by the Dutch naturalist Jan van Helmont in 1629.
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