What is the dental formula of an Old World monkey?
All Old World monkeys, apes, and humans share this 2.1.2.3 dental formula. This not only sets us apart from New World monkeys and prosimians, but it also reflects the evolutionary closeness of the Old World anthropoid species. By comparison, the general placental mammal dental formula is 3.1.4.3.
How many teeth do monkeys have?
Monkeys in the New World are classified into the infraorder Platyrrhini, which are distinguished from the Old World monkeys by nostrils that are widely separated and open to the side. Within this infraorder are three families, one of which is the Cebidae. Dentition is 36 teeth with a dental formula of (I2/2 C1/1 P3/3 M3/3) × 2 = 36.
What is the dental formula of a chimpanzee?
In platyrrhine species, there are 3 premolars and 2 or 3 molars. This results in a dental formula of 2.1.3.2 or 2.1.3.3. In contrast, all of the catarrhines have 2 premolars and 3 molars, making a dental formula of 2.1.2.3. The chimpanzee shown below is an Old World anthropoid species and, therefore, has a catarrhine dental formula.
What is the dental formula of the Cebidae?
Dentition is 36 teeth with a dental formula of (I2/2 C1/1 P3/3 M3/3) × 2 = 36. Within the Cebidae are five subfamilies including the Cebinae. The Cebinae includes the squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri) and the capuchins (genus Cebus ).
What is the dental formula for a monkey?
All Old World monkeys, apes, and humans share this 2.1.2.3 dental formula. This not only sets us apart from New World monkeys and prosimians, but it also reflects the evolutionary closeness of the Old World anthropoid species. By comparison, the general placental mammal dental formula is 3.1.
What primate has a 2.1 3.3 dental formula?
tarsiersThe tarsier dental formula, 2.1. 3.3/1.1. 3.3, is unique among primates, but tarsier teeth resemble those of anthropoids in overall proportions, with large upper central incisors, small lower incisors, and large canines. The postcranial skeleton of tarsiers is striking in many of its proportions.
What is the dental formula for some New World monkeys quizlet?
Most New World monkeys have a 2.1. 3.3 dental formula, and all New World monkeys have 3 premolars.
Do Old World monkeys have a reduced dental formula?
All Old World monkeys have the same dental formula: I2/2; C1/1; P2/2; M3/3 = 32, which differs from that of New World monkeys. They have fewer teeth than cebid monkeys due to the absence of one pair of upper premolars and one pair of lower premolars.
How many teeth do New World monkeys have?
36 teethLike most species of monkey, New World monkeys usually have 32 or 36 teeth; eight incisors, four canines, 8-12 premolars, and 8-12 molars.
What is the dental pattern of Old World higher primates?
The dental pattern of Old World higher primates is: 2-1-2-3. The suborder prosimians includes: diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.
Do New World monkeys have projecting canines?
New World monkeys - Although New World monkeys have projecting canines, they lack a honing complex. humans - Humans have nonprojecting canines as part of a nonhoning chewing complex, whereas all nonhuman primates have projecting canines.
Which species was the earliest catarrhine with a 2 1 2 3 dental formula?
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis was a species that had a dental formula of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3, with the lower molars increasing in size posteriorly.
What is the dental formula of humans quizlet?
A numerical representation of the number and type of teeth organism's have. The human, OWM and ape dental formula of 2123 signifies: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars.
What's the difference between Old World and New World monkeys?
Old World monkeys differ from New World monkeys in having downward-pointing nostrils (Figure 1) and only two pre-molars, while the presence of tails in nearly all forms differentiates them from apes.
Do Old World monkeys have Y 5 molars?
More specifically, the apes can be distinguished from Old World monkeys by the number of cusps on their molars: apes have five, the "Y-5" molar pattern, while Old World monkeys have only four in a "bilophodont" pattern.
How do the teeth of Old World monkeys and apes differ?
How do the teeth of Old World monkeys and apes differ? Apes have a Y-5 pattern of cusps, whereas Old World monkeys have a bilophodont pattern. Old World monkeys have a 2/1/3/3 dental formula, whereas apes have 2/1/2/3. Apes have a tooth comb, but Old World monkeys do not.
Are baboons Strepsirhines?
guenons, vervets, baboons, macaques, etc. Some researchers prefer an alternate classification that divides the primates into 2 suborders: Strepsirhini (lemurs and lorises) and Haplorhini (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans). The strepsirhines have moist noses and the haplorhines do not.
Which primate group are the best Brachiators?
Currently, researchers classify gibbons and siamangs as the only true brachiators and classify the great apes as modified brachiators. All other brachiation behaviours that do not meet either of these classifications are referred to as forearm suspensory postures and locomotion.
How many genes differ between human and chimpanzee brains?
While the genetic difference between individual humans today is minuscule – about 0.1%, on average – study of the same aspects of the chimpanzee genome indicates a difference of about 1.2%.
How might teeth help identify a primates diet?
How might teeth help identify a primate's diet? a. Their number, because more teeth mean a more varied diet.
How many teeth does a monkey have?
Within this infraorder are three families, one of which is the Cebidae. Dentition is 36 teeth with a dental formula of (I2/2 C1/1 P3/3 M3/3) × 2 = 36. Within the Cebidae are five subfamilies including the Cebinae. The Cebinae includes the squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri) and the capuchins (genus Cebus ).
How many animals are in a multimale multifemale group?
Diurnal and arboreal. Multimale-multifemale groups of 20–55 animals. Males integrated into group structure year-round, yet are peripheral in behavior during the non-breeding season. Males are vigilant and aggressive to outside threats and other groups. Males remain in natal group, females emigrate. Mothers groom infants, unseen in other squirrel monkey species.
What are the characteristics of Cebinae?
All Cebinae are characterized by round heads with large forward facing eyes and relatively rounded muzzles that do
Where do squirrel monkeys live?
Squirrel monkeys have a wide distribution in primary and secondary forest types from gallery to low canopy hillside and riverine forests, palm forests, high and lowland rainforest, swamp, mangrove, and marsh forests. Squirrel monkey habitat ranges in altitude from sea level to 6,500 ft (2,000 m).
Is Cebus xanthosternos monotypic?
Cebus xanthosternos Wied-Neuwied, 1826. Monotypic; elevated from subspecies of Cebus apella in 1997.
What is the dental formula for monkeys?
All Old World monkeys, apes, and humans share this 2.1.2.3 dental formula. This not only sets us apart from New World monkeys and prosimians, but it also reflects the evolutionary closeness of the Old World anthropoid species. By comparison, the general placental mammal dental formula is 3.1.4.3.
What is the dental formula for a placental mammal?
By comparison, the general placental mammal dental formula is 3.1.4.3. In addition to these differences, New World monkeys are almost exclusively arboreal and most of them are smaller than Old World monkey species. Some Old World monkeys and apes are semi-terrestrial .
What are the teeth of primates?
All primates have essentially the same kinds of specialized mammalian teeth adapted to eating a wide variety of foods. Beginning at the front, each quadrant of the mouth has 2 incisors, 1 canine, and varying numbers of premolars and molars. The incisors are used like scissors for nipping off pieces of food. The pointed canines are for piercing and tearing. The premolars (or bicuspids) and molars, with their multiple cusps , are used to grind and smash food. In platyrrhine species, there are 3 premolars and 2 or 3 molars. This results in a dental formula of 2.1.3.2 or 2.1.3.3 . In contrast, all of the catarrhines have 2 premolars and 3 molars, making a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 . The chimpanzee shown below is an Old World anthropoid species and, therefore, has a catarrhine dental formula.
How long have anthropoids been independent of each other?
There are two distinct Parv orders of anthropoids that have been evolving independent of each other for at least 30,000,000 years. They are the Platyrrhini ( New World monkeys) and the Catarrhini ( Old World monkeys, apes, and humans).
What are the incisors used for?
The incisors are used like scissors for nipping off pieces of food. The pointed canines are for piercing and tearing. The premolars (or bicuspids) and molars, with their multiple cusps , are used to grind and smash food. In platyrrhine species, there are 3 premolars and 2 or 3 molars.
How many incisors does a primate have?
Beginning at the front, each quadrant of the mouth has 2 incisors, 1 canine, and varying numbers of premolars and molars. The incisors are used like scissors for nipping off pieces of food.
What percentage of primates are monkeys?
Over 9 0 % of them are monkeys. The remaining species are apes and humans. The anthropoids have been the most successful primates in populating the earth. They are generally larger, more intelligent, and have more highly developed eyes than the prosimians.
Evolution and Systematics
- Monkeys in the New World are classified into the infraorder Platyrrhini, which are distinguished from the Old World monkeys by nostrils that are widely separated and open to the side. Within this infraorder are three families, one of which is the Cebidae. Dentition is 36 teeth with a dental formula of (I2/2 C1/1 P3/3 M3/3) × 2 = 36. Within the Cebi...
Physical Characteristics
- All Cebinae are characterized by round heads with large forward facing eyes and relatively rounded muzzles that do not protrude much from the face. The bodies of the squirrel monkeys are small and rather slender, with adult males being larger than adult females, especially prior to and during the breeding season. Squirrel monkey bodies are covered with dense short fur. Color …
Distribution
- Squirrel monkeys are found throughout the Amazon basin from central Colombia to Bolivia and northeastern Brazil (including Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela). The Saimiri oerstedii species range in Costa Ricaand Panama. Capuchins are found in Central and South America from Belize, throughout the Amazon basin and Brazilian coastal forests and sout…
Habitat
- Squirrel monkeys have a wide distribution in primary and secondary forest types from gallery to low canopy hillside and riverine forests, palm forests, high and lowland rainforest, swamp, mangrove, and marsh forests. Squirrel monkey habitat ranges in altitude from sea levelto 6,500 ft (2,000 m). Capuchins inhabit virtually every type of forest in the Neotropics including dry forests…
Behavior
- Both genera of the subfamily Cebinae are diurnal and arboreal in habit. In the wild, squirrel monkeys are found in multimale-multifemale groups of 10–55 animals, with some groups as large as 300 individuals observed. Larger groups tend to break into smaller groups for foraging during the day, aggregating together at night. Sex ratio is close to 1:1, with some species having fewer …
Feeding Ecology and Diet
- Both genera are omnivorous. Squirrel monkeys are primarily frugivorous and insectivorous. They require a high level of protein in their diets, most of which is acquired by the consumption of animal prey. Diet includes fruits, nuts, flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, gum, insects, spiders, crabs, and some smaller vertebrates including frogs and bats. Capuchins are primarily frugivorous, but …
Reproductive Biology
- Both genera have a polygamous mating systemwith promiscuous mating. Single births are the rule for both genera. Squirrel monkeys have a yearly reproductive cycle with a 2–3 month breeding season and a corresponding 2–3 month birthing season. The birth season (approximately 5.5–6 months after the breeding season) is correlated with the wet season and f…
Conservation Status
- Both genera are widespread in parts of their range and extremely restricted in other areas. All are at least listed in Appendix 2 of CITES. The IUCN lists one subspecies of Saimiri oerstedii (S. o. oerstedii) as Endangered and the other (S. o. citrinellus) as Critically Endangered due to a severely fragmented population, low population numbers, and continued habitat loss and degradation. Th…
Significance to Humans
- Both genera are used as a model for human research in many forms: biomedical, pharmacological, physiological, behavioral/social, etc. Members of both genera are commonly found as pets and zoo animals throughout the world. Capuchins and squirrel monkeys are hunted for food (bushmeat) in major portions of their range. In the United Statescaptive breeding progra…
Species Accounts
- Bolivian squirrel monkey
Saimiri boliviensis - Red-backed squirrel monkey
Saimiri oerstedii