1. extension service - an educational opportunity provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular students university extension, extension
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What is extension service?
extension service - an educational opportunity provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular students. university extension, extension. didactics, education, educational activity, instruction, pedagogy, teaching - the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill;
What method is used to determine privatization status in Kermanshah Province?
Status Determination of Privatization in Agricultural Extension Services in Kermanshah Province using the SWOT-AHP Combined Method
What is privatization of agricultural extension?
The privatization of agricultural extension mostly refers to increased participation of the private sector not necessarily mean moving public property to private section, so private as well as public extension service may promotes a wide range of data transfer and facilitate the process of human development.
When were Saline County Homemakers organized?
Gossyplures, pheromone traps, soil health cards distributed among farmers. Saline County Homemakers was organized in 1918 as part of the University of Illinois Extension Service. Saline County Homemakers serving for more than 100 years.
Who is Rick Cartwright?
This Week: Rick Cartwright, director of the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service
Services
Always responding to user needs, UF/IFAS Extension provides the following services (and more!) to the Florida public through county Extension offices:
Programs
UF/IFAS Extension provides the public with the following programs. Our county Extension offices offer many more programs based on local needs.
Resources
UF/IFAS provides the public with the following resources and publications. Check with your county Extension office for region-specific information.
Rural Development Cooperative Services
Rural Development's Cooperative Services Program promotes understanding and use of the cooperatives to market and distribute agricultural products. The Cooperative Services division serves cooperative members, directors, management, educational institutions, organizations, rural residents, and others interested in cooperative-based business.
Cooperative Research
USDA advances knowledge for agriculture, the environment, human health and well-being, and communities by supporting research programs in the Land-Grant University System and other partner organizations.
Cooperative Research Emphasis Areas
USDA manages a broad portfolio of cooperative research programs which cover the scope and breadth of USDA.
Extension Services
Cooperative Extension Service offices are conveniently located in courthouses, post offices, or other local government buildings to improve the quality of people's lives by providing research-based knowledge to strengthen the social, economic and environmental well-being of families, communities and agriculture enterprises.
Why is agricultural extension so expensive?
Providing agricultural extension services to famers is costly and challenging because of several reasons: farmers are geographically dispersed in difficult-to-reach places (Nakasone and Torero, 2016 ); some of their information requirements are highly localized ( Binswanger and Rosenzweig, 1986 ); and large-scale extension provision faces several governance challenges ( Birner and Anderson, 2007 ). ICT applications have the potential to address some of these challenges. Compared to face-to-face extension, they are cheaper because they do not rely on costly and time-consuming travelling. This may also allow for more timely and regular provision of farming advice ( Baumüller, 2012; Cole and Fernando, 2012 ). Most ICT applications for agricultural extension rely on SMS and audio elements and focus on weather reports, disease outbreaks, general farming advice and information about agricultural prices. As noted by Aker et al. (2016 ), these are the “low-hanging fruits” of extension advice as they are not location and client-specific (in economic terms, this type of information has the character of a public good, see Birner and Anderson, 2007 ), although precise and location-specific weather reports are still a challenge. However, there are also some ICT applications aiming for “higher-hanging fruits”. The tool iCow, which is widely used in Kenya provides livestock keepers with cow-tailored advice ( Baumüller, 2012 ). Studies that assess the impacts of ICT-based extension systems have usually found some positive effects. Camacho and Conover (2011) found that weekly weather reports reduce the risk of crops losses of Columbian farmers by 4% to 7%. Cole and Fernando (2012) found that the service Avaaj Otalo increased adoption of effective pesticides and of lucrative but risky crops ( Cole and Fernando, 2012 ). Casaburi et al. (2014) found that the use of farm-cycle based SMS advice increased yield by 11.5% in Kenya. In contrast, Fafchamps and Minten (2012) found that the mobile service Reuters Market Light had no significant positive impacts on farmers in India. It is important to note that in all of these studies, the counterfactual is not the traditional extension service. A properly functioning extension service could have advantages over ICT-based extension because it may be able to provide more farm-specific advice and it can work with field demonstrations. In addition, some studies suggest that the question of who provides agricultural extension advice may play a large role in a farmer's decision to uptake the advice ( Buck and Alwang, 2011, 2011; Moser and Barrett, 2006 ). As noted by Srinivasan (2007, p. 350), farmers tend to adhere more to advice that contains “not only the facts, but the analysis of the facts within the context”. In addition to easing the work of traditional extension system, ICT applications may also facilitate peer extension through social networks such as Facebook and WhatsApp. For example, in the Facebook group “ Small Scale Farmers (Farming as Business) ”, 400,000 farmers from across the world discuss their challenges and opportunities ( Small scale farmers - farming as business, 2018 ). Here, however, the quality of the content may not always be assured.
What is NAEP in Bangladesh?
In a broader context, NAEP creates a development environment which assist s Government of Bangladesh in identifying agricultural extension initiatives which merit support. The institutional and organizational framework, which is integral to policy implementation, provides a greater degree of coordination across donor-aided agricultural extension projects. The structure of NAEP coordination committees provided in the strategic document is depicted in Fig. 2.1.
How to improve convergence of agricultural extension services?
Improving convergence through harmonization —The ATMA has made some progress in the convergence of agricultural extension services at the district level. Further convergence of the extension services at all levels requires a careful harmonization of work plans of the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, national missions, and other schemes that will require support of the extension services to succeed. Allocation of resources for agricultural extension services should be made under these national schemes to support the ATMA activities. This will not only increase the operational resources for effectively targeting the ATMA activities but will also help the national schemes to meet their objectives and make ATMA sustainable in the long run.
What are the three main categories of agricultural extension service providers?
The agricultural extension service providers who have a stake in the NAEP can be grouped in three main categories: GOs, NGOs, and private sector and agribusiness enterprises. Each of these broad groups has a crucial role to play in creating an environment that ensures optimal utilization of all available resources for successful implementation of NAEP. However, in terms of development approach, motivation, resources, and competence, there is much variation within each of the broad groups. For this reason, the detailed implementation plans within the overall NAEP strategy varied widely.
What will happen to agriculture related businesses?
Agriculturally related businesses will probably decline. Fertilizer, seed, implement and other input suppliers will face a greatly reduced market for their services. Lower levels of output will also eliminate the demand for much of the local processors such as cotton gins, grain elevators, etc. The reduction in the numbers of these types of firms, coupled with the reduction in the number of farms, will likely result in increased unemployment and/or migration of these people to other areas.
What will happen if irrigated land is reverted to livestock?
The majority of irrigated producers in this area, if current conditions continue, will be forced out of production by the laws of economics. Their land will revert to range land with less than native productivity and the income from most of the irrigated production will be lost to the region. If land reverts from irrigation to extensive livestock operations, there are important regional economic implications. Producers buy inputs such as fertilizer and fuel from local suppliers, and market products to local processors such as cotton gins, grain elevators, etc. This means the adjustments from irrigated crop production to livestock operations will affect many phases of the local economy.
What is private sector agriculture?
In India, the private agricultural sector plays a major role in agricultural extension service provision. It fills the gap of inefficient input delivery and customized advisory services. The private sector includes crop science industry, seed and input companies, distributors and agro-dealers, service providers of various kinds, food processors and retailers, and the content providers for agro-advisories. Contract farming is an increasingly important vehicle for agricultural extension. The term used in the literature for extension in this context is “embedded services,” where companies deliver information with the sale of inputs or the marketing of products ( Feder et al., 2011 ). There are an estimated 282,000 input dealers in India. They are pillars of their communities in rural or semirural areas and have interest in offering quality services to their farmer clients. The agro-input dealers and the farm-input suppliers selling through them have interest in presale and sometimes continue after-sale advice also to the growers ( Ferroni and Yuan, 2011 ).
What is the extension program?
Extension programs can help! Every state in the U.S. has a local service called the Cooperative Extension Service. This operation was first formalized by the U.S. government in 1914 with the passing of the Smith-Lever Act, instituting an extension service at land-grant universities across the nation.
What is extension in education?
Extension is connected directly to universities, and extension agents/educators are typically faculty and staff members of your state’s land-grant university system. Every state is a little different in its operations: Some have county offices, some operate on a multi-county basis, and some are more regionally centered (each state has website for its extension programs, including an office locator).
What is the role of an agent/educator?
Although each structure is different, the agent/educator’s role is the same. University researchers study topics that are important to industries like agriculture but also topics that are important to the general public. Agents/educators then take the research data and convert it into usable products and information for the public.
Is extension a valuable resource?
Think of it as having both unchanging and changing aspects: Extension is always a steadfast and valuable resource, but also one that adapts with the times and technology of the era.
Where do consumer science programs go?
Family and consumer science programs go inside the home, where they have information on food safety and preparation, family relationships, mental health, even financial management and tax preparation services, among other topics.
Who is Michelle Miller?
Michelle Miller, the Farm Babe, is a farmer, public speaker and writer who has worked for years with row crops, beef cattle, and sheep. She believes education is key in bridging the gap between farmers and consumers.
Rural Development Cooperative Services
- Rural Development's Cooperative Services Program promotes understanding and use of the cooperatives to market and distribute agricultural products. The Cooperative Services division serves cooperative members, directors, management, educational institutions, organizations, rural residents, and others interested in cooperative-based business. 1. Rural Development Cooperati…
Cooperative Research
- USDA advances knowledge for agriculture, the environment, human health and well-being, and communities by supporting research programs in the Land-Grant University System and other partner organizations. 1. Cooperative Research Partnerships 2. Federal Assistance 3. Cooperative Agreements and Grant Awards 4. State and National Partners 5. Cooperative Research and Deve…
Cooperative Research Emphasis Areas
- USDA manages a broad portfolio of cooperative research programs which cover the scope and breadth of USDA. 1. Agricultural and Food Biosecurity 2. Agricultural Systems 3. Animal and Animal Products 4. Biotechnology and Genomics 5. Economics and Commerce 6. Families, Youth and Communities 7. Food, Nutrition and Health 8. Food and Nutrition Research Program 9. Natu…
Extension Services
- Cooperative Extension Service offices are conveniently located in courthouses, post offices, or other local government buildings to improve the quality of people's lives by providing research-based knowledge to strengthen the social, economic and environmental well-being of families, communities and agriculture enterprises. Extension experts focus ...