what is the extracellular matrix of cartilage

What tissue contains more extracellular matrix than cells?

Terms in this set (34)

• connective tissue - contains more extracellular matrix than cells
• tendons connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
• ligaments Connective tissue that connects bone to bone
• bone - is connective tissue that.... ...
• adipose tissue - is connective tissue that.... ...
• blood - is connective tissue that.... ...
• Extracellular Matrix consists of.... ...

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What are the components of extracellular matrix?

• Heparan sulfate.
• Chondroitin sulfate.
• Keratan sulfate.
• Hyaluronic acid.
• Collagen.
• Elastin.
• Fibronectin.
• Laminin.

What does extracellular matrix mean?

The extracellular matrix is a network of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans that fills the space between the cells within your tissues. The components of the extracellular matrix are usually the products of fibroblasts, which not only synthesize the various elements of the matrix but also direct their organization and renewal.

What is rickets effect on extracellular matrix?

Rickets causes a defect in the mineralization of the osteoid extracellular matrix caused by deficient calcium and phosphate, according to Orthobullets. Rickets also causes poor calcification of the cartilage extracellular matrix, impairing the ability to grow long bones. Rickets is a bone disorder in which bones soften, break easily and become ...

What are the two components of cartilage?

What is the extracellular matrix?

What is the ECM of a cell?

What is the ECM?

What is the role of ECM in cell activation?

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Does cartilage contain extracellular matrix?

Cartilage is a specialized form of connective tissue. Composed of cells (chondrocytes) and an extracellular matrix composed of fibers and ground substance. The three types of cartilage include hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

What is the matrix for cartilage?

collagensThe cartilage matrix is composed of collagens (primarily type II collagen with minor collagen types IX and XI) and proteoglycans. Although a number of proteinases have been found in the arthritic joints (Nagase and Woessner, 1993), matrixins are considered to be key enzymes for the degradation of cartilage matrix.

What is the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?

Matrix. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of hyaline cartilage is homogeneous and glassy, rich in in type II collagen, proteoglycans such as aggrecan, and structural glycoproteins such as chondronectin.

What makes up the majority of cartilage extracellular matrix?

The matrix is comprised primarily of collagen, proteoglycans, and water molecules. Collagens are the most abundant protein family in articular cartilage. Collagen II forms fibrils that provide tensile strength throughout the extracellular matrix.

What are the 3 cartilage matrix?

There are three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrous, and elastic cartilage.

What is cartilage composed of?

Cartilage a strong and smooth substance made up of “chondrocytes,” or specialized cartilage cells, that produce a matrix of collagen, proteoglycans (a special type of protein) and other non-collagenous proteins. These materials help cartilage attract water and give it its shape and specific properties.

Which of the 4 tissue types has extracellular matrix?

The connective tissue underlying an epithelium. This tissue contains a variety of cells and extracellular matrix components. The predominant cell type is the fibroblast, which secretes abundant extracellular matrix.

What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of ground substance and fibers. In ordinary connective tissue, the ground substance consists mainly of water. The principal fiber type is collagen (the most abundant protein in the body), with elastic fibers as a minor element.

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body.

Does cartilage have protein matrix?

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein is a non-collagenous extracellular matrix protein expressed primarily in cartilage, ligament, and tendon.

What is the matrix of bone and cartilage made up of?

The organic component of the bone matrix mainly comprises collagen. The inorganic component (calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite crystals) makes up 67% of the bone matrix.

Cartilage and Bone Extracellular Matrix | Bentham Science

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex of self assembled macromolecules. It is composed predominantly of collagens, non-collagenous glycoproteins, hyaluronan and proteoglycans. ECM is not only a scaffold for the cells; it serves also as a reservoir for growth factors and cytokines and modulates the cell activation status and turnover. ECM should be considered a dynamic network of ...

Difference Between Bone and Cartilage

Parameters of Comparison: Bone: Cartilage: Nature: Strong, rigid, non-flexible tissue: Semi-rigid, flexible, compressible tissue. Types of cell: Made up of there are types of cells called: 1.Osteoblasts 2.Osteoclasts 3.Osteocytes Made up of cells called chondrocytes.

Difference between Bone and Cartilage -Bone vs Cartilage - BYJUS

Bone and cartilage are two specialized forms of connective tissues which are composed of cells embedded within an extracellular matrix. Both bone and cartilage play an important role in protecting the internal organs of our body, providing structural support and surfaces for muscle attachment.

The ECM-cell interaction of cartilage extracellular matrix on ...

Cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed primarily of the network type II collagen (COLII) and an interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans (PGs), hyaluronic acid (HA), and chondroitin sulfate (CS). Articular cartilage ECM plays a crucial role in regulating chondrocyte metaboli …

The Bone Extracellular Matrix in Bone Formation and Regeneration

Bone regeneration repairs bone tissue lost due to trauma, fractures, and tumors, or absent due to congenital disorders. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate dynamic bio-environment with precisely regulated mechanical and biochemical properties. In bone, ECMs are involved in regulating cell …

What is the ECM in tissue engineering?

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of various tissues possesses the model characteristics that biomaterials for tissue engineering strive to mimic; however, owing to the intricate hierarchical nature of the ECM, it has yet to be fully characterized and synthetically fabricated.

Is cartilage a biomaterial?

In the last decade, cartilage ECM has emerged as a promising biomaterial for regenerating cartilage, part ly because of its potentially chondroinductive nature.

What is happening to the extracellular matrix?

So what’s happening is that the extracellular matrix is being diluted and the things that protects it from this dilution are being attacked by protein enzymes in the inflammatory cycle that is out of control.

What is the role of proteinases in osteoarthritis?

In osteoarthritis, a deregulated balance between proteinases degrading (protein enzymes in the inflammatory process breaks down) the extracellular matrix and their inhibitors (which should stop the process) may be responsible for cartilage degeneration.”.

Why is PRP important?

Because one of the characteristics of PRP is that is works to change the chemical milieu of the joint environment. In the context of this article it sent the chemical signals necessary to strategically shut down this inflammation harmful to the extracellular matrix.

What is the most fascinating part of the body?

One of the most fascinating parts of our bodies’ healing components is the extracellular matrix (ECM).

What are the building blocks of cartilage?

Chondrocytes are cells that are the building blocks of cartilage. Imagine the brick wall below is the cartilage in your knee. that has holes in it. Our body calls the chondrocytes to the area where the wall needs to be patched. The Chondrocytes are the bricks.

What happens when you inject stem cells into a joint?

When stem cells are injected into a diseased joint they start talking to the repair cells, the blood cells, the inflammatory cells, and the native stem cells in a “reboot” command to restart the natural healing of the joint. This comes under the phenomena of “cell signalling.”.

Is cartilage in a dynamic equilibrium?

In normal conditions, cartilage extracellular matrix is in a dynamic equilibrium. In particular, the balance between anabolic and catabolic activities of chondrocytes maintains the structural and functional integrity of cartilage.

How does extracellular matrix help with healing?

More direct applications of the extracellular matrix include its role in supporting growth and wound healing. For instance, bone growth relies on the extracellular matrix since it contains the minerals needed to harden the bone tissue. Bone tissue will need to become opaque and inflexible. The extracellular matrix will allow this by letting these growth processes take ample opportunity to recruit extracellular proteins and minerals to build and fortify the growing skeleton. Likewise, forming scar tissue after an injury will benefit from the extracellular matrix and its rich meshwork of water insoluble proteins.

What is extracellular matrix?

The extracellular matrix can be thought of as a suspension of macromolecules that supports everything from local tissue growth to the maintenance of an entire organ. These molecules are all secretions made by neighboring cells. Upon being secreted, the proteins will undergo scaffolding.

Why is bone tissue opaque?

The extracellular matrix will allow this by letting these growth processes take ample opportunity to recruit extracellular proteins and minerals to build and fortify the growing skeleton.

What is the molecule that is found in the extracellular matrix?

This leads us to another category of molecule found within the extracellular matrix called the proteoglycan . The proteoglycan is a hybrid cross of a protein and a sugar, with a protein core and several long chain sugar groups surrounding it.

How does the extracellular matrix affect the morphology of a tissue?

The extracellular matrix directs the morphology of a tissue by interacting with cell -surface receptors and by binding to the surrounding growth factors that then incite signaling pathways. In fact, the extracellular matrix actually stores some cellular growth factors, which are then released locally based on the physiological needs ...

How are cells spaced out in tissue?

Instead, they are spaced out with the help of the extracellular meshwork. The matrix will act as a kind of filler that lies between the otherwise tightly packed cells in a tissue.

Which protein is the main component of the extracellular matrix?

The main fibrous proteins that build the extracellular matrix are collagens, elastins, and laminins. These are all relatively sturdy protein macromolecules. Their sturdiness lends the extracellular matrix its buffering and force-resisting properties that can withstand environmental pressures without collapsing.

What are the different types of cartilage?

Articular cartilage is composed of four distinct regions and they differ in their collagen fibril orientation: (a) the superficial or tangential zone (200 μm), (b) the middle or transitional zone, (c) the deep or radial zone and (d) the calcified cartilage zone. The superficial zone is composed of thin collagen fibrils in tangential array parallel to surface with a high concentration of decorin and lubricin and a low concentration of aggrecan. The middle zone is composed thicker collagen fibrils more random organized. The deep zone is composed the collagen bundles thickest and arranged in a radial fashion, orthogonal to the surface, and the calcified cartilage zone, located above subchondral bone and the tidemark that persists after growth plate closure and is composed of matrix vesicles, vascularization and innervation from the subchondral bone. The collagen type in the calcified zone surrounding the cells is type X as in the hypertrofic zone of the growth plate [ 21, 22 ], [ 23 ]. From the superficial to the deep zone, cell density progressively decreases. The chondrocytes in the superficial zone are small and flattened. The chondrocytes in the middle zone are rounded, and the deep zone chondrocytes are grouped in columns or clusters and they are larger and express markers of the hypertrophy as well. Differences in expression of zonal subpopulations may determine the zonal differences in matrix composition and in the mechanical environment [ 24, 25 ].

How long does it take for chondrocytes to expand?

Expansion of chondrocytes was performed in 8 weeks. Days before implantation chondrocytes are seeded on a scaffold or membrane [ 112] Rich in collagen, which is considered a three-dimensional extracellular biomaterial consists mainly of collagen I and III, the scaffold contains glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins [ 111, 114, 115] cells are capable of synthesizing a typical matrix of chondrocytes facilitating cell adhesion and influence the morphology, migration and differentiation of cells.

What are the causes of OA?

Aging, cartilage senescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are normal changes in the musculoskeletal system that contribute to the development of OA, but the mechanisms are poorly understood [ 5 ]. Inflammation is considered as a very early event in OA perhaps induced by joint trauma affecting chondrocytes in the cartilage and synovial cells (fibroblasts and macrophages) to produce cytokines as interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) and tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and other signaling molecules as proteoglycans to switch to or increase catabolic processes [ 6 ]. Obesity has been described as a risk factor for OA by increased mechanical load factors and degenerative knee pain. The mechanisms between obesity and OA are not completly understood but, it has been found the release of fat molecules that can affect the processes in the joint, including adipokines as visfatin and leptin, perhaps affecting the inflammatory response [ 7, 9 ]. Malalignment of the knee joint plays an important role in the development of early osteoarthritis changing the center of pressure of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Varus or valgus malalignment of the lower extremity results in an abnormal load distribution across the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartment and being increased in patients with knee osteoarthritis and is increased in patients with overweight. However, studies examining the relationship between malalignment and early knee osteoarthritis have produced conflicting results. The association between malalignment and OA changes is based on radiographic changes mainly and different multicenter OA studies [ 10 - 12 ]. Meniscus is an important tissue in the system of the knee. It is function is the load transmission and absortion shock. Complete or partial loss of meniscal tissue alters the biomechanical and biological of the knee joint modifying the pattern of load distribution and the instability of the knee. Meniscal narrowing, cartilage loss and chondral lesions increase the risk of secondary OA with cartilage degeneration. This secondary OA is associated to chondral damage, ligamentous instability, and malalignment with reduction in the shock absorption capacity of the knee [ 13 - 15 ]. Extrussion has been associated with articular changes according to their depth into partial-thickness and full-thickens defects. Partial-thickness lesions are considered less symptomatic with little evidence of progression on osteoarthritis. Full-thickness chondral and osteochondral lesions frequently cause symptoms, and they are considered to predispose to premature osteoarthritis [ 16 ]. Osteochondritis dissecans studies have demonstrated knee joint dysfunction and high prevalence of osteoarthritic change after fragment removal and all the studies take in account the limitation of a small defect size from 1.5 to 4.0 cm 2 as well the zone and the location of the defect in the cartilage [ 17, 18 ]. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the knee ligament most common disrupted. ACL lesion frequently is associated to other ligamentous structures like, menisci, the articular cartilage or subchondral plate [ 19, 20 ].

How do chondrocytes maintain their ECM?

It is no clear how chondrocytes maintain their ECM under normal conditions since they lack access to the vascular system but gene expression and protein synthesis may be activated by injury. The aging may affect the properties of normal cartilage by altering the content, composition and structural organization of collagen and proteoglycans. The normal function of the articular cartilage within the joint is to be elastic and have high tensile strength and these properties depend on the extracellular matrix [ 28 ]. The chondrocytes produce, in appropriate amounts, this ECM that consist of structural macromolecules of type II collagen fibers, proteoglycans, non-collagenous proteins and glycoproteins, organized into a highly ordered molecular framework. The collagen matrix gives cartilage its form and tensile strength. Proteoglycans and non-collagenous proteins bind to the collagenous network and help to stabilize the matrix framework and bind the chondrocytes to the macromolecules of the network. The matrix protects the cells from injury due to normal use of the joint, determines the types and concentrations of molecules that reach the cells and helps to maintain the chondrocyte phenotype [ 29, 30 ].

What are the most abundant proteins in the ECM?

Aggrecan and type II collagen are the most abundant proteins found within the ECM in the articular cartilage and they are linked together by a number of collagen-binding proteins including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), chondroadherin and other minor collagens on their surface. Aggrecan is a large aggregating proteoglycan which is in association with hyaluronan (HA) and link protein (LP). These aggregates are responsible for the turgid and they provide the osmotic properties to resist compressive loads and retain water. Also contain a variety of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) as decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin and lumican where they help maintain the integrity of the tissue and modulate its metabolism [ 3, 4 ].

How do chondrocytes adapt to low oxygen tension?

In vitro, chondrocytes adapt to low oxygen tensions by up-regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha (HIF-1α), which stimulate expression of glucose transport via constitutive glucose transporter proteins (GLUTs) and angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as a number of genes associated with cartilage anabolism and chondrocyte differentiation [ 26, 27 ].

What is articular cartilage?

Articular cartilage is a hyaline cartilage that consists primarily of extracellular matrix with a sparse population of cells, lacking blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. The only cell type within cartilage is the chondrocyte and has a low level of metabolic activity with little or no cell division and is the responsible for maintaining in a low-turnover state the unique composition and organization of the matrix that was determined during embryonic and postnatal development. The biological and mechanical properties of articular cartilage depend on the interactions between the chondrocytes and the matrix that maintain the tissue. Chondrocytes form the macromolecular framework of the tissue matrix from three classes of molecules: collagens, proteoglycans, and non-collagenous proteins and maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) by low-turnover replacement of certain matrix proteins [ 1, 2 ].

What are the two components of cartilage?

Cartilage ECM is composed mainly of two components defining its mechano-physical properties: the collagenous network, responsible for the tensile strength of the cartilage matrix, and the proteoglycans (mainly aggrecan), responsible for the osmotic swelling and the elastic properties of the cartilage tissue.

What is the extracellular matrix?

Cartilage and bone extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex of self assembled macromolecules. It is composed predominantly of collagens, non-collagenous glycoproteins, hyaluronan and proteoglycans. ECM is not only a scaffold for the cells; it serves also as a reservoir for growth factors and cytokines and modulates ….

What is the ECM of a cell?

The ECM provides structural strength to tissues, maintaining a complex architecture around the cells and the shape of organs. Various cell types secrete different matrix molecules and the nature and the amount of these molecules change during developmental age. Cartilage ECM is composed mainly of two components defining its mechano-physical ...

What is the ECM?

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex of self assembled macromolecules. It is composed predominantly of collagens, non-collagenous glycoproteins, hyaluronan and proteoglycans. ECM is not only a scaffold for the cells; it serves also as a reservoir for growth factors and cytokines and modulates ….

What is the role of ECM in cell activation?

ECM is not only a scaffold for the cells; it serves also as a reservoir for growth factors and cytokines and modulates the cell activation status and turnover. ECM should be considered a dynamic network of molecules secreted by cells that in turn regulate cell behavior by modulating their proliferation and differentiation.

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