What is the Frankfort plane used for?
: a plane used in craniometry that is determined the highest point on the upper margin of the opening of each external auditory canal and the low point on the lower margin of the left orbit and that is used to orient a human skull or head usually so that the plane is horizontal — called also eye-ear plane, Frankfort horizontal, Frankfort plane.
What is the Frankfort horizontal plane and why does it matter?
The Red Line Represents the Frankfort Horizontal Plane. The Frankfort horizontal plane is a term medical professionals often use, but many people often do not know what it is and why it matters. The Frankfort horizontal plane is a plane that medical professionals use as a reference plane.
What is the Frankfurt plane of the eye socket?
The Frankfurt plane is a line that passes from the bottom of the eye socket through the top of the ear opening. This is the plane in which the head is normally carried during life. The Frankfurt- mandibular plane angle [Figure - 1] is an angle formed by the intersection of the Frankfort horizontal plane and the mandibular plane.
Why is Frankfurt the main airport in Germany?
Following the conclusion of the Second World War, the American Army made Frankfurt a key hub within Western Germany. The airport was located fairly centrally within Western Germany, making it a useful hub for flights around the country.
What is the Frankfort plane and what is its significance?
Definition. In profile view, a plane connecting the highest point of the opening of the external auditory canal with the lowest point on the lower margin of the orbit, used to orient a human skull or head so that the plane is horizontal.
What is Frankfort plane dental?
Description. Horizontal plane passing between the lowest point on the margin of the orbita to the highest point on the margin of the auditory meatus.
What is the Frankfort horizontal plane?
: a plane used in craniometry that is determined the highest point on the upper margin of the opening of each external auditory canal and the low point on the lower margin of the left orbit and that is used to orient a human skull or head usually so that the plane is horizontal.
What is the Frankfurt line?
Frankfort horizontal line, Reid's base line Reconstructive surgery An imaginary line that projects from the median line of the occipital bone and upper rim of the external auditory canal–the auricular point, to the lower rim of the orbit–the infraorbital point; the FHL divides the head into upper and lower halves from ...
Which landmarks are used to determine the Frankfort plane?
An important characteristic of the FH is the location of its landmarks (i.e., porion and orbitale) not in the center but in the periphery of the skull. Hence, these landmarks are relatively far apart from each other, which reduces the impact of any measuring errors on the position of the FH.
How is Frankfort horizontal plane measured?
The zygomatico-maxillary suture line crossing at the lower orbital rim. The point is located on the inferior margin of the orbit. Table 1. Definition of landmarks and planes....FH analysis.NameDefinitionFrankfort horizontal plane 1 (FH 1)FH by connecting mid-Po, Or-R, and Or-L17 more rows•Sep 7, 2017
Why is it important to orient a skull in a particular way?
The positioning of a patient's head prior to clinical evaluation is critical, and incorrect positioning will inevitably lead to errors in diagnosis and treatment planning.
What does transverse plane mean in medical terms?
Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. Median plane - Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves.
What is FMA angle?
The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA) is formed by the intersection of the Frankfort horizontal plane and the mandibular plane. This angle can be traced and measured by means of a diagnostic overlay. An FMA of 25 +/- 5 degrees is within normal range.
Where is the sagittal?
The sagittal plane is an anatomical boundary that exists between the left and right sides of the body. The sagittal planes runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the organism, or from the mouth to the tail.
What is anatomical position of skull?
Skull. In humans, the anatomical position of the skull has been agreed by international convention to be the Frankfurt plane or Frankfort plane, a position in which the lower margins of the orbits, the orbitales, and the upper margins of the ear canals, the poria, all lie in the same horizontal plane.
How does a midsagittal plane divide the body?
Sagittal Plane The sagittal plane divides the body vertically into equal right and left halves. This plane is also referred to as the midsagittal plane because it is on the midline of the body. Movements within the sagittal plane are flexion and extension – forward and backward movements of the head, spine, and limbs.
What is the Frankfort mandibular plane angle?
The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA) is formed by the intersection of the Frankfort horizontal plane and the mandibular plane. This angle can be traced and measured by means of a diagnostic overlay. An FMA of 25 +/- 5 degrees is within normal range.
What is meant by midsagittal plane dental?
An imaginary plane extending from the incisal edge of the incisors along the tips of the cusps of the posterior teeth to contact the cranium. Although not a true plane, it represents the mean of the curvature of the occlusal surface.
What is the occlusal plane?
Occlusal plane is the average plane established by the incisal and occlusal surfaces of the teeth; it is not a plane but represents the planar mean of the curvature of the surfaces [3].
What is Camper's plane?
Camper plane - a plane running from the tip of the anterior nasal spine (acanthion) to the center of the bony external auditory meatus on the right and left sides.
How Do I Measure the Frankfort Horizontal Plane?
In infants, a doctor may use a fixed headpiece to measure the plane. The plane should be parallel to the fixed headpiece once the infant’s head is positioned correctly.
What is an intraoral bitewing x-ray?
These x-rays are extraoral, so a dentist does not need to insert film or plates into the mouth. Intraoral bitewing x-rays cannot display the sinus and nasal passages, which is why cephalometric ...
Why is Frankfort not a perfect plane of reference?
However, it’s not a perfect plane of reference because of individual variation. People with identical facial profiles can still have different Frankfort planes. For this reason, a true horizontal plane with the patient standing in a natural head position is sometimes preferred in craniometry.
What is the red line in Frankfort?
The Red Line Represents the Frankfort Horizontal Plane. The Frankfort horizontal plane is a term medical professionals often use, but many people often do not know what it is and why it matters. The Frankfort horizontal plane is a plane that medical professionals use as a reference plane. The plane is the imaginary line ...
Why measure Frankfort plane?
For instance, a medical professional will likely need to measure the Frankfort horizontal plane to assist in orthodontic planning.
What is the advantage of cephalometric x-rays?
A bonus of panoramic and cephalometric x-rays is that they expose the body to less radiation.
What is the ORTHOPHOX XG 3D system?
For instance, the ORTHOPHOX XG 3D system scans a patient’s skull for panoramic imaging. In this particular device, you can see a laser light on the patient’s face. The laser light creates a line that identifies the patient’s Frankfort horizontal line.
What is a complete or partially edentulous patient with a skeletal class II skeletal jaw relationship?
Complete or partially edentulous patients with a skeletal class II skeletal jaw relationship due to a skeletal etiology comprise approximately 15% of the population with the two largest sub-categories being high and low FMA groups. Occlusal relationships in skeletal class II patients are often challenging because of arch size discrepancies which limits the potential occlusal contact area, steep guidance factors which can introduce occlusal interferences, and excessive range of motion which can complicate centric relation records. FMA determination provides a structure-function basis in selecting a scheme for occlusal reconstruction and should be incorporated in the treatment planning procedure as a major adjunctive diagnostic tool. The following treatise provides background information and treatment guidelines to facilitate improved prosthetic treatment for partially and completely edentulous skeletal class II patients.
Why are occlusal contacts important?
Positions other than centric relation are usually not repeatable if the patient is edentulous in either arch and tooth guidance has been lost. Therefore, multiple occlusal contacts are essential both in centric relation and eccentric positions for the stability and comfort of the prostheses. This is especially important for skeletal class II patients with a low FMA. Comfort with the prostheses can be a problem because of limited aligned space available for support and the potential for more forceful closure.
What is the Frankfurt mandibular plane angle?
The Frankfurt- mandibular plane angle [Figure - 1] is an angle formed by the intersection of the Frankfort horizontal plane and the mandibular plane. The significance of the Frankfurt- mandibular plane angle (FMA) to prosthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis in class II malocclusions has been well documented.
What is the key of occlusion?
Angle (1899) classified the malocclusions based on occlusal relationships, considering the first permanent molar as the "key" of occlusion. [2] Assuming that the maxillary first permanent molar was stable in the anteroposterior relationship with respect to the cranium, Angle based his classification on the mandibular position as defined by the lower first permanent molar with respect to the upper first permanent molar. In a Class II molar relationship, the lower first permanent molar is more posterior to the upper molar first permanent molar. Angle believed that this was a result of either a short, underdeveloped lower jaw or a posteriorly positioned mandible.
What is the prevalence of malocclusions?
The prevalence of class II malocclusions varies from 10% to 20% and depends upon age and ethnicity. [3], [4], [5] This wide variation is due to the lack of agreement on what constitutes a malocclusion. [6] Angle's classification system based on the horizontal relationship of the first molar, which may or may not be a true indicator of the skeletal relationship. [7] The maxillae and/or mandible may have vertical growth characteristics that translate into size and positional discrepancies of the teeth, the jaws, or both. Frankfurt- mandibular plane angle estimation seems to be a more accurate method to determine which components of the dental and/or skeletal systems are most responsible for creating the class II malocclusion. [8]
What is the normal angle of the Frankfurt mandibular plane?
A normal range of Frankfurt-mandibular plane angle adopted by cephalometrists is 25±5 degrees. [10] The vertical skeletal relationship is often described by the Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle. A "high-angle" (open bite skeletal pattern) profile is one where the angle is 30 degrees or more and a "low-angle" (closed-bite skeletal pattern) is when the angle is 20 degrees or less. If the appositional growth of the alveolar processes and facial sutures exceeds the vertical growth from the mandibular condyles, the mandible will rotate posteriorly resulting in a high FMA. Conversely, if vertical growth at the condyles exceeds the sum of vertical growth components from the facial sutures and alveolar processes, the mandible will rotate anteriorly resulting in a low FMA.
How is FMA measured?
FMA measurement. Traditionally, the FMA is determined by utilizing a lateral cephalometric radiograph, which is developed in an x-ray film processor, dried, labeled and then covered by an acetate sheet. The landmarks are marked, lines traced, and the FMA measured with a protractor. The land marks used are;
Why is Frankfurt Airport so popular?
So why is Frankfurt Airport so popular for Germany bound travelers? Following the conclusion of the Second World War, the American Army made Frankfurt a key hub within Western Germany. The airport was located fairly centrally within Western Germany, making it a useful hub for flights around the country.
How many terminals does Frankfurt Airport have?
The airport has two terminals; terminal one is used by Lufthansa. Terminal two currently has a fair few bus gates. In fact, when Simple Flying recently flew to and from Terminal two, we experienced bus gates both ways. In order to handle even more passengers than they currently do, however, Frankfurt Airport is currently in the process ...
How many runways does Frankfurt have?
Frankfurt really is something of a mega-airport. The main hub of German flag carrier Lufthansa, Frankfurt has four runways. Three are oriented in a roughly east-west configuration, while the fourth is oriented as north-south. The airport has two terminals; terminal one is used by Lufthansa.
How many passengers did Berlin airport handle in 2018?
This is still more than the capital city, Berlin, which handled just 34,726,367 passengers in 2018. Let’s take a little look at the airport before delving into why it is the aviation capital of Germany.
Where is Lufthansa's main hub?
Frankfurt has been the main hub of Lufthansa since 1955. Photo: Lufthansa. Lufthansa placed its headquarters in Cologne. This city was chosen as it was close to the West German capital city of the day, Bonn. According to the Flight Global archives, Hamburg was originally envisioned as Lufthansa’s main hub.
Which airline is in Frankfurt?
Frankfurt Airport is home to German national carrier Lufthansa. Photo: Daniel Dargel. Frankfurt Airport is the busiest airport in Germany by passenger numbers. On top of this, it ranks fourth in Europe, and 14th globally. In 2018, the airport handled 69,510,269 passengers, up considerably from Germany’s next busiest airport, ...
Is Lufthansa based in Frankfurt?
Instead, the airline decided to spread its footprint over a larger portion of West Germany. Frankfurt has been the main hub of Lufthansa since 1955. Photo: Lufthansa.