It thus becomes a duty of translator to keep the meaning of the target language same as of the source language. This is called equivalence and is defined as ‘same meaning conveyed by a different expression’ The importance of equivalence is realized by all scholars of translation and has always remained a key point in the study of translation.
What is equivalence and why is it important?
A literal translation is a useless translation – you have to understand the meaning behind the words. Equivalence is a powerful tool in service of that goal, but it only works when you have a deep, comprehensive understanding of the process.
What is equivalence in Translation Studies?
Equivalence in Translation Theories: A Critical Evaluation. The concept of equivalence can be said to hold a central position in translation studies. Nevertheless, it has been a rather controversial one, causing many heated debates among translators as to its nature, definition and applicability.
Which is the most salient feature of a quality translation?
This equivalence relation is generally considered the most salient feature of a quality translation. 2. Problems of Equivalence The principle that a translation should have an equivalence relation with the source language text is problematic.
Why might equivalence be problematic?
However, equivalence might problematic because it is triggered due to cultural, social and historical differences. The second type of equivalence is when one word has different meanings. For instance, the word ‘mobile’ can mean a ‘phone’, ‘movement’ or ‘flexibility’, here the Source Language or Text covers a wide range of meanings.
What is equivalence in translation and examples?
An expression from a language which has the same meaning as, or can be used in a similar context to, one from another language, and can therefore be used to translate it: for example, English “Run there” to Hindi “udar bhago.” Achieving such correspondences involves special bilingual skills to cope with the tendency ...
Do you think equivalence matters in the translation process?
When a word or phrase means exactly the same thing in both languages, we call that an equivalence, and it's understandably one of the first things professional translators look for. This requires a deep understanding of both cultures, not just the language.
What is the concept of equivalence?
Definition of equivalence 1a : the state or property of being equivalent. b : the relation holding between two statements if they are either both true or both false so that to affirm one and to deny the other would result in a contradiction. 2 : a presentation of terms as equivalent.
What is formal equivalence in translation?
What is Formal Equivalence? Formal equivalence is a literal, word-for-word translation. The goal is to stay as close to the original text as possible. The translation will preserve the lexical details, grammatical structure, vocabulary, and syntax of the source text.
What is problem of equivalence in translation?
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, the equivalence problem is the question of determining, given two representations of formal languages, whether they denote the same formal language.
What is the relationship between equivalent meaning and translation shift?
Translation products are equivalent when the form of the target language text is changed and only when a given form of the source language text is changed. It proves that meaning equivalence becomes the right way for measuring the translation shifts.
What is equivalence and its types?
Equivalence is relied on text and its meanings related to specific cultures. Equivalence has a major factor in translation, since it relates between the Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT). There are two main types of equivalence; qualitative and quantitative.
What is equivalence in translation PDF?
1.Translation and Equivalence. Translation is broadly defined as the rendering of a message or information from one. language (Source Language) into another language (Target Language). In other words, it is. the establishing of the semantic - or meaning - equivalence between a SL text, or more.
What is the difference between equivalent and equivalence?
Equivalent, which may be an adjective or a noun, is countable as a noun; equivalence, a noun, isn't countable. So, which one is correct in the mentioned sentence? (The word has no equivalent/equivalence in English.)
What is functional equivalence translation?
Functional equivalence finding is the process, where the translator understands the concept in the source language and finds a way to express the same concept in the target language in the way, in which the equivalent conveys the same meaning and intent as the original.
What is formal equivalence according to Eugene Nida?
Formal equivalence: Formal equivalence focuses on the need to pay attention to the form and content contained in the message. The so-called formal equivalence means that the message in the target language should be in accordance with the different parts in the original language.
What is cultural equivalence?
This strategy is called “cultural equivalent” (Newmark, 1988:82-83). It involves “replacing a culture-specific item or expression with a target language item which does not have the same propositional meaning” (Baker, 1992: 30).
What is natural equivalence in translation?
natural equivalence. That collection of ideas formed the basis of what might be called the equivalence paradigm. From the late 1950s, most definitions of translation have consequently referred to equivalence in one form or another, especially within the field of applied linguistics.
What is non equivalence in translation?
"Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in the source text ". Further, non-equivalence at word level is not much determined by a one to one relationship between word and meaning.
What is equivalence in translation PDF?
1.Translation and Equivalence. Translation is broadly defined as the rendering of a message or information from one. language (Source Language) into another language (Target Language). In other words, it is. the establishing of the semantic - or meaning - equivalence between a SL text, or more.
What is the idea of zero equivalence in literary translation?
Zero equivalence occurs when there is no one-to-one equivalent between the ST and the TT. This happens when the translator deals with texts which contain culturally-bound words or expressions. Examples of these words are: 'kassāl' and 'innur' in Moroccan Arabic and 'nuts' in English (see Bayar, 2007).
What is equivalence in translation?
Equivalence is one of the core concepts of translation, and often one of the best places to start when explaining the process of language translation. I sometimes refer to language translation as the “science of poetry.”.
Is language translation poetry?
I think it’s accurate, however; language is poetry whether there’s artistic or poetic intent or not: Words are magical, and are used to not just describe and record our world but to transform it. Just by writing or speaking about some aspect of the world you are transforming it, after all. It’s like the idea in physics that simply by observing something you affect it – by using language to describe something, you change the nature of that something.
Do concepts exist in two different languages?
That doesn’t mean that concepts don’t exist equally in two different languages or cultures – they do. When a word or phrase means exactly the same thing in both languages, we call that an equivalence, and it’s understandably one of the first things professional translators look for.
Is equivalence easy to understand?
Equivalence is easy enough to understand. When you’re working in translation, you have two sets of language: Your source language, which you’re translating from, and your target language, which you’re translating into. That’s obvious enough.
Why is it difficult to achieve an exact equivalence?
The principle that a translation should have an equivalence relation with the source language text is problematic. There are three main reasons why an exact equivalence or effect is difficult to achieve. Firstly, it is impossible for a text to have constant interpretations even for the same person on two occasions (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995: 14). According to these translation scholars:
What is the meaning of "Formal Equivalence"?
5.Formal equivalence is related to the form and aesthetics of the text, includes word plays and the individual stylistic features of the source text (p. 47).
What is denotative equivalence?
1.Denotative equivalence is related to equivalence of the extralinguistic content of a text.
What are the different types of equivalence?
Munday (2001) describes these five different types of equivalence as follows: 1.Denotative equivalence is related to equivalence of the extralinguistic content of a text. 2.Connotative equivalence is related to the lexical choices, especially between near-synonyms.
What are the problems of equivalence?
The equivalence problems emerge due to semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical differences between the source language and the target language. These three areas of equivalence problems are intertwined with one another. The meaning (s) that a word refers to are culturally bound, and in most cases the meaning (s) of a word can only be understood through its context of use.
What is the main objective of a translator?
The definitions of translation suggested above imply that producing the same meaning or message in the target language text as intended by the original author is the main objective of a translator. This notion of 'sameness' is often understood as an equivalence relation between the source and target texts.
What is translation in a language?
1. Introduction. In any account of interlingual communication, translation is used as a generic term. Professionally, however, the term translation is confined to the written, and the term interpretation to the spoken (Newmark, 1991: 35). If confined to a written language, translation is a cover term with three distinguishable meanings: 1) ...
Why is translation important?
With the rise of globalization translation has come to be seen as an important medium for cross-cultural communication and exchanging information and knowledge among different cultures and civilizations. The increased interactions between peoples and cultures around the globe resulted in a heightened awareness of cultural difference and increased the need for breaking through cross-cultural and linguistic boundaries than ever before. Because of its importance in cross-cultural interaction, global media organizations such as BBC and Al Jazeera depend hugely on the services of translation in the transmission of news across borders. The thesis attempts to show how both translation and journalism are used to represent other foreign countries and cultures to their domestic readership. It draws on the experience of the cold war as its starting point and moves to examine the current ideological conflict between the People’s Republic of China and the United States.
Why is translating a user manual important?
As many smartphones are imported from overseas and the user manuals are written in English, the translation of a user manual is, therefore, very important for the Indonesian customers whose English is not their second language. Good translation results are then very essential in order that the customers understand the information easily and clearly. The focus of this research is the bilingual English-Indonesian Samsung’s GT-19500 user manual. This research aims to find translation techniques applied in the book. In this descriptive research, the sentences were the tokens that were recorded in Microsoft Excel. The tokens were then analyzed based on the categories of translation techniques in question. It was found that there were nine translation techniques used in the user manual. The translation techniques used in Samsung’s GT-19500 user manual are borrowing (41%), literal translation (25%), calque (13%), transposition (7%), equivalence (6%), adaptation (5.3%), modulation (3%), and omission (2%). Therefore, the techniques used in translating a smartphone user manual are unique to this type of document because the document consists of many terms without Indonesian equivalence.
What is machine translation?
The use of machine translation as artificial intelligence (AI) keeps increasing and the world's most popular translation tool is Google Translate (GT). This tool is not merely used for the benefits of learning and obtaining information from foreign languages through translation but has also been used as a medium of interaction and communication in hospitals, airports and shopping centres. This paper aims to explore machine translation accuracy in translating French-Indonesian culinary texts (recipes). The samples of culinary text were taken from the internet. The research results show that the semiotic model of machine translation in GT is the translation from the signifier (forms) of the source language to the signifier (forms) of the target language by emphasizing the equivalence of the concept (signified) of the source language and the target language. GT aids to translate the existing French-Indonesian culinary text concepts through words, phrases and sentences. A problem encountered in machine translation for culinary texts is a cultural equivalence. GT machine translation cannot accurately identify the cultural context of the source language and the target language, so the results are in the form of a literal translation. However, the accuracy of GT can be improved by refining the translation of cultural equivalents through words, phrases and sentences from one language to another.
How can the accuracy of GT be improved?
However, the accuracy of GT can be improved by refining the translation of cultural equivalents through words, phrases and sentences from one language to another. ... It means that there are several kinds of equivalence to choose from and therefore, this is called "directional equivalence".
What is Google Translate?
Google Translate (GT) is the most widely used translator application in the world. The function of GT is not merely as tools but has become a means in personal communication, learning and business matters. This paper aims to examine the GT accuracy in translating culinary texts.
What is translating literature?
Designed for courses on literary translation, Translating Literature discusses the process and the product of literary translation, incorporating both practical advice for translators and theoretical discussion on the role translations play in the evolution and interpretation of literatures. Exercises and examples highlight problems in translation.
Can mistakes in medical leaflets lead to disastrous consequences?
One can imagine, for instance, that mistakes in medical leaflets can lead to disastrous consequences. Less catastrophic, but equally significant, is the lack of a consistent and creative style of MT systems in literary genres. In such cases, a human translation is preferred.
Why is equivalence problematic?
However, equivalence might problematic because it is triggered due to cultural, social and historical differences. The second type of equivalence is when one word has different meanings. For instance, the word ‘mobile’ can mean a ‘phone’, ‘movement’ or ‘flexibility’, here the Source Language or Text covers a wide range of meanings.
How many types of equivalence are there?
There are two main types of equivalence; qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative there are five types of equivalence; Referential or Denotative, Connotative, Text-Normative, Pragmatic or Dynamic and Textual Equivalence.…show more content…. The first type of equivalence is only transferring the word in the Source language ...
What is the process of translating a text?
Translation is a process of transferring texts from one language to another, from one culture to another. In the process of carrying this process, it carries deep layers shaped into cultural and traditional aspects. In translation process, it involves equivalence which is relating the Target Text (TT) from the Source Text (ST). Equivalence is relied on text and its meanings related to specific cultures.#N#Equivalence has a major factor in translation, since it relates between the Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT). There are two main types of equivalence; qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative there are five types of equivalence; Referential or Denotative, Connotative, Text-Normative, Pragmatic or Dynamic and Textual Equivalence.
What is text-normative equivalence?
Also, text-normative equivalence is used as the order is different. For example, in the Arabic text begins with artist and the sculptured lions, while in English text it begins with the sculpted lions first. Pragmatic equivalence was also used in this text, as both sentences have the same effects on the. Show More.
What is translation in language?
In other words, translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target language by means of the decoded meaning and form of the source language. Different theorists state various definitions for translation. The concept of norms in translation theory was. Read More.
How to solve translation aesthetics?
One way to solve this problem is to find a new rhythm in local language. Secondly, it is necessary to know the object and subject in the activity of translation aesthetics. The subject of translation aesthetic are translator and reader. At the first step, translator is required to have a special capability of aesthetic. It is translator’s knowledge, experience and level of language finally decides the quality of translation of a text.
What is the meaning of transliteration?
Transliteration is the conversion of one text to another. For instance, the word ‘Majd’ is a name which has no meaning in English, while in Arabic it means ‘glorification’. Thus, this word is transliterated to have the same pronunciation as the original language.
