IBIS, which stands for Indus
Indus River
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, towards the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows in a south…
Why is the Indus River irrigation system important to Pakistan?
The overwhelming majority of its produce comes from the areas irrigated in the Indus Basin. The IBIS is therefore essential in sustaining the agriculture and consequently economic well-being of Pakistan. The Indus Basin now serves as the bread basket of Pakistan.
How many canals are there in the Indus basin?
The Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan has three large dams, eight five small dams, nineteen barrages, twelve inter-river link canals, forty-five canal commands and 0.7 million tube wells.
How is the Indus basin being utilized?
The matter of utilization of water resources of Indus Basin was raised by Pakistan. The boundary commission, chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliff, awarded control barrages (situated very close to the border) to India, while 90 percent of irrigated land lay in Pakistan.
What is the main source of water in Indus Valley Civilization?
The main source of water comes from Western Rivers of Indus Basin which is approximately 142 million acre feet. Out of this 142 MAF, around 104 MAF is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35 million acre feet outflows to the Arabian Sea. Second main source of this irrigation system is from rain water.
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Why is the Indus Basin irrigation system so important?
The Indus River basin supplies water to the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world, providing water for 90% of the food production in Pakistan, which contributes 25% of the country's gross domestic product.
Did the Indus have irrigation?
Irrigation from Indus waters has provided the basis for successful agriculture since time immemorial. Modern irrigation engineering work commenced about 1850, and, during the period of British administration, large canal systems were constructed.
What is basin irrigation system?
Basin irrigation is the most common form of surface irrigation, particularly in regions with layouts of small fields. If a field is level in all directions, encompassed by a dyke to prevent runoff and provides an undirected flow of water onto the field, it is referred to as basin. (
How many canal systems are in Indus Basin irrigation system?
The Eastern Sadiqia canal and the Jamrao canal represent average cultivable command areas in the Indus Basin irrigation system, which covers a total of 16 million ha divided among 43 canal commands.
How did Indus valley use irrigation?
Irrigation systems of Indus valley civilization The Harappan irrigation system was one of the architectural feats. Instead of using canals or waterways all year round, they would instead merely use the flood season to their advantage. Their cities used a complex irrigation system to bring running water into homes.
How did Indus river valley civilizations use irrigation techniques?
How did Indus River Valley civilizations use irrigation techniques? Farmers used irrigation to protect fields from land overuse. Farmers used irrigation to offset flooding and protect crops. Famers used irrigation to manage the water supply for crops.
How did basin irrigation work?
Basin irrigation When the floods came, the water would be trapped in the basins formed by the walls. This grid would hold water longer than it would have naturally stayed, allowing the earth to become fully saturated for later planting.
Where is Basin irrigation used?
This method of irrigation is commonly used for row crops like potato that require sufficient moisture with adequate drainage. Furrows are small channels constructed along the field slope to carry water between the crop rows (Fig.
What is advantage of basin irrigation?
Advantages/Benefits/Pros: It has good control on irrigation water and high water application efficiency. Though the Initial cost is high, it requires less labour and has low maintenance cost. Wastage of water and soil erosion is reduced as there is bund around the basin.
Which country has the largest irrigation system in the world?
The two countries with the largest irrigated land area are China and India, which make up 21.3% and 20.6% of worldwide irrigated land area respectively. Non-sovereign territories are not ranked and are shown in italics....List of countries by irrigated land area.Rank1Country/regionChinaIrrigated land (km2)690,070Date of information2012118 more columns
What is irrigation system of Pakistan?
Abstract. The irrigation system of Pakistan is one of the largest integrated irrigation networks in the world, serving 14.4 million hectares of contiguous cultivated land. The waters of the Indus River and its tributaries feed the system.
How did canals work?
Canals use engineered structures such as: Weirs and dams: To raise river water levels to usable depths. Looping descents: To create a longer and gentler channel around a stretch of rapids or falls. Locks: So that ships and barges can ascend and descend.
What is the background of the Indus basin?
Background of Indus Basin System. The history and background of Indus Basin System is quite wide and its roots have been spread to different segments. There are different types of research reports that have been written on this project and they concluded the fact that the Indus Basin is a part of the catchments of the Indus River system ...
Where does the water come from in the Indus Basin?
Photo by Sarfraz Hayyat. There are three main sources of the water availability in the Indus Basin. The main source of water comes from Western Rivers of Indus Basin which is approximately 142 million acre feet. Out of this 142 MAF, around 104 MAF is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35 million acre feet outflows to the Arabian Sea.
What is the largest irrigation system in the world?
Indus Basin – The Largest Irrigation System of the World. The Indus Basin Project is a basically a water control project that came in to existence a result from a treaty and this famous treaty is known as Indus Water Treaty. This treaty was signed between India and Pakistan in the year 1960. According to this treaty (which this treaty guaranteed), ...
How much MAF is diverted for irrigation?
Out of this 142 MAF, around 104 MAF is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35 million acre feet outflows to the Arabian Sea. Second main source of this irrigation system is from rain water. There are different types of research reports that have clearly shown this fact that Indus Basin receive on average 40 million acres of feet ...
What is the history of the Indus Valley?
History of Indus Valley and Its Civilization. There are different types of research reports that have been written on the history and civilization of Indus valley. These research reports have been concluded the fact that the ancient people of the valley of Indus were quite expert in the field and occupation of agriculture as compared to ...
Which river did Pakistan get its water from?
According to this treaty (which this treaty guaranteed), Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River independent from upstream control by India. The construction of two main dams, the Mangla Dam which has been built on Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam which has been constructed on Indus River was the main component of this treaty.
Which country was given the exclusive use of the eastern rivers?
According to the terms and conditions of this treaty, India was given the exclusive use of the waters of the eastern rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. But unfortunately Pakistan was not given its full historic share and was allocated only 75 percent of its allowed share of the waters. As a result of this thing, ...
Why did the British start modernizing the irrigation system of the Indus Basin?
In order to reduce the occurrence of low irrigation water supply the British authorities, towards the middle of the last century, started modernizing and expanding the irrigation system of the Indus Basin.
How much water does the Indus Basin receive?
Irrigated areas of Indus Basin receive on average 40 million acres feet of water annually. The third source of water is the ground water. It provides approximately 40 percent of crop water requirements of the country.
What is the largest irrigation system in the world?
Its vast farm lands are sustained by the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS), the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. The IBIS irrigates 45 million acres of farm land which produces wheat, rice, fruits, vegetables, sugarcane, maize and cotton in abundance for local use as well as for export. This report provides the historical ...
What is the history of the Indus Valley?
Historical Background. The Indus Valley has been the host to one of the most ancient civilization of human history, the Indus Valley Civilization. After the extinction of the Indus Civilization, new settlements especially in doabs grew slowly. New irrigation systems started to evolve. Inundation canals and small dams were constructed ...
How much water does the Indus River flow?
The average annual flow of Western Rivers of Indus Basin is approximately 142 million acre feet (MAF). About 104 MAF of this water is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35 million acre feet outflows to the Arabian Sea. Another source of water is the rain fall.
What was the Indus Basin Treaty?
After a protracted negotiation of ten years through facilitation of the World Bank, the Indus Basin Treaty was signed by India and Pakistan in 1960 for distribution of water resources in the Indus Basin. According to the terms of the treaty India was given the exclusive use of the waters of the eastern rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.
Which country was given the exclusive use of the waters of the eastern rivers?
According to the terms of the treaty India was given the exclusive use of the waters of the eastern rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. Pakistan was not given its full historic share and was allocated only 75 percent of its legitimate share of the waters in Indus Basin.
How much power does the Indus dam generate?
The Indus is partially diverted there to a powerhouse that can generate 1,450 megawatts.
What was the name of the irrigation system that was cut off by British India?
At the partition of British India in 1947, the international boundary between India and what was then West Pakistan cut the irrigation system of the Bari Doab and the Sutlej Valley Project—originally designed as one scheme—into two parts. The headwork fell to India while the canals ran through Pakistan.
What was the purpose of the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority?
Following promulgation of the 1960 treaty, the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority built several linking canals and barrages to divert water from its western rivers to areas in the east lacking water.
What was the name of the treaty between India and Pakistan in 1960?
The dispute that thus arose and continued for some years was resolved through the mediation of the World Bank by a treaty between Pakistan and India (1960) known as the Indus Waters Treaty.
How big is Mangla reservoir?
Mangla Reservoir, created by the dam, is 40 miles (64 km) long and has a surface area of 100 square miles (260 square km). The project generates some 1,000 megawatts of hydroelectricity. In addition, the reservoir has been developed as a fishing centre and a tourist attraction as well as a health resort.
What is the name of the project that irrigates a former desert area?
In the plains region the Kalabagh, or Jinnah, Barrage controls the system of canals in the Thal Project , organized in 1949. The project, which irrigates a former desert area, is aimed at expanding agriculture, developing rural industry, and promoting the settlement of population in villages and towns.
Which treaty made provision for the construction of two major dams in Pakistan?
The Indus Waters Treaty also made provision for the construction of two major dams in Pakistan. The Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River near the town of Jhelum is one of the largest rolled earth-fill dams in the world.
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Indus basin irrigation system
1. Indus Basin Irrigation System Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is the world largest irrigation system and Pakistan is blessed with this irrigation system. Indus Basin Irrigation System irrigates around 45 million acres of farm land.
Where does the Indus River flow through?
Prepared by Afreen Siddiqi and Noelle Selin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2020-11-04 . 3 The Indus river flows through the entire length of Pakistan, stretching from the Himalayas to the Makran coast of the Arabian Sea, and connects with the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan.
What are the crops grown in the Indus basin?
The produced crops include wheat, rice, sugar cane, cotton, pulses and many fruits and vegetables. Most of the agricultural produce is used by domestic consumers, but some is exported to foreign consumers.
What is the largest irrigation system in the world?
The existing irrigation infrastructure in the Indus basin has expanded over two centuries (since the mid 1800s during British rule) to the present as the world’s largest, contiguous system. The system was mostly built with state-of-the art hydrological sciences and engineering knowledge of the 19thand 20thcentury7.
What are reservoirs, barrages, and canals?
The reservoirs, barrages, and canals store, regulate, and convey water for irrigation to farmers (Fig. 2, box 2-1a), and once the water reaches the farms, farmers use irrigation technologies to apply water to fields (Fig. 2, box 1-2b) and obtain agricultural produce on farms (Fig. 2, box 1-3b).
How many reservoirs are there in Pakistan?
There are 3 major reservoirs, 18 barrages, 12 inter-river link canals, and 45 major canals in the Indus basin in Pakistan. The canals network is hierarchical, with the major canals branching into 4000 distributaries, and further branching into 107,000 watercourses delivering water to farms2.
Is the irrigation system in the Indus basin a conjunctive system?
The irrigation system in the Indus basin has emerged as a conjunctive (joint) irrigation system, wherein both surface water and groundwater are accessed by farmers. However, only the surface system of canals is governed and regulated, and groundwater extraction remains unregulated.
Where was the Indus Basin Settlement Plan?
The Indus Basin Replacement Works, also known as the Indus Basin Settlement Plan, was carried out in Pakistan's Indus Basin Irrigation System, which is one of the world's largest continuous irrigation systems.
What dams were built in Pakistan?
The government of Pakistan built the Tarbela Dam and Mangla Dam and a number of barrages now managed by Punjab Irrigation Department under the Indus Basin Replacement Works. Eight inter-river canals were also built between western and eastern rivers.
History of Indus Valley and Its Civilization
Background of Indus Basin System
- The history and background of Indus Basin System is quite wide and its roots have been spread to different segments. There are different types of research reports that have been written on this project and they concluded the fact that the Indus Basin is a part of the catchments of the Indus River system that includes the northwest mountains, the Katchi plain, desert areas of Sindh, Bah…
Signing of Treaty Between Pakistan and India
- At the time of separation, two independent states came in to existence namely Pakistan and India. After the completion of process of partition, a commission was set up to resolve any issue that may emerge as a consequence of the partition. Soon after the establishment of this commission, different disputes were resolved by this commission. The Indus Basin Treaty was signed by Indi…
Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan
- The economy of Pakistan is largely depending on its agricultural products. Its share of GDP mainly comes from different products of agriculture. Therefore the importance of water is more for Pakistan as the agriculture sector of Pakistan is mainly depending upon the water and different resources of water that are available in Pakistan. In order to ...
Historical Background
Treaty Between Pakistan and India
- In 1947, the Indian sub continent was partitioned by the British into two independent states – Pakistan and India. After the partition a commission was set up to resolve any issue that may emerge as a consequence of the partition. The matter of utilization of water resources of Indus Basin was raised by Pakistan. The boundary commission, chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliff, awarded c…
Pakistan’s Ibis
- Pakistan’s economy is largely based on its agricultural produce. Water is therefore a critical resource for its sustained economic development. In order to fully utilize the river water resources, the IBIS has emerged as the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. The IBIS comprises of three large dams, eighty five small dams, nineteen b...
Water Ability of The Ibis
- There are three main sources of water availability in the Indus Basin: A. The average annual flow of Western Rivers of Indus Basin is approximately 142 million acre feet (MAF). About 104 MAF of this water is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35 million acre feet outflows to the Arabian Sea. B. Rain Water: Another source of water is the rain fall. Irrigated areas of Indus Basin receiv…
Challenges in Indus Basin Irrigation System
- For any sustainable irrigation system that is dependent on river water supplies, it is necessary to have a system of affluent disposal. However, when the British engineers designed and constructed the barrages and canals in Punjab and Sindh, they did not install an affluent disposal system. This lack of an affluent disposal system gave rise to the twin problems of water loggin…
The Economic Impact of Indus Basin Irrigation System
- The agricultural produce, in addition to providing food security constitutes: A. 23 percent of GDP B. 70 percent of total export earnings C. 54 percent employment of labour force The overwhelming majority of its produce comes from the areas irrigated in the Indus Basin. The IBIS is therefore essential in sustaining the agriculture and consequently economic well-being of Pak…
Current Problems and Recommendations
- Farmers in Pakistan receive their share of irrigation waters on a rotational basis. To protect the right of share of their water, the farmers are using more than the optimum quantity of water required for healthy crops. Lack of modern irrigation techniques and agricultural practices further add to the wastage of irrigation water. Some solutions outlined below can potentially serve to ad…