What is the Lewis structure for ClO2?
In the lewis structure of ClO 2–, there is one single bond and one double bond around the chlorine atom, with two oxygen atoms attached to it. The oxygen atom with a single bond has three lone pairs, and the oxygen atom with a double bond has two lone pairs. Also, there is a negative (-1) charge on the oxygen atom with a single bond.
Is ClO2 acid or base?
ClO2^- is a Bronsted base because it accepts a proton. H^+ + ClO2^- ==> HClO2. It can’t be a Bronsted acid for it has no H^+ to donate to anything. What kind of oxide is chlorine dioxide ClO2? Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, is an acidic oxide. It dissolves in water forming a mixture of chlorous acid and chloric acid. ClO2 is thus a mixed anhydride.
What is the molecular shape of ClO2 and why?
ClO2- is a polar molecule due to the asymmetrical distribution of charges caused by the presence of lone pair electrons. The overall formal charge in ClO2- is -1. The bond angle in ClO2- is slightly less than 109°. The molecular geometry of ClO2- is V-shaped and electron geometry is tetrahedral.
What is the name for the polyatomic ion ClO2?
The chlorite ion, or chlorine dioxide anion, is the halite with the chemical formula of ClO⁻ ₂. A chlorite is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in the oxidation state of +3. Chlorites are also known as salts of chlorous acid. Formula: ClO−; 2
How is chlorine dioxide used in water treatment?
According to EPA, chlorine dioxide is used “in public water-treatment facilities, to make water safe for drinking.” When chlorine dioxide is added...
Is chlorine dioxide a miracle cure for numerous diseases and illnesses?
No. Claims that chlorine dioxide is a treatment or cure for medical ailments such as autism, HIV, malaria, hepatitis viruses, influenza, common col...
Does chlorine dioxide remove odor?
In water, chlorine dioxide is used to remove unpleasant tastes and odors, as well as to kill algae and bacteria that produce some bad tastes and od...
When was chlorine dioxide first used?
The Niagara Falls, New York, water treatment plant first used chlorine dioxide for drinking water treatment in 1944 for destroying "taste and odor producing phenolic compounds ". Chlorine dioxide was introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale in 1956, when Brussels, Belgium, changed from chlorine to chlorine dioxide. Its most common use in water treatment is as a pre- oxidant prior to chlorination of drinking water to destroy natural water impurities that would otherwise produce trihalomethanes on exposure to free chlorine. Trihalomethanes are suspect carcinogenic disinfection by-products associated with chlorination of naturally occurring organics in the raw water. Chlorine dioxide is also superior to chlorine when operating above pH 7, in the presence of ammonia and amines and for the control of biofilms in water distribution systems. Chlorine dioxide is used in many industrial water treatment applications as a biocide including cooling towers, process water, and food processing.
What is the advantage of not using chloride based processes?
Two advantages of not using the chloride-based processes are that there is no formation of elemental chlorine, and that sodium sulfate, a valuable chemical for the pulp mill, is a side-product.
What are the dangers of chlorine dioxide?
Potential hazards with chlorine dioxide include health concerns, explosiveness and fire ignition. It is commonly used as a bleach . Chlorine dioxide was discovered in 1811 by Sir Humphry Davy and has been widely used for bleaching purposes in the paper industry, and for treatment of drinking water.
Is chlorine dioxide a miracle mineral?
See also: Miracle Mineral Supplement. Chlorine dioxide is fraudulently marketed as a magic cure for a range of diseases from Brain cancer to HIV/AIDS. Enemas of chlorine dioxide are a supposed cure for childhood autism, resulting in complaints to the FDA reporting life-threatening reactions, and even death.
Is trihalomethane a carcinogen?
Trihalomethanes are suspect carcinogenic disinfection by-products associated with chlorination of naturally occurring organics in the raw water. Chlorine dioxide is also superior to chlorine when operating above pH 7, in the presence of ammonia and amines and for the control of biofilms in water distribution systems.
Is chlorine dioxide a concentrated gas?
The decomposition can be initiated by light, hot spots, chemical reaction, or pressure shock. Thus, chlorine dioxide gas is never handled in concentrated form, but is almost always handled as a dissolved gas in water in a concentration range of 0.5 to 10 grams per liter.
Is chlorine dioxide a paramagnetic radical?
Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyze when it enters water; it remains a dissolved gas in solution. Chlorine dioxide is approximately 10 times more soluble in water than chlorine. The molecule ClO 2 has an odd number of valence electrons, and therefore, it is a paramagnetic radical.
What is chlorine dioxide?
Chlorine dioxide is a disinfectant. When added to drinking water, it helps destroy bacteria, viruses and some types of parasites that can make people sick, such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide in drinking water to be no greater ...
Why is chlorine dioxide added to water?
According to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, chlorine dioxide is added to drinking water to protect people from harmful bacteria and other microorganisms.
What is the maximum exposure limit for chlorine dioxide?
OSHA has set a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for chlorine dioxide at 0.1 parts per million (ppm), or 0.3 milligrams (mg) per cubic meters (m3) for workers using chlorine dioxide for general industrial purposes. OSHA also has a PEL for chlorine dioxide for the construction industry.
Is chlorine dioxide dangerous?
In its pure form, chlorine dioxide is a hazardous gas but most people are “ not likely ” to breathe air containing dangerous levels of chlorine dioxide as it rapidly breaks down in air to chlorine gas and oxygen. For workers who use chlorine dioxide, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration (OSHA) regulates the level of chlorine dioxide in workplace air for safety. OSHA has set a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for chlorine dioxide at 0.1 parts per million (ppm), or 0.3 milligrams (mg) per cubic meters (m3) for workers using chlorine dioxide for general industrial purposes. OSHA also has a PEL for chlorine dioxide for the construction industry. Chlorine dioxide is always made at the location where it is used.
Is chlorine dioxide safe for hospitals?
Researchers have found that at appropriate concentrations, chlorine dioxide is both safe and effective at helping to eliminate Legionella bacteria in hospital environments.
How long does chlorine dioxide stay in your mouth?
Chlorine dioxide 0.01% to 0.8% solutions are swished around the mouth for 30-60 seconds and then spit out. When applied to the skin: Chlorine dioxide is POSSIBLY SAFE when used by healthcare professionals to clean small wounds. Special Precautions and Warnings.
What is the name of the solution that is used to treat bad breath?
Some people use diluted solutions of chlorine dioxide for bad breath, tooth plaque, and wound healing, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Can chlorine dioxide cause red blood cells to break down?
Stay on the safe side and avoid use. An inherited disorder that causes red blood cells to break down in response to stress (G6PD deficiency): People with this condition who use chlorine dioxide may be at an increased risk for red blood cell rupture. Avoid using.
Is chlorine dioxide safe for breast feeding?
Pregnancy and breast -feeding: Chlorine dioxide supplements are LIKELY UNSAFE when taken by mouth during pregnancy or breast-feeding. There isn't enough reliable information to know if chlorine dioxide is safe to apply to the skin or use as a mouthwash when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Can chlorine dioxide cause diarrhea?
At the doses found in supplements, chlorine dioxide can cause serious side effects, including severe vomiting and diarrhea, liver failure, and death. Beware that most chlorine dioxide supplements usually show another ingredient on the label (sodium chlorite). Sodium chlorite is mixed with citric acid to make chlorine dioxide.
Does chlorine dioxide help with tooth plaque?
Tooth plaque. Early research shows that rinsing with a mouthwash containing 0.01% chlorine dioxide doesn't reduce tooth plaque. Thrush. Early research shows that rinsing with a mouthwash containing 0.8% chlorine dioxide can improve the symptoms and appearance of thrush.
Can chlorine dioxide be used to soak dentures?
It is also used to soak dentures overnight. Wound healing. Early research shows that using a chlorine dioxide solution to disinfect small cuts doesn't work any better than salt water. Other conditions. More evidence is needed to rate chlorine dioxide for these uses. Side Effects.
What license is CAS Common Chemistry?
The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
Is chlorite an inorganic or a oxoanion?
Chlorite is a chlorine oxoanion and a monovalent inorganic anion. It is a conjugate base of a chlorous acid.
Overview
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 °C and −59 °C, and as bright orange crystals below −59 °C. It does not hydrolyze when it enters water, and is usually handled as an aqueous solution. Potential hazards with chlorine dioxide include poisoning and the risk of spontaneous ignition or explosion on contact with flammable materials. It is also commonly used as a bleach.
Structure and bonding
Chlorine dioxide is a neutral chlorine compound. It is very different from elemental chlorine, both in its chemical structure and in its behavior. One of the most important qualities of chlorine dioxide is its high water solubility, especially in cold water. Chlorine dioxide does not react with water; it remains a dissolved gas in solution. Chlorine dioxide is approximately 10 times more sol…
Properties
Chlorine dioxide is a reddish-yellow gas at standard temperature and pressure. It is somewhat unstable, and strong acids can decompose it into chlorine and oxygen. For this reason, it is dangerous to add sulfuric acid or any strong acid to a solid chlorate because of the production of chlorine dioxide.
A solution of chlorine dioxide in water is yellow to yellowish-brown.
Preparation
Chlorine dioxide is a compound that can decompose violently when separated from diluting substances. As a result, preparation methods that involve producing solutions of it without going through a gas-phase stage are often preferred. Arranging handling in a safe manner is essential.
In the laboratory, ClO2 can be prepared by oxidation of sodium chlorite with chlorine:
Traditionally, chlorine dioxide for disinfection applications has been made from sodium chlorite o…
Handling properties
At partial pressures above 10 kPa (1.5 psi) (or gas-phase concentrations greater than 10% volume in air at STP) of ClO2 may explosively decompose into chlorine and oxygen. The decomposition can be initiated by light, hot spots, chemical reaction, or pressure shock. Thus, chlorine dioxide is never handled as a pure gas, but is almost always handled in an aqueous solution in concentrations between 0.5 to 10 grams per liter. Its solubility increases at lower temperatures, …
Uses
Chlorine dioxide is used for bleaching of wood pulp and for the disinfection (called chlorination) of municipal drinking water, treatment of water in oil and gas applications, disinfection in the food industry, microbiological control in cooling towers, and textile bleaching. As a disinfectant, it is effective even at low concentrations because of its unique qualities.
Chlorine dioxide is sometimes used for bleaching of wood pulp in combination with chlorine, bu…
Safety issues in water and supplements
Chlorine dioxide is toxic, and limits on human exposure are required to ensure its safe use. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum level of 0.8 mg/L for chlorine dioxide in drinking water. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an agency of the United States Department of Labor, has set an 8-hour permissible exposure limit of 0.1 ppm in air (0.3 mg/m ) for people working with chlorine dioxide.
External links
• Media related to chlorine dioxide at Wikimedia Commons