what is the principle of saturation

Three principles that can be helpful in creating saturation are:

• Completeness: That the information covers everything you want to present and gains full attention.
• Consistency: That the information is internally and externally consistent, so it does not cause any dissonance and breakout thinking.
• Continuity: That a steady 'wall of information' is given, without breaks, so constant attention is sustained.

Full Answer

What is “saturation”?

“Saturation” is a term that often comes up when we are interested in qualitative methodology and, in particular qualitative interviews. The concept of saturation is related to the number of interviews to be conducted in qualitative research.

What happens when a solution is saturated?

Similarly in science, when a solution is saturated, it can't dissolve anymore solute and has reached it's highest possible concentration. We already looked at one example of a saturation, the sugar dissolving in our lemonade. But saturation is also important in other areas of chemistry as well.

What is saturation in qualitative research?

As noted by Marshall et al. (2013) and Guest et al. (2006), the concept of saturation in qualitative research is often invoked but rarely defined. Over the years, it has become a vague term that needs to be precisely defined. the point in time when the collection of new qualitative data no longer changes or changes little, your coding manual

When does theoretical saturation occur?

According to Starks and Trinidad ( 2007: p. 1375), however, theoretical saturation occurs ‘when the complete range of constructs that make up the theory is fully represented by the data’.

What is saturation in sampling?

When used in the broader context, saturation refers to the point in data collection when no additional issues or insights are identified and data begin to repeat so that further data collection is redundant, signifying that an adequate sample size is reached.

What is saturation level in research?

Data saturation refers to the point in the research process when no new information is discovered in data analysis, and this redundancy signals to researchers that data collection may cease.

How do you determine saturation in qualitative research?

Saturation in qualitative research is when, through the course of interviewing (or observation), you notice the same themes coming out, repeatedly. As you interview more and more participants, you stop finding new themes, ideas, opinions, or patterns.

What does saturation mean in grounded theory?

In grounded theory, the term theoretical saturation is used, which refers to the point in data collection when no additional issues or insights emerge from data and all relevant conceptual categories have been identified, explored, and exhausted.

How is data saturation determined?

Data saturation is reached when there is enough information to replicate the study when the ability to obtain additional new information has been attained, and when further coding is no longer feasible.

Why is the concept of data saturation important?

Data saturation is important to achieve. It is reached when there is enough information to replicate the study, when the ability of obtain additional new information has been attained, and when further coding (identification of themes) is no longer feasible.

What influences data saturation?

We identify six parameters influencing saturation in focus group data: study purpose, type of codes, group stratification, number of groups per stratum, and type and degree of saturation.

How do you achieve thematic saturation?

Thematic saturation is achieved when further observations and analysis reveal no new themes (Green and Thorogood 2004). It may be achieved without discovering the fullness of relationships between themes.

What is data saturation quizlet?

Data saturation. In qualitative research, the point in enrollment of study participants at which the researcher is obtaining only redundant information and not learning anything new from the most recently recruited study participants.

What is principle of saturation is qualitative research design?

Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary.

Does grounded theory require saturation?

With grounded theory, data analysis and collection occur iteratively until you reach theoretical saturation. Once you have saturated all that you can learn about a particular topic, you no longer need to collect more data. In grounded theory, you aim for theoretical saturation.

What is the difference between theoretical saturation and data saturation?

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How do researchers know if a project has reached saturation quizlet?

How does the nurse researcher know when data saturation has been reached? B Data saturation occurs when the researcher recognizes that he or she has heard themes before in multiple prior interviews. A nurse reads a qualitative study concerning the grief process.

What kind of sampling is used in qualitative research?

Purposive sampling It is often used in qualitative research, where the researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon rather than make statistical inferences, or where the population is very small and specific. An effective purposive sample must have clear criteria and rationale for inclusion.

What Is Saturation?

Saturation is a physical and chemical state where a system can take no more. In a solution like lemonade, the rate at which the particles move into solution and out of solution are equal and the highest concentration of solute is achieved. No more sugar can be dissolved in the water when the lemonade is saturated. This is idea for your lemonade to make sure it is as sweet as possible! But the concept of saturation is also important in several different areas of science, and we're going to look at a few examples here.

What affects the saturation of a solute?

Lastly, the physical and chemical properties of both the solute and the solvent affect how much saturation can be achieved. For example, non-polar solutes, such as lipids do not dissolve well in polar solutions like water. Thus, saturation will be low for these combinations of solute and solvent.

Why is saturated solution important?

Saturated solutions are an important part of chemistry. There are several factors that can affect how saturated a solution can be. The first aspect is temperature. Hotter solutions are better able to dissolve solute and thus increase saturation compared to cold solutions. When molecules have a greater temperature, they are able to move faster and spread out more and thus more solute can be dissolved.

What is saturation in science?

Saturation is a physical or chemical situation where a system can take no more of a substance. Saturation occurs in many different areas of science. Saturated solutions occur when there is the maximum concentration of solute in a solution.

What is the term for the maximum number of carbon and hydrogen bonds?

Saturation is also a term used to describe alkyl chains that have the maximum number of carbon and hydrogen bonds. Several conditions affect saturation of solutions, including temperature, pressure and the chemical properties of the solute and solvent. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account.

What is saturated chain?

When a hydrocarbon chain like this is saturated, it means that all of the available carbon atoms have bonds with hydrogen atoms. In lipids, this gives properties such as being solid at room temperature and being able to pack tightly together with other lipids.

Why are enzymes saturated?

Enzymes are saturated when there is the maximum amount of substrate present, the molecule the enzyme works on. This means that the enzyme is working at maximum speed. Enzymes become saturated when they are working at their maximum speed due to a high concentration of substrate.

Those Who Say a Great Revival Is Coming

I would hear ministers say that the Great end-time revival has already started.

Rain is God Moving

When we talk about rain falling, we have to translate that correctly into our thinking.

Call to Action

There were men who paid the price to bring down saturation rains from heaven. God used them in mighty ways and with a strong anointing. It’s not just a past tense phenomenon. There were men who paid the price and there are men who are paying the price. Do you hear the sound of the abundance of rain? ( 1 Kings 18:41) How about joining in on the fun?

How to measure saturation?

It is reasonable to say that before 2006, no research had been done on the concept of saturation itself. In an article that has become central to qualitative research, Guest, Bunce, and Johnson (2006) finally dared to open Pandora’s box and tackle a subject that had previously been treated only superficially.

What is saturation in qualitative research?

“Saturation” is a term that often comes up when we are interested in qualitative methodology and, in particular qualitative interviews. The concept of saturation is related to the number of interviews to be conducted in qualitative research.

What countries did the 3 authors study to determine the number of new codes?

Based on qualitative research carried out in 2 African countries (Ghana and Nigeria), they measured the number of new codes that appeared per group of 6 interviews (see graph below).

Does the number of codes found decrease with the number of interviews conducted?

As can be seen, the number of codes found decreases with the number of interviews conducted. This is logical and illustrates the idea of diminishing returns. However, what is more, surprising is the “speed” at which this decrease in yield occurs. Beyond the 18th interview, new codes become rarer until they almost disappear beyond the 36th interview.

How to determine oxygen level?

The level of oxygen in your blood depends on several key factors: 1 How much oxygen you breathe in 2 How well the alveoli swap carbon dioxide for oxygen 3 How much hemoglobin is concentrated in red blood cells 4 How well hemoglobin attracts oxygen

How does hypoxemia affect oxygen levels?

Whereas hypoxia is a change in oxygen levels of the organs and muscles, hypoxemia relates to decreased oxygen concentration in the blood only . Your cells can adapt to a lack of oxygen when the deficiency is small.

Why is blood supply reduced in anemia?

With anemia, blood supply to the tissues is reduced because there are not enough healthy red blood cells with hemoglobin to carry oxygen. Sometimes a red blood cell transfusion is necessary to increase the level of healthy red blood cells. 11. Oxygen Saturation and COPD.

What is the normal oxygen level in the blood?

Normal oxygen saturation is usually between 95% and 100% for most healthy adults. 1 Any level below this is considered dangerous and needs treatment.

How long does it take for the brain to die from oxygen deprivation?

The brain is the most susceptible organ to hypoxia, and brain cells can begin to die within five minutes of oxygen deprivation. Should hypoxia last longer, coma, seizures, and brain death can occur. 10. It is very important to determine the cause of low oxygen saturation in order to correct the problem.

Why does oxygen saturation decrease?

Blood disorders, problems with circulation, and lung issues may prevent your body from absorbing or transporting enough oxygen. In turn, that can lower your blood's oxygen saturation level.

What does it mean when your oxygen level is below a certain level?

Any level below this is concerning and in need of immediate medical attention, since it means your organs, tissues, and cells aren't getting the oxygen they need to function properly.

What is saturation in qualitative research?

Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research . It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation—as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question (s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.

What is saturation in research?

Considering the various types of research in which saturation might feature helps to clarify the purposes it is intended to fulfil. When used in a deductive approach to analysis, saturation serves to demonstrate the extent to which the data instantiate previously determined conceptual categories, whereas in more inductive approaches, and grounded theory in particular, it says something about the adequacy of sampling in relation to theory development (although we have seen that there are differing accounts of how specifically this should be achieved). In narrative research, a role for saturation is harder to discern. Rather than the sufficient development of theory, it might be seen to indicate the ‘completeness’ of a biographical account. However, one could question whether the point at which a participant’s story is interpreted as being ‘complete’—having presumably conveyed everything seen to be relevant to the focus of the study—is, in fact, usefully described by the concept of saturation, given the distance that this moves us away from the operationalization of saturation in broadly thematic approaches. This might, furthermore, lead us to ask whether there is the risk of saturation losing its coherence and utility if its potential conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.

What is saturation in data analysis?

one that relies wholly or predominantly on applying pre-identified codes, themes or other analytical categories to the data, rather than allowing these to emerge inductively) saturation may refer to the extent to which pre-determined codes or themes are adequately represented in the data—rather like the idea of the categories being sufficiently replete with instances, or ‘examples’, of data, as suggested in the a priori thematic saturation model outlined above. Thus, in their attempt to establish an adequate sample size for saturation, Francis et al. ( 2010) refer explicitly to research in which conceptual categories have been pre-established through existing theory, and it is significant in this respect that they link saturation with the notion of content validity. In contrast, within a more inductive approach (e.g. the inductive thematic saturation and theoretical saturation models outlined above), saturation suggests the extent to which ‘new’ codes or themes are identified within the data, and/or the extent to which new theoretical insights are gained from the data via this process.

What are the four models of saturation?

These have been labelled as: theoretical saturation, inductive thematic saturation, a priori thematic saturation, and data saturation. Moving forward, the identification and recognition of these different models of saturation may aid qualitative researchers in untangling some of the inconsistencies and contradictions that characterize its use.

What happened after the 10th interview?

After the 10th interview, there were no new themes generated from the interviews. Therefore, it was deemed that the data collection had reached a saturation point. We continued data collection for two more interviews to ensure and confirm that there are no new themes emerging (Jassim and Whitford ( 2014: pp. 190–191).

What is theoretical saturation?

In contrast to data saturation and inductive thematic saturation, the first model of saturation considered, theoretical saturation—as based on the grounded theory notion of determining when the properties of theoretical categories are adequately developed —indicates that the process of analysis is at a more advanced stage and at a higher level of theoretical generality. Accordingly, Zhao and Davey ( 2015: p. 1178) refer to a form of saturation determined by ‘theoretical completeness’ and ceased sampling ‘when dimensions and gaps of each category of the grounded theory had been explicated,’ and Bowen ( 2008) gives a detailed account of how evidence of saturation emerged at the level of thematic categories and the broader process of theory construction.

What is the criterion for judging when to stop sampling the different groups pertinent to a category?

The criterion for judging when to stop sampling the different groups pertinent to a category is the category’s theoretical saturation. Saturation means that no additional data are being found whereby the sociologist can develop properties of the category. As he sees similar instances over and over again, the researcher becomes empirically confident that a category is saturated. He goes out of his way to look for groups that stretch diversity of data as far as possible, just to make certain that saturation is based on the widest possible range of data on the category.

What is salt saturation?

Salt Saturation Test is a test for the precipitation of proteins and their differentiation from other proteins by using the salting-out technique. Salting out is the process of precipitation of proteins by increasing the concentration of salt in the solution. The salts used in this technique are mostly neutral mineral salts like MgSO 4, Na 2 SO 4, and (NH) 2 SO 4. The salt solubilization test also helps in the differentiation of proteins as some proteins precipitate under lower salt concentrations while others require higher concentrations. The reagent used for the test might differ depending on the preference with salts like ammonium sulfate being used due to their increased solubility. The salt saturation test can be performed either as half saturation or full saturation depending on the type of proteins being detected. In the half-saturation, the solution is just half saturated with the salt, but in full saturation, the solution is completely saturated with the salt.

What is the difference between salt saturation and full saturation?

In the half-saturation, the solution is just half saturated with the salt, but in full saturation, the solution is completely saturated with the salt.

How do salts help in protein aggregation?

At first, the higher concentration of mineral salts osmotically removes water from the hydration layer around proteins, which then depletes the immobilized layer of water surrounding each of the protein particles. Secondly, the cations and anions of the mineral salts bind with the respective counterionic groups on the protein particles to reduce the surface charges of the proteins. Both of these mechanisms aid in the aggregation and precipitation of protein particles. The concentration of the salt required for the precipitation of proteins depends on the surface area of the proteins. Smaller molecules like albumin have a larger surface area which requires a higher concentration of salt, whereas larger molecules like casein, gelatin, and globulin have a smaller surface area and require smaller concentrations.

What salts are used in the solubilization test?

The salts used in this technique are mostly neutral mineral salts like MgSO 4, Na 2 SO 4, and (NH) 2 SO 4. The salt solubilization test also helps in the differentiation of proteins as some proteins precipitate under lower salt concentrations while others require higher concentrations.

What does the formation of a white precipitate in the solution under half saturation indicate?

The formation of a white precipitate in the solution under half-saturation indicates a positive result. This result confirms the presence of globulin in the solution.

What mechanism helps to reduce the surface charges of proteins?

Secondly, the cations and anions of the mineral salts bind with the respective counterionic groups on the protein particles to reduce the surface charges of the proteins. Both of these mechanisms aid in the aggregation and precipitation of protein particles.

Which molecules require a higher concentration of salt?

The concentration of the salt required for the precipitation of proteins depends on the surface area of the proteins. Smaller molecules like albumin have a larger surface area which requires a higher concentration of salt, whereas larger molecules like casein, gelatin, and globulin have a smaller surface area and require smaller concentrations.

What is saturation in qualitative research?

Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research . It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation—as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question (s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.

What is a WATSU?

Introduction WATSU (WaterShiatsu) is a treatment administered in warm water. The present study investigated if and how frequently scientifically studied application areas and effects of WATSU occur in practice, whether similar effectiveness of WATSU is observed in trials and practice, and whether practitioners can contribute additional application areas and effects of WATSU. Methods Application areas and effects of WATSU reported in a recent systematic review were extracted verbatim to be assessed in a worldwide multilingual cross section online survey, generating quantitative and qualitative data. A pre-test and retest were conducted to ensure quality and evaluate the questionnaire's psychometric properties. Results Answers of 191 respondents were processed. All proposed 26 application areas and 20 effects were confirmed, each with relatively high ratings of observed effectiveness of WATSU. WATSU was frequently applied in healthy individuals (including during pregnancy), and individuals in various pain- (e.g., low back pain, neck pain, myofascial pain, fibromyalgia) and stress-related (e.g., stress, depression, sleep disorders, fatigue, anxiety disorders) conditions. Frequently confirmed effects were physical relaxation, relief of physical tension, pain relief, increased mobility and flexibility, improved quality of life, spiritual experiences, and increased psychological health. Respondents contributed 73 additional application areas and effects (both, mental and physical) of WATSU. Conclusions Application areas and effects of WATSU are consistently employed practically and scientifically. Respondents’ ratings of effectiveness of WATSU match tentative research efforts. WATSU is cautiously recommended for the use in pain- and stress-related conditions. Short- and long-term effectiveness of WATSU need to be evaluated in high level intervention studies.

What is FIT in Germany?

Background Model projects for flexible and integrated treatment (FIT) in Germany aim at advancing the quality of care for people with mental disorders. A new FIT model project was established in 2017 at the Department of child and adolescent psychiatry (KJP) of the University Hospital Tübingen (Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, UKT). The study design of EVA_TIBAS presented here describes the evaluation of the FIT model project at the KJP of the UKT. This evaluation aims at quantifying the anticipated FIT model project changes, which are to improve patients’ cross-sectoral care at the same maximum cost as standard care. Methods EVA_TIBAS is a controlled cohort study using a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods. The FIT evaluation consists of three modules. In Module A, anonymized claims data of a statutory health insurance fund will be used to compare outcomes (duration of inpatient and day care psychiatric treatment, inpatient and day care psychiatric length of stay, outpatient psychiatric treatment in hospital, inpatient hospital readmission, emergency admission rate, direct medical costs) of patients treated in the model hospital with patients treated in structurally comparable control hospitals (estimated sample size = ca. 600 patients). In Module B, patient-reported outcomes (health related quality of life, symptom burden, return to psychosocial relationships (e.g. school, friends, hobbies), treatment satisfaction, societal costs) will be assessed quantitatively using validated questionnaires for the model and two control hospitals (estimated sample size = ca. 300 patients). A subsequent health economic evaluation will be based on cost-effectiveness analyses from both the insurance fund’s and the societal perspective. In Module C, about 30 semi-structured interviews will examine the quality of offer, effects and benefits of the service offered by the social service of the AOK Baden-Württemberg (for stabilizing the overall situation of care in the family) in the model hospital. A focus group discussion will address the quality of cooperation between employees of the university hospital and the social services. Discussion The results of this evaluation will be used to inform policy makers whether this FIT model project or aspects of it should be implemented into standard care. Trial registration This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov PRS (ID: NCT04727359 , date: 27 January 2021).

Why is physical activity important after MBS?

PurposePhysical activity is critical for weight loss maintenance and cardiometabolic disease prevention after metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS), but few patients meet recommended levels. While difficulties meeting physical activity recommendations are common in the general population, those who have undergone MBS may have unique psychological barriers to activity that impede success, including negative associations with physical activity that are related to a long history with obesity, weight stigma, and physical limitations. This qualitative study aimed to better understand the positive and negative emotional experiences of post-MBS patients with regard to physical activity to inform the development of an emotion-focused intervention to increase physical activity after MBS.Methods Adults who had MBS in the past 2 years completed semi-structured interviews and psychological/behavioral questionnaires. After transcription, a codebook was developed using inductive and deductive methods. Coded data were analyzed using content analysis.ResultsParticipants were 23 adults (78% female). Contexts that contributed to positive emotions during physical activity included an enjoyable type of exercise, social interaction, mindfulness during exercise, and mastery. Contexts that contributed to negative affect were more unique to the MBS population, including all-or-nothing thinking about exercise, using distraction, depression, negative body image, exercising only for weight loss, and the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusion For most participants, emotional factors were relevant in the decision to be physically active and in their ability to maintain their habits. An intervention that encourages factors that lead to positive affect and addresses factors that lead to negative affect could be effective in increasing physical activity following MBS.Graphical abstract

What is the phenomenon of interest of this study?

The phenomenon of interest of this study was the woman’s perspective on what it was like to live with fibromyalgia (FMS). Aphenomenological study was conducted utilizing participant interviews, focus groups, and observations of FMS support groups. The participants portrayed the unending struggle of living with FMS with progressive disability further complicated by lack of trust and not feeling safe with the healthcare provider and system. Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS) are crucial in educating healthcare providers on FMS, individualizing care to slow disability and promote quality of life, and influencing policy-making bodies to improve healthcare services.

How does digitisation affect microfinance?

This paper argues that beyond the numerous advantages digitisation is supposed to bring, it may also hinder financial inclusion if it completely replaces the loan officer-client relationship that has been a hallmark of microfinance. Based on questionnaires and on 21 semi-structured interviews with managers and loan officers of four microfinance institutions in Zambia, our research highlights the trade-offs that need to be considered when digitising the lending process. The study argues for a blended approach between digital technologies and flexibility through human touch if microfinance institutions are to retain the competitive advantage, as well as enhance the production and quality of soft information for financial inclusion in less mature markets.

Is saturation related to theoretical sampling?

of analysis. Saturation is therefore closely related to the notion of theoretical sampling—

How does compression arthralgia affect diving?

Compression arthralgia is a deep aching pain in the joints caused by exposure to high ambient pressure at a relatively high rate of compression, experienced by underwater divers. The pain may occur in the knees, shoulders, fingers, back, hips, neck or ribs, and may be sudden and intense in onset and may be accompanied by a feeling of roughness in the joints. Onset commonly occurs around 60 msw (meters of sea water), and symptoms are variable depending on depth, compression rate and personal susceptibility. Intensity increases with depth and may be aggravated by exercise. Compression arthralgia is generally a problem of deep diving, particularly deep saturation diving, where at sufficient depth even slow compression may produce symptoms. The use of trimix can reduce the symptoms. Spontaneous improvement may occur over time at depth, but this is unpredictable, and pain may persist into decompression. Compression arthralgia may be easily distinguished from decompression sickness as it starts during descent, is present before starting decompression, and resolves with decreasing pressure, the opposite of decompression sickness. The pain may be sufficiently severe to limit the diver's capacity for work, and may also limit the depth of downward excursions.

How long does decompression sickness last?

This protocol, known as decompression, can last for several hours for dives in excess of 50 metres (160 ft) when divers spend more than a few minutes at these depths. The longer divers remain at depth, the more inert gas is absorbed into their body tissues, and the time required for decompression increases rapidly. This presents a problem for operations that require divers to work for extended periods at depth, as the time spent decompressing can exceed the time spent doing useful work by a large margin. However, after somewhere around 72 hours under any given pressure, depending on the ingassing model used, divers' bodies become saturated with inert gas, and no further uptake occurs. From that point onward, no increase in decompression time is necessary. The practice of saturation diving takes advantage of this by providing a means for divers to remain at depth pressure for days or weeks. At the end of that period, divers need to carry out a single saturation decompression, which is much more efficient and a lower risk than making multiple short dives, each of which requires a lengthy decompression time. By making the single decompression slower and longer, in the controlled conditions and relative comfort of the saturation habitat or decompression chamber, the risk of decompression sickness during the single exposure is further reduced.

What is the name of the gas used in deep sea diving?

A hydrogen–helium–oxygen ( hydreliox) gas mixture was used during a similar on shore scientific test dive by three divers involved in an experiment for the French Comex S.A. industrial deep-sea diving company in 1992. On 18 November 1992, Comex decided to stop the experiment at an equivalent of 675 meters of sea water (msw) (2215 fsw) because the divers were suffering from insomnia and fatigue. All three divers wanted to push on but the company decided to decompress the chamber to 650 msw (2133 fsw). On 20 November 1992, Comex diver Theo Mavrostomos was given the go-ahead to continue but spent only two hours at 701 msw (2300 fsw). Comex had planned for the divers to spend four and a half days at this depth and carry out tasks.

What is saturation diving?

Saturation diving is diving for periods long enough to bring all tissues into equilibrium with the partial pressures of the inert components of the breathing gas. It is a diving technique that allows divers working at great depths to reduce the total time spent undergoing decompression.

Why do divers get rashes?

This is thought to be a consequence of raised partial pressure of oxygen, and relatively high temperatures and humidity in the accommodation.

How long did Max Nohl dive?

Their decompression lasted five hours leaving Nohl with a mild case of decompression sickness that resolved with recompression.

Why do you need a hot water suit for diving?

To prevent hypothermia, hot-water suits are commonly used for saturation diving, and the breathing gas supply may be heated. Heated water is produced at the surface and piped to the bell through a hot-water line in the bell umbilical, then is transferred to the divers through their excursion umbilicals.

Summary

Definition of The Concept of Saturation

• As noted by Marshall et al. (2013) and Guest et al. (2006), the concept of saturation in qualitative research is often invoked but rarely defined. Over the years, it has become a vague term that needs to be precisely defined. We can formulate the definition of the concept of saturation in different ways: 1. the point in time when the collection of ...

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How to Measure Saturation?

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