Golden rice was created by transforming rice with two beta-carotene biosynthesis genes:
- psy ( phytoene synthase) from daffodil ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
- crtI ( phytoene desaturase) from the soil bacterium Erwinia uredovora
What is golden rice and how is it produced?
Rice is life for Filipinos and an integral part of our diet,” he added. Golden rice is a genetically modified, biofortified crop engineered to produce beta-carotene, which is not normally present in rice. Beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A when ...
How to make best rice in rice cooker?
Instructions
- Deliciously simple, this Easy Coconut Rice made with Jasmine rice, coconut milk, and green onion can be enjoyed as a side dish or as part of the main entree made ...
- Wash the rice to remove excess starch. Step 2
- Add all the ingredients (except for the garnishes) into your rice cooker and push start! It’s really that easy. ...
- Serve and garnish.
Is golden rice genetic engineering?
This compound is what gives this grain its yellow-orange or golden color, hence its name. Golden Rice is developed through genetic engineering. While ordinary rice does produce beta carotene, it is not found in the grain.
Why was Golden Rice created?
Golden Rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of the rice. [1] [2] It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A .
How do you make Golden Rice step by step?
In a medium bowl, add cooked white rice, egg yolks, salt, Shaoxing wine, white pepper, and sesame oil. Add the turmeric (if using), and mix until every grain of rice is well-coated. There should be no lumps or chunks of rice. Preheat a wok over high heat until it starts to smoke.
What is Golden Rice 2 and how was it created?
Golden Rice was engineered from normal rice by Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer in the 1990s to help improve human health. Golden Rice has an engineered multi-gene biochemical pathway in its genome. This pathway produces beta-carotene, a molecule that becomes vitamin A when metabolized by humans.
How long did it take to make Golden Rice?
It took 10 years —from 1980 to 1990— to develop the necessary technology to introduce genes into rice. It took another nine years—from 1990 to 1999—to introduce the genes that make up the pathway for provitamin A biosynthesis into the seed. And it took five more years—from 1999 to 2004—to develop Golden Rice.
What crops are used to make Golden Rice?
The technology used to make Golden Rice involved newly introducing genes from maize and a common soil bacterium to white rice in around 2004. All the other stages of development have involved conventional plant breeding.
Is Golden Rice safe to eat?
Golden Rice has been assessed to be as safe as ordinary rice with the added benefit of beta-carotene in the grains by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (22 February 2018), Health Canada (16 March 2018), the United States Food and Drug Administration (24 May 2018) and Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Plant ...
Why is Golden Rice yellow?
The endosperm of Golden Rice (Oryza sativa) is yellow due to the accumulation of β-carotene (provitamin A) and xanthophylls. The product of the two carotenoid biosynthesis transgenes used in Golden Rice, phytoene synthase (PSY) and the bacterial carotene desaturase (CRTI), is lycopene, which has a red color.
Why is Golden Rice not being used?
Negligible beta carotene content – The current version of the Golden Rice, GR2E contains a negligible amount of beta-carotene (from 3.57 ug/g to 22 ug/g), which the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) also acknowledged, making the product useless in addressing Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in contrast to ...
Is Golden Rice expensive?
As a result of the donation of the technology from its creators Professors Potrykus and Beyer, and their agreements with the Government research institutes involved, the additional nutrition in Golden Rice is free of cost to growers or consumers: Golden Rice will cost no more than white rice.
Who invented rice?
Many cultures have evidence of early rice cultivation, including China, India, and the civilizations of Southeast Asia. However, the earliest archaeological evidence comes from central and eastern China and dates to 7000–5000 bce.
Who makes Golden Rice?
Golden Rice was developed in the late 1990s by German plant scientists Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer to combat vitamin A deficiency, the leading cause of childhood blindness. Low levels of vitamin A also contribute to deaths from infectious diseases such as measles.
What is the price of Golden Rice?
The avg. market price of Golden Rice in India is Rs 66/ Kilogram.
Is Golden Rice allowed in India?
"It may be clarified that there is no commercial variety of GM rice in India, in fact the commercial GM cultivation of rice is banned in India. There is no question of export of GM rice from India," the ministry said in a statement.
What is Golden Rice and why is it important?
Golden rice is a genetically modified, biofortified crop. Biofortification increases the nutritional value of crops. Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which is not normally present in rice. Beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A when metabolized by the human body.
How was Golden Rice created quizlet?
Rice genetically engineered to synthesise beta carotene in the endosperm. Beta carotene makes the rice yellow. Two genes coding for enzymes which synthesise a precursor of beta carotene (phytoene) were extracted from daffodils.
What is Golden Rice quizlet?
What is golden rice? Engineered rice plants so that beta-carotene accumulated in the endosperm. The accumulation of the molecule made the rice grains yellow-orange in colour so the genetically engineered product was called Golden rice.
What is the meaning of Golden Rice?
Golden Rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of the rice. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A.
Metabolic engineering
Golden Rice technology is based on the simple principle that rice plants possess the whole machinery to synthesise β-carotene, and while this machinery is fully active in leaves, parts of it are turned off in the grain.
The underlying science in more detail
All plant tissues that accumulate high levels of carotenoids have mechanisms for carotenoid sequestration, including crystallisation, oil deposition, membrane proliferation or protein-lipid sequestration. It has been shown that lipid accumulation can be a driver of carotenoid formation by acting as a lipophilic sink (Rabbani et al., 1998).
Golden Rice: The First Generation
The first breakthrough in the development of Golden Rice was the result of a collaboration between Peter Beyer and Ingo Potrykus, and was obtained around Easter 1999 (Ye et al., 2000). This paper provided the proof that β-carotene could be produced in the rice grain.
A new Golden Rice generation
The first generation of Golden Rice showed that it was possible to produce provitamin A in rice grains, but it was recognised that to combat vitamin A deficiency more higher β-carotene levels would be required.
History
A simplified overview of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in golden rice. The enzymes expressed in the endosperm of golden rice, shown in red, catalyse the biosyntheis of beta-carotene from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Beta-carotene is assumed to be converted to retinal and subsequently retinol (vitamin A) in the animal gut
Genetics
Golden rice was created by transforming rice with two beta-carotene biosynthesis genes:
Vitamin A deficiency
Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. Red is most severe (clinical), green least severe. Countries not reporting data are coded blue. Data collected for a 1995 report.
Research
In 2009, results of a clinical trial of golden rice with adult volunteers from the US were published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The trial concluded that "beta-carotene derived from golden rice is effectively converted to vitamin A in humans".
Controversy
Critics of genetically engineered crops have raised various concerns. An early issue was that Golden Rice originally did not have sufficient pro-vitamin A content. This problem was solved by the advancing of GR2E event. The speed at which beta-carotene degrades once the rice is harvested, and how much remains after cooking are contested.
Distribution
A recommendation was made that golden rice be distributed free to subsistence farmers. Free licenses for developing countries were granted quickly due to the positive publicity that golden rice received, particularly in Time magazine in July 2000.
Golden Rice History
Golden rice was invented in 1999 by Peter Beyer, professor at the University of Freiburg, Germany in the Centre for Applied Biosciences and Ingo Potrykus, professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at the Institute for Plant Sciences. Golden rice was originally produced in 1982 as an initiative for the Rockefeller Foundation.
Golden Rice and Vitamin A
It is important to understand that golden rice is considered a type of genetically modified rice (GMO). It is a fortified food that is produced to combat a vitamin A deficiency in areas where this vitamin is scarce. More and more people are being diagnosed with a vitamin A deficiency.
Golden Rice Benefits
Golden rice has the ability to lower your risk of blindness, infections, cancers and diseases. A vitamin A deficiency can increase your risk of vision impairments, age-related macular degeneration and blindness. It can also worsen infections (measles, HIV, AIDS, chicken pox, etc.), especially in children.
Problems with Golden Rice
Controversy has surrounded the production of golden rice because it is considered genetically modified rice (GMO). Critics have raised concerns of using genetically engineered foods to combat vitamin deficiencies like vitamin A.
Commercial Propagation Permit for Golden Rice signed off in the Philippines
Note: Commercial in this context means that rice carrying the Golden Rice trait for provitamin A production may be sold freely, which does not imply that there will be any extra cost attached to the trait itself, as this is prohibited by the agreement under which such varieties are licensed, according to the terms of donation by the creators of Golden Rice.
Golden Rice Biosafety Assessments Published
Golden Rice, created 20 years ago and intended as an additional intervention to combat vitamin A deficiency, is closer to being released for cultivation and human consumption in the Philippines and Bangladesh.
Nutrition and health go together
Prof Fan Shenggen, former Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Chair of China Agricultural University proposes that to ensure food security in the Face of Covid-19, urgent action is needed:
Would you be deeply saddened if an airliner full of children crashed into the ground today?
The equivalent of 13 jumbo jets full of children crashes into the ground every day and kills them all, because of vitamin A deficiency!!! Golden Rice has the potential to prevent all those deaths.
Golden Rice: The Imperiled Birth of a GMO Superfood
Ordinary white rice is nutrient poor; it consists of carbohydrates and little else. About one million people who subsist on rice become blind or die each year from vitamin A deficiency.
Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting
Sir Rich Roberts, FRS, organized an open letter from fellow Nobel Laureates to Greenpeace, the UN and the Governments of the World, decrying their unscientific treatment of GMO-crops. Two years later, in June 2018, Dr Roberts talked about his views at the 68th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting with Young Scientists, Germany.
Golden Rice
In early 2001, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines became the first licensee of Professors Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer for what became known as Golden Rice.
1 – Seed Selection
The first thing you must do is to select rice seeds which you are going to plant. Many different environments contribute in the selection of rice seeds as different seed varieties all have their own benefits to the environment they are planted on.
2 – Preparing Land for Planting
There are a few processes which are required to prepare the land before planting the rice seeds. The main aim of preparing the land is to get the best out of the soil and to be able to level out the land.
3 – Planting the Rice Seeds or Seedlings
When deciding to plant rice seeds into your field there are two different methods to consider, they are direct seeding and transplanting.
4 – Water Management
When growing rice it is important to keep good water management for the growth of a healthy and good quality harvest. Keeping regular water to give access to roots of rice plants is vital as if the roots do not have access to the water lower quality yields can be produced.
5 – Plant Nutrition
Nutrition of rice plants is vital for various reasons including growth, yield quality and resistance of diseases. The intake of nutrition is therefore good knowledge for rice farmers for producing the best crop quality possible.
6 – Maintaining Healthy Crops
Rice plants have many threats which include rodents, insects and viruses and diseases. Apart from these one of the major, if not the major threat is that of weeds. Weeds around the rice plants can severely decrease the plants health by limiting nutrition it can have access to.
7 – Its Harvest Time!
Time for the harvest can be around 120 days but can depend on the types of rice. Pre-harvest of rice must ensure consideration of planning is made. Planning before harvesting of the rice is crucial to limit negative effects that can reduce the amount of grain.
Chemistry
Mechanism
Discovery
- This explains why a long research phase preceded the achievement of the proof-of-concept for Golden Rice. By the early 1990s, the data accumulated became encouraging enough for Profs Peter Beyer and Ingo Potrykus to gather forces and dare to tackle this feat. Their breakthrough showed that only two transgenes were required to turn Golden Rice into a reality (Ye et al., 2000)…
Synthesis
- The explanation is that enzymes further down the pathway, such as lycopene cyclases (LCYs) and α- and β-carotene hydroxylases (HYDs), are still being produced in wild-type rice endosperm, while PSY and one or both of the plant carotene desaturases phytoene desaturase (PDS) and ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS) as well as the cis-trans isomerases, namely ζ-carotene cis-trans Isomerase (Z …
Advantages
- The fact that a PSY transgene alone is sufficient for phytoene accumulation but does not lead to desaturated products (Burkhardt et al., 1997) is evidence for the absence of at least one active desaturase, namely PDS. Similarly, the expression of CRTI alone did not result in any coloured compounds in the rice endosperm, because of the lack of PSY activity. As stated above, the adv…
Development
- The first breakthrough in the development of Golden Rice was the result of a collaboration between Peter Beyer and Ingo Potrykus, and was obtained around Easter 1999 (Ye et al., 2000). This paper provided the proof that β-carotene could be produced in the rice grain. At the time it became evident already that only phytoene synthase and carotene des...
Impact
- With the proof of concept in hands, the scientists immediately proceeded to develop ways to improve the production and accumulation of carotenoids in the seed, as it was recognised that at the levels attainable at the time (1.6 μg/g) Golden Rice would not be able to cover the daily provitamin A requirements of the target population in the absence of a more varied diet. While s…
Evolution
- These efforts led to the development of what we could call the first generation of Golden Rice (after the proof of concept), also known as GR1. This version only contained the phytoene synthase (Psy) gene from daffodil and the carotene desaturase (CrtI) gene from the bacterium Pantoea ananatis (previously known as Erwinia uredovora). Further, in this early version both tra…
Overview
Golden Rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of the rice. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency causes xerophthalmia, a range of eye conditions from night blindness to more …
History
Research for development of golden rice began as a Rockefeller Foundation initiative in 1982.
In the 1990s, Peter Bramley discovered that a single phytoene desaturase gene (bacterial CrtI) can be used to produce lycopene from phytoene in GM tomato, rather than having to introduce multiple carotene desaturases that are normall…
Genetics
Golden rice was created by transforming rice with two beta-carotene biosynthesis genes:
1. psy (phytoene synthase) from daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
2. crtI (phytoene desaturase) from the soil bacterium Erwinia uredovora
(The insertion of a lcy (lycopene cyclase) gene was thought to be needed, but further research s…
Vitamin A deficiency
The research that led to Golden Rice was conducted with the goal of helping children who suffer from vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Estimates show that around 1.02 billion people are severely affected by micronutrient deficiencies globally, with vitamin A to be the most deficient nutrient in the body. In 2012, the World Health Organization reported that about 250 million preschool children …
Research
In 2009, results of a clinical trial of golden rice with adult volunteers from the US were published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The trial concluded that "beta-carotene derived from golden rice is effectively converted to vitamin A in humans". A summary for the American Society for Nutrition suggested that "Golden Rice could probably supply 50% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin A from a very modest amount – perhaps a cup – of rice, if consume…
Controversy
Critics of genetically engineered crops have raised various concerns. An early issue was that Golden Rice originally did not have sufficient beta-carotene content. This problem was solved by the advancing of GR2E event. The speed at which beta-carotene degrades once the rice is harvested, and how much remains after cooking are contested. However, a 2009 study concluded that beta-carotene from golden rice is effectively converted into vitamin A in humans.
Distribution
A recommendation was made that golden rice be distributed free to subsistence farmers. Free licenses for developing countries were granted quickly due to the positive publicity that golden rice received, particularly in Time magazine in July 2000. Monsanto Company was one of the companies to grant free licences for related patents owned by the company. The cutoff between humanitarian and commercial use was set at US$10,000. Therefore, as long as a farmer or subs…
See also
• Food portal