What is the purpose of Carper’s ways of knowing? Carper’s fundamental ways of knowing is a typology in healthcare that attempts to categorize the various sources from which knowledge and beliefs in professional practice (previously nursing) can be or have been derived.
What is Carper’s way of knowing in nursing?
“Carper’s way of knowing in nursing, empirics, esthetics, personal knowing, and ethics, provide a guide to holistic practice, education, and research” (Holtslander, 2008). “Knowing is a cognitive process, and four patterns of knowing—empirical, ethical, personal, and aesthetic—characterize nursing” (Cipriano, 2007).
What is Carper's typology of knowledge?
It was proposed by Barbara A. Carper, a professor at the College of Nursing at Texas Woman's University, in 1978. The typology identifies four fundamental "patterns of knowing": Factual knowledge from science, or other external sources, that can be empirically verified.
What is the Carper model of Nursing epistemology?
In 1978, Barbara Carper conceptualized the sources of nursing knowledge and developed a model now referred to as the basis for nursing epistemology. Carper’s ways of knowing has come to guide nursing education and the evolving body of evidence-based nursing practice.
What did Barbara Carper study in 1975?
In 1975, for her doctoral dissertation, Barbara Carper explored the published writings of nurses and works about nursing and found through her analysis a structure or typology to the practice of nursing.
What is the most important ways of knowing in nursing?
Five fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing are empirical, ethic, personal knowledge, aesthetics, and social political. The five patterns of knowing in nursing are not mutually exclusive; rather they are interrelated and arise from the whole experience.
What are Carper's four ways of knowing?
Carper's31 seminal work outlines ways of knowing in nursing. The four ways of knowing are empirics—the science of nursing, esthetics—the art of nursing, the component of personal knowledge in nursing, and ethics—the component of moral knowledge in nursing.
Why are the patterns of knowing important in nursing?
Personal knowing enables the nurse to identify his/her responses, strengths and weaknesses in a situation and to be aware of the individual biases affecting the quality of the nurse-patient relationship (6).
Why is aesthetic knowing in nursing important?
As a method of assessment and intervention, aesthetics provides unique means through which clients and nurses can explore personal perceptions of aspects of their world and fosters a creative sense of self-awareness.
Why is personal knowing important?
Personal knowing is the basis for the expression of an authentic or genuine Self; it is also essential for a healing relationship, and it is fundamental to the essence of what it means to be human (Green, 2009).
How can nurses apply the patterns of knowing in the clinical practice?
Results: The findings of the study indicated that nurses apply the patterns of knowing in three ways in their clinical practice: "cohesion of patterns of knowing", "domination of some patterns of knowing" and "elimination of some patterns of knowing".
What are the four patterns of knowing?
The four patterns of knowing as identify by Carper, are empirics, esthetics, personal knowledge and ethics.
What are the four fundamental patterns of knowing?
Her analysis was based on early nursing texts, and resulted in the identification of four patterns: empirics, ethics, esthetics and personal knowing.
Which pattern of knowing simply refers to the knowledge we have of our own selves?
In philosophy, “self-knowledge” standardly refers to knowledge of one's own mental states—that is, of what one is feeling or thinking, or what one believes or desires.
What is an example of aesthetic knowing?
Familiar examples include the use of music to create a sense of calm, visual arts to convey health and illness experiences, dance or free-form movement to enhance physical coordination and strength, and drawing as a therapeutic modality.
What is aesthetic pattern of knowing?
Aesthetic knowing in nursing is a way of knowing realities that are not empirically observable – the deep meanings in a situation. As nurses grasp these meanings, they can draw on their inner, creative resources to respond to the situation in ways that move the situation from what is, to what is possible.
What does aesthetic knowledge mean?
Aesthetic knowledge comes from practitioners understanding the look, feel, smell, taste and sound of things. It is vital to work in many organizational contexts.
What are ways knowing?
We make sense of the world through eight ways of knowing: language, reason, sense perception, memory, faith, intuition, imagination and emotion.
What is an example of empirical knowing?
Empirical Knowing >Examples are: knowledge obtained from textbooks, lectures, journals and online resources. What is Personal knowledge or Self-knowledge? > it is a concept and is achieved and realized by harnessing the nurse's collective stores of knowledge, character and profound experience.
What is aesthetic way of knowing?
Aesthetic knowing in nursing is a way of knowing realities that are not empirically observable – the deep meanings in a situation. As nurses grasp these meanings, they can draw on their inner, creative resources to respond to the situation in ways that move the situation from what is, to what is possible.
What is an example of personal knowing in nursing?
Nurses must be able to evaluate and assess patient needs at any specific point in time, without looking solely to future hopes or goals. For example, a nurse must be empathetic to a patient's pain tolerance level even when she knows the person isn't in any immediate danger and will soon recover.
Why should you study Carper’s Way of Knowing?
Be it anywhere in the world, the nursing profession is expanding and it is offering a lot of things to the new students. There is diverse and awarding career options for the students. But, at the same time, the students face one challenge. The challenge is to develop a detailed understanding of the complex duties of a registered nurse throughout the clinical settings and various domains of the nursing practice. There are two theories that are now up and running in the nursing world. Or I should rather say typologies that the students can focus on. The first one in Carper’s way of knowing, proposed in 1978. The other one is Chinn and Kramer’s emancipatory knowing, proposed in 2008. Now, why should you even concern yourself with these, right? That is because these typologies help to guide the development of reflective clinical practice. Now, I assume that you know why reflective practice is necessary, don’t you?
When was Carper's way of knowing proposed?
The first one in Carper’s way of knowing, proposed in 1978. The other one is Chinn and Kramer’s emancipatory knowing, proposed in 2008.
What is the most common knowing developed here?
The most common knowing developed here is of morals and awareness. For example, you did not know that a nurse is expected to take charge of the situation when a doctor is unavailable. After understanding the ethical framework, you developed this attitude and knowledge.
What is empirical knowledge?
Thus, empirical knowledge is the information we learn from science and other sources and that can be empirically verified. For example, the sun rises in the east is a fact that we can vouch for every day when we wake up.
What are Carper's ways of knowing?
Carper’s ways of knowing has come to guide nursing education and the evolving body of evidence-based nursing practice. The four main ways of knowing in nursing include personal knowing, empirical knowing, ethical knowing, and aesthetic knowing. Nurses have also expanded on Carper’s original four ways of knowing to include experiential ways ...
Why is awareness important in nursing?
Awareness of the ways of knowing also helps to clarify different perspectives and points of view to help healthcare workers, patients, and other stakeholders find common ground. For example, personal knowledge becomes critical throughout nursing practice, and in fact does guide nursing theory.
What are the dimensions of knowledge?
There are five dimensions to the knowledge process: critical questions, creative processes, formal practice of knowledge and knowing, integrative practice of knowledge and knowing, and authentication processes ( Chinn.
What are the five dimensions of the knowledge process?
There are five dimensions to the knowledge process: critical questions, creative processes, formal practice of knowledge and knowing, integrative practice of knowledge and knowing, and authentication processes (Chinn
Who is Barbara Carper?
Barbara Carper, a nurse, provided the basic framework for holistic nursing focusing on knowing and knowledge in the nursing profession. “Carper’s way of knowing in nursing, empirics, esthetics, personal knowing, and ethics, provide a guide to holistic practice, education, and research” (Holtslander, 2008).
What is the ethical way of knowing?
The ethical way of knowing is a fundamental pattern of knowing that focuses on the moral obligations, guiding what needs to be done (Chinn & Kramer, 1999). This component offers guidance for the choices to be made in the event of complex situations. Through this pattern, nurses are directed into doing what’s right and what’s expected under any circumstance. This pattern covers fundamental values and aspects in the nursing code of ethics such as self-respect, value for human dignity, accountability, among others. However, it exceeds the knowledge of the ethical codes of conduct as according to Carper (1978), and is also inclusive of all deliberate voluntary actions that are subject to judgment of what is right or wrong. carper’s ways of knowing essay examples.
Why is empirical knowledge important in nursing?
“Empirical knowledge tends to be the most emphasized way of knowing in nursing because there is a need to know how knowledge can be organized into laws and theories for the purpose of describing” (McEwen & Mills, 2014, p. 13). I applied this knowledge by using nursing interventions to assess the patient and review previous labs and x-rays from her earlier visit. Evaluating the patient further gave me a reason to believe that the patient did not have a simple upper respiratory infection and since her symptoms were worse upon return that further testing and evaluation was needed. The infiltrates in both lungs and the elevated BNP was indicative that the patient was in the early stages of heart failure. “Measurement of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a cardiac hormone, this test may have a role in detecting, monitoring, and perhaps preventing chronic heart failure” (Doust, Lehman, & Glasziou, 2006).
What are the four patterns of knowledge?
The following is an analysis of two of the four patterns; ethical knowing and personal knowing.
What is the difference between knowing and knowing?
Knowing is a way of perception and understanding of the world and the self, while knowledge is a reasonably accurate accounts of the world. The knowledge that is found in practice is expressed by use of sounds, movements and actions. Much of what is already known can be expressed formally even in practice.
What is personal knowing?
Personal knowing is focused on knowing one self and also that of others. Thus, when one knows more about the self, then the other can also be known. carper’s ways of knowing essay examples.
Who said that much of what is already known can be expressed formally even in practice?
Much of what is already known can be expressed formally even in practice. In 1978, there was an examination of early nursing literature by Carper who mentioned four enduring and fundamental patterns of knowing that have been useful and valuable for nurses in practice.
What is Carper's personal knowing?
Carper's idea of personal knowing was never intended to justify the correctness of individual nursing opinions and beliefs; rather it was proposed as a way of thinking about the kind of relational authenticity that that nursing excellent inevitably requires within the multiplicity of encounters in the practice context. It acknowledged that the building of this skill set draws into the nursing knowledge equation ideas from multiple sources including one's own experiences, ideas and values; it was never meant to condone relying on them exclusively, any more than using evidence in practice should imply allowing that which has been convincingly quantified in populations to unilaterally dominate decisions on behalf of individuals. And it was never meant to legitimize prioritizing a personal idea or bias over a coherent grounding in nursing knowledge.
What did Carper's theory of nursing help to justify?
In her view, they helped to justify the broader humanistic aspect of excellent nursing practice —a counterargument to the excessive influence of scientific thinking on the way we taught and wrote about the discipline. Interestingly, despite the wide uptake of her ideas, she did not much engage in the ongoing discussion, preferring instead to let others find what interpretations they might in the insights she offered (Eisenhauer, 2015). However, as the uptake of her work within the wider body of theoretical literature made apparent, many of her contemporaries considered her patterns of knowing as triggering a paradigmatic shift in their own thinking (Chinn & Kramer, 2018; Jacobs‐Kramer & Chinn, 1988; Johns, 1995).
What is personal knowing in nursing?
Along with empirics, aesthetics and ethics, personal knowing was understood as an essential attribute of nursing knowledge evolution, setting the context for the nurse to become receptively attentive to and engaged within the interpersonal processes of practice. Although much has been done over the 40 years since Carper described these ways of knowing, and we have seen enormous advances in empirics and ethics, and I would argue even in aesthetics (understanding the subtle craft of nursing in action), personal knowing may not have attracted its fair share of critical unpacking. Further, we see increasing evidence of a distortion on how forms of personal knowledge, including beliefs and attitudes, are being taken up within segments of the profession; these include legitimizing idiosyncratic positionings and, most worrisome, challenges to the idea that there are and ought to be fundamental truths within nursing that stand as central to disciplinary knowledge. In this paper, the author reflects on the confusion that a continued uncritical deference to personal knowing may be creating and the evolving interests it seems to serve.
Is personal knowing out of context dangerous?
Personal knowing out of context can be dangerous. Within the context of nursing theoretical or epistemological frameworks and philosophies that guide us to attend to the multiplicities of factors involved in determining action, and—in the context of the core values that are an inherent part of all of those frameworks—personal knowing can spur us into action, provide us with the nuanced capacity to engage in difficult circumstances and help us make creative and strategic choices in how each of us can act to mobilize our collective social mandate.
What is Barbara Carper's theory of nursing?
In 1975, for her doctoral dissertation, Barbara Carper explored the published writings of nurses and works about nursing and found through her analysis a structure or typology to the practice of nursing. She labeled this typology “ patterns of knowing ” and proposed that the following four patterns work together to inform how nurses know patients ...
What is ethical knowing?
Ethical knowing focuses on “matters of obligation or what ought to be done.”. Lying at the foundation of action, ethics requires judgment about what to do and what not to do. It arises as a complex consequence of learning, deliberation, and engagement with the standards, codes, and values of the profession and society.
Why do nurses need to know themselves?
It demands that a nurse know himself so that he can approach the patient as a person and form an authentic relationship. Then, through that relationship, the nurse can apply scientific knowledge to help.
